Social psychology - Prosocial behavior and altruism Ch 11
Men become most upset by ________ infidelity. Women become most upset by ________ infidelity. A) emotional; sexual, B) sexual; emotional, C) Both men and women are most upset by sexual infidelity, D) both men and women are most upset by emotional infidelity.
b
What are four personal variables that influence helping behavior?
personality, mood, gender, interpersonal factors
Feeling good leads to helping because,
1) good mood makes us look on the bright side of life, 2) helping others can prolong our good mood, 3) good moods increase self-attention and attendance to our own values.
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were running late offered to help?
10
prosocial behavior
Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person.
out-group
Any group with which an individual does not identify.
Bystander effect refers to: a) bystanders will be more likely to help when they feel they are competent, b) The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely that any one of them will help.
B
Women are more likely to help than men in situations A) that are dangerous, B) that require long term care, C) in which an authority figure is present, D) in which an audience is present.
B
reciprocal altruism
Concept: altruistic behavior that increases the likelihood that this other person will help you when you need it.
empathy-altruism hypothesis
Theory that says if you have high enough empathy, you're more likely to help.
Men usually help in a scenario where they have to be___________. Women do more ___________ help
chivalrous or heroic, nurturing style
Excitation transfer theory __________ A) states that misattribution of residual arousal will increase one's tendency towards aggression, B) supports a catharsis explanation of aggressive behavior, C) states that residual arousal will reduce aggression, D) works only when people are aware of their residual arousal.
a
The concept of _________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong. A) the bystander effect, B) diffusion of responsibility, C) pluralistic ignorance, D) evaluation apprehension.
c
In the Good Samaritan study involving seminary students who were supposed to record a talk, which of the following factors affected participants' helping behavior: A) mood, B) subject of the talk, C) bystanders, D) time.
d
Evolutionary factors in helping and altruism emphasize survival of the individual's______ , not the survival of the fittest individual.
genes
there is* [less/more] *likelihood that you will help people with a stigmatized physical condition.
less
Burnstein et al., 1994 found that in every day situations, people tend to help the young and the old* [less/more]* than youthful adults.
more
You are *[less/more]* likely to help people of similar race.
more
You are *[less/more]* likely to help someone you've just said hello to
more
People in interdependent cultures are less likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.
out-group members
C
In which of the following cases would stereotype threat NOT be likely to occur? A) a black male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of intellectual ability, B) a white female taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability, C) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of verbal ability, D) a white male taking a difficult and presumably diagnostic test of mathematical ability in competition with a group of Asian Americans.
Donald and Max are yelling at each other in a room and are on the verge of a fist fight. What would increase the probability of a fist fight occurring? A) a gun rack on the wall, B) Max taking his shirt off to signal his readiness to fight, C) The heater being on full blast making the room very hot, D) both A and C.
d
Omoto & Snyder (1995) identified five categories of motivations underlying peoples decisions to become volunteers to help people with AIDS:
1) values (helping people) , 2) for understanding, 3) personal development (experience), 4) community concern, 5) esteem enhancement
The presence of someone that is modelling not-help behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.
decreases
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism:
1) negative state relief model (Egoistic perspective) , 2) empathic joy hypothesis, 3) empathic altruism theory, 4) kinship selection, 5) reciprocal altruism
Factors influencing helping behavior:
1) number of people present, 2) time constraints, 3) modelling behavior, 4) location (city vs town), 5) culture
Attributes that define volunteerism:
1) planned action , 2) long-term behavior, 3) involves "non-obligated behavior", 4) occurs within an organizational context
When might receiving help be perceived as threatening?
1) when an individual has high self esteem, 2) when being helped by a similar other, 3) When a significant other helps on a task that is highly relevant to self-concept, 4) When the help isn't asked for or expected (e.g. "overhelping")
In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the city helped?
15
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants who were on time offered to help?
43
In the study of helping behavior, what percentage of people in the small town helped?
50
In Darley & Batson's (1973) "Good Samaritan" study, what percentage of participants that were ahead of schedule, offered to help?
60
D
A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should A) take counseling at a crisis center, B) not date, C) press charges against the alleged rapist, D) have known her date better.
In which situation will the victim most likely get help? a) lying unconscious in a crowded street, b) lying unconscious on a street and only 1 or 2 people present, c) yelling for help on a crowded street, d) Yelling for help on a street with only 1 or 2 people
D
D
In the US, when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce, realistic conflict theory would predict that, A) there will be less prejudice against minorities, B) There will be more cooperation among minorities and the majority group, C) minorities will benefit more from affirmative action than is really fair, D) there will be more prejudice against minorities.
pluralistic ignorance
In uncertain situations, people look to the actions of others (but others aren't doing anything)
Negative State Relief Model
Model that explains altruistic behavior in terms of reducing negative arousal associated with witnessing another's suffering
kinship selection
Preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common will survive. Strongest with genetically closer relatives.
diffusion of responsibility
Principle acting behind the bystander effect
bystander effect
Term for when you know there is an emergency occurring but you think someone else has done something.
pluralistic ignorance
Term for you're not sure if there is an emergency or not.
empathy
The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them.
pluralistic ignorance
The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way when in fact they are not.
altruism
The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
norm of reciprocity
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.
bystander effect
The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
in-group
The group with which an individual identifies as a member.
kin selection
The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection.
empathy-altruism hypothesis
The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain.
bystander effect
The more people present at an emergency, the less chance any one person will help.
diffusion of responsibility
The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.
altruistic personality
The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations.
B
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution about an entire group of people is called the A) fundamental attribution error, B) ultimate attribution error, C) out-group homogeneity bias, D) actor/observer effect.
A
The tendency to perceive a relationship where none exists, or to overestimate how often things go together is called: A) illusory correlation, B) automatic priming correlation, C) out-group homogeneity, D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
urban overload hypothesis
The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.
egoistic perspective
Theories of prosocial behavior and altruism which say that people help others to reduce their own distress that is caused by the other's distress.
Empathy-Altruism Theory
Theory of altruistic behavior that states that it is the nature of the helper's motives that counts, not whether or not the helper receives benefits or costs for the helping.
Empathic Joy Hypothesis
Theory that altruism makes people feel better about themselves (raises self-esteem). That is, we receive (vicarious) pleasure from other people's happiness through empathy.
social exchange theory
Theory that says you evaluate the costs and benefits of acting, like a pregnant woman evaluating whether to go into a burning building to save someone.
D
When it comes to group attitudes the affective component is _______, the behavioral component is _______, and the cognitive component is _______. A) stereotyping; prejudice; discrimination, B) stereotyping; discrimination, prejudice, C) prejudice; stereotyping; discrimination, D) prejudice; discrimination; stereotyping.
Empathy-Altruism Theory
Which altruism theory says that if empathy is high enough, we'll help out because of true altruism?
C
Which is NOT a reason discussed in lecture about why the media perpetuates stereotypes? A) Illusory correlations linking black people and poverty, B) face-ism in print ads, C) Black people being more likely to be heard using statements in their own defense on the news, D) All of the above were discussed.
A
Why would something as apparently innocuous as a defendant's name influence the inferences and decisions of mock jurors in the experiment by Galen Bodenhausen (1988)? A) Negative out-group stereotypes were activated, and they biased information processing, B) Group polarization during deliberations made stereotypes more extreme, C) Groups were more likely than individuals to commit the ultimate attribution error, D) Names are often a criterion used to establish minimal in-groups and out-groups.
A
_____ can be defined as an action intended to hurt another person without any other goal, and is usually accompanied by feelings of anger: A) Hostile aggression, B) instinctive aggression, C) instrumental aggression, D) Displaced aggression.
C
_______ refers to our tendency to view members of ________ as more similar to one another than they really are. A) in-group bias; our in-group, B) in-group heterogeneity; our in-group, C) out-group homogeneity; an out-group, D) out-group heterogeneity; an out-group.
Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. this is an example of A) diffusion of responsibility, B) pluralistic ignorance, C) the empathy-altruism hypothesis, D) social exchange theory.
a
What are the three components of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love? A) intimacy, pasion, commitment, B) comfort, intimacy, passion, C) similarity, compatability, commitment, D) ecstasy, intimacy, similarity.
a
_________ concerns being motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare. ___________ concerns being motivated by the desire to increase another's welfare. A) egoistic, altruistic, B) altruistic, egoistic, C) kinship, egoistic, D) none of the above fit here.
a
Alice Isen and Paul Levin (1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that A) participants thought the money belonged to the man and wanted to return it. B) finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping, C) finding a dime instead of a quarter disappointed people, and this negative mood increased helping, D) thinking happy thoughts enhances both mood and helping
b
Which of the following is NOT one of the three reasons why being in a good mood would make someone more likely to help another person? A) Good moods help us look on the bright side of life, B) Being in a good mood increases empathy, C) Helping others can prolong a good mood, D) Good moods increase self-attention.
b
Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, "Love is often nothing but a favourable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market." Although a bit cynical, this description of love is most compatible with the ________ theory of attraction. A) comparison level, B) propinquity, C) equity, D) social exchange
d
Research has indicated that although Southerners are not more likely than Northerners to endorse aggression in general, __________. A) the "culture of honor" in the North encourages alternatives to aggression, B) Southerners are less likely to endorse aggression for self-protection, C) the availability of handguns in the South produces more homicides there, D) southerners are more prone to aggress in response to insults.
d
The same act may be considered aggression or not depending on A) whether physical harm was actually done, B) whether physical or psychological harm was done, C) whether the act was due to anger or was a means to an end, D) whether the physical/psychological harm was intended.
d
When it comes to helping behavior: a) men are more helpful than women, b) women are more helpful than men, c) no difference between the genders, d) either gender might be more helpful depending on the help needed
d
People in interdependent cultures are more likely to help ________ than people in individualistic cultures.
in-group members
The presence of someone that is modelling helping behavior *[increases/decreases]* helping behavior.
increases
Burnstein et al., 1994 found that in life or death situations, the older the target person, the*[less/more] *people tend to help them.
less
In non-emergencies and in a non-valued domain, possibly *[less/ more]* likely to help.
less
When people are in a good mood, they are *[much less/ less/ just as/ more/ much more]* likely to be helpful.
much more
People in *[small town/ city]* are more likely to help
small town
Reviewing across many research studies about the likelihood of helping others, people with high scores on personality tests of altruism help *[less/more/the same]* as people with low scores.
the same
