Social Psychology final

According to social comparison theory, people are most likely to compare themselves to others who are​

similar

The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments is called

the central route to persuasion.

​ Deception is most likely to be detected when people attend to which "channel" of communication?

voice pitch

Research on attractiveness and helping indicates that

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people.

An explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which some phenomenon will occur is a(n)​

hypothesis

Zimbardo's Stanford University prison simulation teaches us that

The "leniency bias" refers to the

​ Fernando is a researcher who studies the relationship between emotions and behaviors in social situations. Fernando's research provides a good example of the ____ perspective in social psychology.

"hot"

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter?

65%

According to general standards, a researcher must be ____ percent sure that the difference she observed between experimental groups was not simply the result of chance in order to conclude that the difference between the groups is statistically significant.​

95

Which person is considered a "creditor" in terms of their reciprocation ideology?

Bertram, who likes to be generous with his friends so they will help him in the future

Jon and Kate give consecutive speeches on opposing sides in a debate on solar energy. Audience members are asked to register their views a few weeks later. How might the order of the speeches affect the audience's views?

It should yield a primacy effect.

​ Which individual is credited with publishing the first research article in social psychology?

Norman Tripllet

Reuben notices one group of eight people littering in the park. Rachel sees four different pairs of people littering in the park. Which of the following is true?

Rachel is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Reuben.

Some large fish allow smaller fish to swim inside of their mouths without eating them. The smaller fish get to feed inside the larger fish's mouth, and the larger fish gets parasites removed from its teeth. This is an example of

Reciprocal altruism.

Students who feel guilty about falling asleep in class are more likely to volunteer to help a professor by completing a questionnaire.

Students who feel guilty about falling asleep in class are more likely to volunteer to help a professor by completing a questionnaire.

Prospective jurors who indicate a willingness to vote for the death penalty typically exhibit all of the following attitudes except

a greater suspiciousness of police officers.

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), black students who received positive interpersonal feedback from a white student experienced ____ if they suspected that the feedback may have been due to their race.

a reduction in self-esteem

Who of the following is most likely to obey in Milgram's study?

a woman participating at Yale University with an experimenter in a lab coat

​ The "ABCs of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of the following three concepts is most relevant to self-esteem?

affect

Joseph listened to a speech on the radio advocating the increased use of automobiles that are less reliant on fossil fuels. One would expect the sleeper effect to be greatest if Joseph found out about the background of the speaker ____ the speech and was asked about his views on the issue ____.

after; a few weeks later

Dr. Pinsker is conducting research that he hopes will lead to a reduction in gender biases that impact women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) courses. Because his research is designed to contribute to the solution of a real world problem, Dr. Pinsker's work is an example of ____ research​.

applied

In theory, when innocent suspects are subjected to a polygraph test, they

are more aroused by control questions than crime-relevant questions.

Sheriff (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance that a point of light moved, even though the point of light did not move at all. He found that

as the study progressed, the participants' estimates began to converge with each other.

An accomplice of the experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant, is called a(n)​

confederate

The tendency for people to be more accurate in recognizing members of their own racial group than members of other racial groups is called the

cross-race identification bias (which is sometimes called the own-race identification bias).

Professor Collison studies the impact of violent video games on aggression. Aggression is the ____ in this research.​

dependent variable

Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Athletes at the two schools interact only when the teams they play for compete against each other. Sheriff's "Robbers Cave" study suggests that the students will

develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.

Asuni hears her neighbor's burglar alarm go off in the middle of the night, but she doesn't call the police because she assumes that one of her other neighbors will do so. Asuni's failure to call the police is most likely the result of

diffusion of responsibility.

Women are more likely than men to help others in situations involving

emotional support

Which combination of traits has been shown to be essential to helping?

empathy and advanced moral reasoning

​ Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ____ level, whereas social psychologists study behavior at the ____ level.

group: individual

According to the covariation principle, a situational attribution is most likely to result when consistency is ____, consensus is ____, and distinctiveness is ____.​

high-high-high

Which of the following is not currently being investigated by researchers as a potential alternative to traditional polygraph tests?

hypnosis

Which situational change would not have made it more likely that someone would've acted to help Kitty Genovese during her attack?

if there had been 76 witnesses instead of 38 witnesses

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called ____ racism.

implicit

Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if she doesn't, the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at her. Will has conformed because of ____, whereas Grace has conformed because of ____.

informational influence; normative influence

A graduate student who works long hours for little pay becomes increasingly convinced that she loves social psychology. This student's attitude toward her chosen field of study is most likely the result of

insufficient justification.

The more products a celebrity endorses publicly, the

less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers.

According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as

low in warmth and low in competence.

Research using "minimal groups" has demonstrated that

mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.

To convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the mall, employees at a Chinese restaurant gave free samples of chicken teriyaki to anyone who walked by. The restaurant employees were hoping to take advantage of the

norm of reciprocity.

The members of a jury are at the point in their deliberations where they are scrutinizing the evidence, constructing stories to account for the evidence, and discussing the judge's instructions. This jury is at what stage of deliberation?

open conflict

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup, is called the

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Social categorization leads people to

overestimate differences between groups of people.

Creating "subtypes" for individuals who do not conform to group stereotypes

protects the stereotype from change.

When conducting an experiment, the procedure used to ensure that research participants have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental group or the control groups is called​

random assignment

The idea that we interpret our own attitudes by objectively observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with

self-perception theory.

The most direct and straightforward way to measure an attitude is through the use of

self-report measures.

According to Moscovici, majorities derive their power to influence others by virtue of their ____, whereas nonconformists derive their power to influence others from their ____.

sheer number; style of behavior

Research on the attitudes of twins suggests

the attitudes of identical twins are more similar than the attitudes of fraternal twins.

Mr. Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at his elementary school. Before the minority students arrive, Mr. Belding displays posters showing children of all nationalities holding hands. Next, he plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups. Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group's success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding's actions reflect his understanding of

the contact hypothesis.

Eric does not know how to answer an essay question about cognitive dissonance on his social psychology exam. He decides to write as many facts as he knows about the topic of attitudes in his exam book, hoping that the professor will not read the exams too closely and will be impressed enough by the length of his essay to give him a good score. Eric is hoping to take advantage of

the peripheral route to persuasion.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

the presence of other people to inhibit helping when it is necessary.

The "leniency bias" refers to the

the tendency for extended jury deliberation to tilt toward acquittal.

In their famous Good Samaritan study, Darley and Batson (1973) found that

the topic of the seminarians' talks had little impact on the likelihood that the seminary students would offer help.

With respect to lineup identification, Devine found that eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate when

the witness is informed that the culprit is in the lineup.

Which attribute of an eyewitness to a crime is most likely to impact a jury's tendency to believe their testimony?

their level of confidence

Which theory suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by 1) attitudes toward the behavior, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control?

theory of planned behavior

We can conclude that participants in Sheriff's study exhibited private conformity rather than public conformity because

they continued to use their group estimates when retested alone one year later.

​ Vera thinks that having pets increases psychological functioning and well-being. To test this, individuals in one group of randomly selected nursing home residents are each given a pet while participants in a second group are not given pets. Over two months, the overall level of psychological functioning is evaluated on a daily basis. What is the independent variable in this study?

whether or not resident received a pet

​ Which historical event sparked great interest in, and gave shape to, the field of social psychology?

​ Which historical event sparked great interest in, and gave shape to, the field of social psychology?

​ Which question would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

​Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew, Joseph, a new set of paints for his birthday. Hoping to encourage the little artist, Josephine promised Joseph one dollar for every painting. Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money. According to research by Lepper and colleagues (1973) on overjustification effects, which of the following is most likely to occur?​

​Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money, not as something enjoyable in itself.

​ Which of the following is not a testable hypothesis?

​Refusing to help someone in need is morally wrong.

​ Much of the debate in social psychology during the period of "confidence and crisis" occurred in reaction to

​The use of laboratory experiments.

American and Japanese citizens who are bilingual in Japanese and English are asked to describe themselves. Which of the following groups is least likely to focus on group affiliations?​

​U.S. citizens asked to respond in English

Vernell is being interviewed for a job. Though it isn't really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. Because the interviewer doesn't expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. As a result, Vernell becomes nervous, starts to stutter, and loses her train of thought several times. The interviewer's final impression is that Vernell is, as he suspected, incompetent. This impression is most likely the result of ​

​a self-fulfilling prophecy.

After her college's football team wins the national championship, Liz starts yelling out "We won, we won" at the party she is attending. Her friends all join in, and soon they start changing "We're number one! We're number one!" The enthusiastic fans seemingly fail to realize that they did not actually accomplish anything except watching others win a game. This increase in self-esteem that occurs by associating with others who succeed is called ​

​basking in reflected glory.

The tendency to think that most victims of Hurricane Sandy were irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hit is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?​

​belief in a just world

People's spontaneous self-descriptions are most likely to include​

​characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity.

Luke would like to know if there is a relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their general level of empathy. He surveys a randomly selected group of college students. Each student indicates the number of psychology courses he or she has taken and then completes an empathy scale. Luke's research is best described as a(n)​

​correlational study.

According to Gilbert's two-step model of social perception, distraction should make the fundamental attribution error more likely to occur because it​

​does not interfere with the automatic process of making personal attributions, but does interfere with the more difficult process of making adjustments for situational factors.

​ Fatma investigates whether the tendency for people to return favors is the result of natural selection. Fatma's research is in the area of

​evolutionary psychology.

A researcher asked students to teach a rat to learn a maze. Some students were told they had been given a genetically engineered "intelligent" rat, whereas others were told that they had a "dull" rat. Although there were no actual differences among the rats, the "intelligent" rats learned the maze more quickly than the "dull" rats. Which idea discussed in your book can best explain the results of this experiment?​

​experimenter expectancy effects

You see Tiger Woods doing a TV commercial for Buick. Even though you know that Woods did not write the commercial himself, was paid to be in the commercial, and probably does not drive a Buick in real life, you still think that at some level, Woods must think highly of Buicks. This is an example of the​

​fundamental attribution error.

The evolutionary principle of kin selection dictates that we are more likely to help someone who is

​genetically related to us.

​ Social cognition can be best described as the study of

​how we perceive, remember, and interpret information about the self and others.

Recent DNA exoneration cases have revealed the most common cause of mistaken convictions to be

​inaccurate eyewitnesses.

Social psychology is primarily concerned with the ways in which

​individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context.

​ Higgins's (1989) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ____ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ____.

​ought; shame

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Place the following three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

​prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping

The "anger superiority effect" refers to the fact that human beings are ​

​quicker to spot an angry face than a happy face in a crowd of people.

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) ____ attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) ____ attribution.​

​situational; personal

​ Carlos is nervous about giving a class presentation because he doesn't think he can communicate very well with everyone watching him. If Carlos attempts to deal with his anxiety by self-handicapping, he will most likely

​stay out all night partying the night before the presentation.

The theory that people cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem is called ​

​terror management theory.

​ Which historical event sparked great interest in, and gave shape to, the field of social psychology?

​the actions of Nazis during World War II

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, social context most directly affects​

​the cognitive interpretation of emotion.

Sophia voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election. She believes that approximately 95 percent of college students also voted for Obama, when in reality that number is much lower. Sophia's overestimation is consistent with​

​the false-consensus effect.

Reena meets Rachael for the first time. Rachael is perceived as smart, funny, sociable, but rude. Although Reena perceived Rachael to have many positive qualities, her rudeness outweighed them, and Reena forms a negative impression of Rachael. This illustrates:​

​the trait negativity bias.

Stan is a new student in his sixth-grade class. The other students exert normative pressure on him to conform to their group opinion on some issue. According to social impact theory, Stan will be more likely to resist this influence if

​there are three other new students in the class who are receiving the same pressures.