Social Psychology Lecture Four

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Heider's Theory of Naïve Psychology

-Believed the importance of studying people's naïve/commonsense psychological theories (importance to understand because people naïve theories influence their behavior) -Each person is a naïve psychologist (intuitively constructs causal theories of human behavior

Theory of Correspondent Inference (Jones & Davis, 1965)

-Explains how people infer that a person's behavior corresponds to an underlying disposition or personality trait (a friendly action is sue to an underlying disposition to be friendly) -Preference for correspondent inferences because dispositional causes are stable (prediction of behavior is easy, easier to maintain a sense of control over one's environment)

What is meant by 'non-common effects'?

-Refers to when a behavior has unique consequence, An internal dispositional attribution is more likely when the outcome of that behavior results in a unique consequence -People assume that others are aware of non-common effects and that a specific behavior is intentionally performed to produce the non-common effect

Social Explanation

-We seek, construct and test explanations of our experiences (we do this to bring order, meaning, and stability) -Overtime we gradually construct adequate explanations of why ourselves and others behave in particular ways -We do this to predict the behaviors of others (helps us to influence others' behavior) -Construct explanations of both physical phenomena and human behavior (such explanations are causal EX. specific conditions are attributed a causal role in bringing about 'X') -People make inferences about the causes of their own and others' behavior all the time -Social Psychologists have developed explanations (theories) about the explanations people offer regarding others' behavior

To make a correspondent inference we draw on five sources of information

1. Freely chosen behavior is more indicative of a disposition that is behavior that is under the control of external threats or constraints 2. Behavior with non-common effects tell us more about dispositions than behavior with common effects 3. Socially desirable behavior tells us little about a person's disposition because its likely to be controlled by societal norms (socially undesirable behavior is generally non-conforming so is a better basis for making a correspondent inference) 4. Hedonistic Relevance: when others' behavior has more important consequences for ourselves we make more confident correspondent inferences 5. Personalism: when others' behavior appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm us we make more confident correspondent inferences

6 main theoretical emphases that make up the general body of Attribution Theory:

1. Heider's (1958) Theory of Naïve Psychology 2. Jones & Davis's (1965) Theory of Correspondent Inference 3. Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model 4. Schacter's (19645) Theory of Emotional Lability 5. Bem's (1967-1972) Theory of Self-Perception 6. Weiner's (1979-1985) Attribution Theory

Limitations of the Theory of Correspondent Inference

1. Theory states that correspondent inferences depend on the attribution of intentionally BUT, unintentional behavior can be a strong basis for a correspondent inference (unintentional, yet careless behavior can lead to the inference that an individual is a careless person) 2. Problem with non-common effects: research indicates that people do not attend to non-occurring behavior and so would not be able to compute the commonality of effects accurately

Header's Theory of Naïve Psychology 3 Basic Principles

1. We see our behavior as being motivated (we tend to look for causes and reasons for others' behavior to discover their motives) 2. We construct causal theories in order to be able to predict and control our environment (we look for stable and enduring properties of either the person or the situation) 3. We distinguish between personal factors and environmental factors (personal factors=internal or dispositional attribution) (environmental factors= external or situational attribution)


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