Social Psychology Test 3
According to research by Gottman and Robert,(1983, 1992, 1999), ________, which involves looking down on another person, is particularly likely to undermine relationships. a. contempt b. stonewalling c. criticism d. denial
A
According to the textbook, love can be broken down into three broad dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions discussed in the text? a. romance b. commitment c. passion d. intimacy
A
Realistic group conflict theory posits that prejudice and discrimination arise from a. competition over limited resources. b. incorrect categorizing and subtyping processes. c. threats to self-esteem. d. deficits in self-control.
A
Research suggests that the greater the number of individuals who witness a person in trouble, ________ the person in need. a. the less likely it is that any one person will help b. the more likely it is that any one person will help c. the more sympathy any one person will feel toward d. the less sympathy any one person will feel toward
A
A person's attachment style a. is likely to change from one style to another over the life span. b. is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy and early childhood. c. is genetically inherited (as opposed to environmentally determined). d. fluctuates in accordance with momentary changes in moods and desires.
B
A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________. a. normative; informational b. descriptive; prescriptive c. prescriptive; descriptive d. informational; normative
B
According to the economic perspective, intergroup hostility is particularly likely to occur when a. groups must work together to meet a superordinate goal. b. material resources are scarce. c. groups value different types of material resources. d. the economy is thriving.
B
Physically attractive people generally feel ________ than people who are comparatively less attractive. a. happier b. All of the answers are correct. c. more in control of their lives d. less stressed
B
________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group. a. Scapegoating b. Stereotype threat c. Prejudice d. Self-fulfilling prejudice
B
According to the concepts of distinctiveness and illusory correlation, ________ behaviors on the part of members of ________ groups are particularly distinctive and memorable. a. positive; majority b. positive; minority c. negative; minority d. negative; majority
C
As a child, Veronica was neglected by her parents. Veronica's internal working model of relationships is likely to include the belief that a. other people can be relied on in times of need. b. she can reliably provide security to others. c. other people will reject her. d. she is worthy of love.
C
Experiments that employ the minimal group paradigm show that groups that are created on the basis of arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria tend to show a. greater ingroup favoritism compared to groups created on the basis of meaningful similarities. b. neither ingroup nor outgroup favoritism. c. ingroup favoritism. d. outgroup favoritism.
C
Jim, who is prejudiced against Jewish people, is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-inconsistent actions, such as an act of philanthropy, to ________. In contrast, Jim is likely to attribute a Jewish person's stereotype-consistent actions, such as self-interested behavior, to ________. a. global causes; specific causes b. personality traits; internal dispositions c. situational causes; dispositional causes d. dispositional causes; situational causes
C
According to Batson's theory about the motives that produce altruistic action, only one motive is NOT selfish. That motive is a. affiliation. b. reciprocity. c. personal distress. d. empathic concern.
D
According to ________ theory, the way that people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards as well as the costs and rewards of other relationships that are available to them. a. tit-for-tat b. similarity c. equity d. social exchange
D
According to social exchange theory, people a. seek out rewards in their interactions with others, but they are not willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them. b. tend to pursue those interactions that require the most effort. c. tend to pursue those interactions that require the least effort. d. seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.
D
Andrew thinks that all New Yorkers are "rude jerks." This is an example of a. discrimination. b. hostile racism. c. modern racism. d. stereotyping.
D
Following his initial experiment, Milgram conducted several additional experiments to examine factors that might increase or decrease obedience to authority. In one of these experiments, Milgram showed that participants were less likely to obey the experimenter's orders if a. they thought the learner would perform better without getting shocked. b. they were put into a sad mood. c. they thought the experimenter was responsible for the learner's welfare. d. the experimenter's requests to continue were issued over a telephone.
D
Janet is sitting in the front of the bus when she hears someone cry out from the back of the bus. Research suggests that she is more likely to help this person if a. she is worried about an upcoming test. b. the bus is crowded. c. she is in a rush. d. the person yells, "Help me!"
D
Stephen notices that Jenny is sitting by herself in the cafeteria, crying. Watching her cry makes Stephen feel upset, so he goes over to try to comfort her. Stephen's behavior is likely motivated by the ________ motive for helping others. a. personal distress b. reciprocity c. empathic concern d. affiliative
A
Talia is providing nonmonetary assistance to others with no expectation of receiving any compensation in return. Talia is engaging in a. volunteerism. b. empathic helping. c. reciprocity. d. kin selection.
A
Technological advances such as long-range missiles mean that countries can inflict harm on each other from great distances. Research conducted by ________ suggests that these advances make it considerably ________ likely that people will be willing to inflict harm. a. Milgram; more b. Asch; more c. Milgram; less d. Asch; less
A
A prison warden has instructed his prison guards to hose down the prisoners with icy cold water as punishment, despite the fact that this is likely illegal. When one of the guards protests, the warden informs the guards that he himself will take personal responsibility for any negative consequences. This will make the guards more likely to obey because it a. reduces the guards' stress about what they are doing. b. reduces the guards' empathy for the prisoners. c. increases the guards' decisiveness. d. distracts guards from the prisoners' distress.
A
According to research on informational social influence, Anton is more likely to agree with the recommendations of others on the best tax-preparation company to use if he a. does not know much about tax preparation. b. is in a bad mood. c. wants to be liked. d. has internalized cultural norms.
A
Alec thinks that members of a particular group are hostile, and therefore he acts toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, Alec may elicit a coldness in members of that group that he sees as proof of their hostility. This scenario is an example of a. the self-fulfilling prophecy. b. paired distinctiveness. c. illusory correlation. d. ingroup homogeneity.
A
Cyberbullying has become more prevalent with increasing technological advances in our society. What does Milgram's obedience study tell us about why online communication can become increasingly harmful? a. Online communication is indirect and remote, so it is easier to harm others. b. Online platforms encourage face-to-face interactions, which are more likely to be aggressive. c. Online social media platforms often promote bullying practices of their users. d. Online communication makes people feel more responsibility for their actions.
A
Dave's roommates call him a "moocher," a "parasite," and a "leech." These names suggest that Dave a. violates the norm of reciprocity. b. is reactive. c. is an exceptionalist. d. lacks negative state relief.
A
Evidence that humans and nonhuman animals have a highly developed capacity to recognize their relatives supports the idea of a. kin selection. b. exclusive fitness. c. parental investment. d. mate preferences.
A
In his attempts to persuade Roger to get a fraternity tattoo on his arm, Dan assembles 100 tattooed fraternity members. Dan probably wasted a lot of effort in doing so, because a. the effect of group size on conformity levels off when group size reaches about three to four people. b. group size does not affect conformity levels. c. group size matters for informational social influence, but not normative social influence. d. the effect of group size on conformity is relevant only for women.
A
In one study, Batson and his colleagues (1983, 1991) manipulated whether participants were feeling more or less empathic when evaluating another person, and then they asked participants if they would help the person in the future. Some participants thought that both the experimenter and the person needing help knew their decisions (i.e., helping was made public), but other participants thought that their responses were anonymous. The results showed that a. high-empathy participants helped more than low-empathy participants, even when helping was anonymous. b. low empathy participants said they would help more when the helping was public, but they did not follow through on their promises. c. when helping was made public, low-empathy participants helped just as much as high-empathy participants. d. low-empathy participants helped more when helping was public, but high-empathy participants helped more when helping was anonymous.
A
Sheena took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names as compared to when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest? a. Sheena holds an implicit belief that men are stronger than women. b. Sheena holds an implicit belief that women are stronger than men. c. Sheena does not have any stereotypes about gender and strength. d. Sheena holds an implicit belief that male names are more attractive than female names.
A
The concept of altruism refers to a. unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self. b. feelings of compassion toward a needy other. c. an action intended to benefit both the self and someone else at the same time. d. behavior that enhances the survival of one's own genes.
A
The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to a. a more powerful person or group. b. a personal belief. c. a request. d. imagined pressure from others.
A
Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they a. have strong norms about how people should behave. b. encourage self-reliance and self-discipline. c. have weak norms about how people should behave. d. demand that group members are tolerant and caring toward one another.
A
Which of the following examples does NOT support the concept of kin selection? a. Friends jump into a river to save a drowning friend, but all of them die. b. Identical twins cooperate more when working together than do fraternal twins. c. A ground squirrel will put itself in danger to warn another genetically related squirrel of danger. d. Across cultures, people are more willing to help closely related individuals than strangers.
A
Which of the following real-world examples is most consistent with the predictions of realistic group conflict theory? a. Working-class Americans exhibited the most anti-black prejudice in the wake of the civil rights movement because their jobs were most at risk. b. After the San Francisco Giants beat the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series, Giants fans set fires, shattered windows, and committed other violent acts. c. Millions of people have fled Darfur, Sudan, since 2003 because of the ongoing civil war. d. Members of the Nazi Party in World War II Germany believed that they belonged to a superior race.
A
According to the negative state relief hypothesis, a. positive moods increase compliance. b. granting someone's request decreases negative mood states. c. negative moods decrease compliance. d. granting someone's request increases negative mood states.
B
According to the textbook, there are three main predictors of attraction. Which of the following is NOT one of these three predictors? a. physical attractiveness b. attachment c. similarity d. proximity
B
Anya needs $500 to help pay for a trip to Europe. She calls her parents and asks if they will give her $5,000 for her trip, and they say no. She then asks if she can have just $500, and they say yes. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the ________ technique. a. try and try again b. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face) c. foot-in-the-door d. negative state relief
B
Diffusion of responsibility entails a. being unaware of cultural norms that promote helping behavior. b. assuming that other people who are present during an emergency will provide help to a victim. c. underestimating the harmfulness of a situation. d. overestimating one's own responsibility for the welfare of others.
B
Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. a. that's-not-all b. foot-in-the-door c. lowball d. door-in-the-face
B
In many industrialized nations, strong social norms dictate efforts to behave in a cool, calm, and collected manner in public, especially during emergencies. Unfortunately, this norm can promote a. altruism. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. reciprocal indifference. d. bystander intervention.
B
In one experiment, smoke filtered into a room when participants were filling out a questionnaire. Results indicated that participants were most likely to report the smoke to the experimenter when they were in the room a. with two calm confederates. b. alone. c. with the experimenter. d. with two other study participants.
B
In one study, participants listened to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game. Results showed that participants who thought one of the players, Mark, was black, compared to participants who thought he was white, believed that Mark a. showed less hustle and performed worse overall but still played a savvier game. b. was more athletic and played better. c. had less innate ability. d. was more athletic, showed less hustle, and performed worse overall, but still played a savvier game.
B
Normative social influence often has a greater impact on ________ than on________. a. private acceptance; internalization b. public compliance; private acceptance c. private acceptance; public compliance d. internalization; private acceptance
B
People who grow up in a loose culture are ________ likely to find someone who is talking loudly and laughing in a fancy restaurant ________ than people who grew up in a tight culture. a. more; inappropriate b. more; persuasive c. less; inappropriate d. less; persuasive
C
Recall that Burgess and Wallin (1953) studied the personality characteristics of hundreds of engaged couples. Specifically, they compared couples who planned to marry with "random" couples they created by pairing individual members of one couple with individual members of another couple. The results showed that members of engaged couples, compared to random couples, were significantly a. less similar to each other on demographic characteristics, but more similar on personality characteristics. b. more similar to each other on demographic, physical, and personality characteristics. c. not similar to each other on demographic, physical, or personality characteristics. d. less similar to each other on demographic, physical, and personality characteristics.
B
Recall that Snyder and colleagues (1977) conducted a study in which men spoke with a woman over the telephone. Using different photographs, the researchers manipulated the men's beliefs about the woman's physical attractiveness. The woman did not know whether any given man believed her to be attractive or unattractive. The results of this study showed that the woman a. showed greater social skills when talking to men who thought she was unattractive. b. showed greater social skills when talking to men who thought she was attractive. c. tried harder to impress the men who thought she was attractive. d. tried harder to impress the men who thought she was unattractive.
B
Research on the principle of paired distinctiveness has shown that people tend to ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a minority group and ________ how often a negative behavior is performed by members of a majority group. a. underestimate; overestimate b. overestimate; underestimate c. underestimate; underestimate d. overestimate; overestimate
B
Researchers asked Catholics to donate to the March of Dimes either when they were on their way into church for confession, or when they were on their way out. In support of the argument that ________ influences compliance, results revealed that ________. a. a positive mood; people gave less money before confession b. guilt; people gave more money before confession c. a positive mood; people gave more money before confession d. guilt; people gave less money before confession
B
When we help others in order to receive positive attention or gratitude, we are motivated by ________, but when we help others because we identify with people in need, we are motivated by ________. a. sympathy; empathy b. social rewards; empathic concern c. personal distress; empathic concern d. reciprocity; social rewards
B
Which of the following people is likely to have relatively higher marital dissatisfaction? a. Brandon, who has low self-esteem and is of higher socioeconomic status. b. Edward, who has low self-esteem and is of lower socioeconomic status. c. George, who has high self-esteem and is of lower socioeconomic status. d. Juan, who has high self-esteem and grew up in an upper middle class family.
B
Cassandra and Martin have been dating for three months. According to equity theory, Cassandra is likely motivated to a. make sure that she gets as much as she can out of the relationship, regardless of how much she puts into it. b. make sure that she puts as much effort as she can into the relationship, regardless of how much she gets out of it. c. make sure that she and Martin each receive roughly what they put into the relationship. d. create an arrangement where one partner puts in the effort and the other reaps the benefits.
C
Consider the following quote from William Whyte in The Organization Man: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with, such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ________ can influence relationships. a. attractiveness b. physicality c. proximity d. similarity
C
Imagine that you witness a car plowing into a pedestrian. Research on bystander intervention suggests that you are most likely to offer help if there a. are six other eyewitnesses. b. are two other eyewitnesses. c. is only one other eyewitness. d. are eight other eyewitnesses.
C
In one study participants were divided into two arbitrary groups using the minimal group paradigm. Participants then filled out an attitude questionnaire twice, once to record their own attitudes and once to record how they thought another ingroup or outgroup member might respond. The results showed that participants tended to a. assume that ingroup members held more socially desirable beliefs than outgroup members. b. infer ingroup members' beliefs more accurately than outgroup members' beliefs. c. assume that their beliefs were more similar to those of fellow ingroup members than to those of outgroup members. d. overestimate variability in outgroup attitudes but underestimate variability in ingroup attitudes.
C
In which of the following situations would someone be most likely to help, instead of falling victim to the bystander effect? a. Marty walks into a busy gas station to find a customer lying on the floor. b. Jacques hears a loud noise and glances out his apartment window at a crowd looking at a man slumped over against a car in the parking lot. c. Matt watches as a man in a park grabs at his chest, screams that he is in pain, and falls over. d. Julio is walking in a large crowd in New York City when he sees a man slumped on a staircase.
C
In which of the following ways do the results of the Milgram experiments parallel the events in Nazi Germany leading up to the Holocaust? a. In both situations, most perpetrators had sadistic dispositions and enjoyed harming others. b. In both situations, perpetrators largely took responsibility for their own actions. c. In both situations, harmful actions occurred in an incremental, step-by-step manner. d. In both situations, perpetrators had no opportunity to exercise choice or free will.
C
Janet has a minority opinion about dorm curfew and is afraid she will feel pressured to conform to the majority opinion at an upcoming dorm meeting. To resist conformity pressure, Janet should a. adopt an interdependent mind-set right before the meeting. b. express strong negative emotions during the meeting. c. bring an ally to the meeting. d. bring cookies to the meeting.
C
Peggy is high in a personality trait called neuroticism. According to research discussed in the textbook, Peggy is particularly a. unlikely to have strong reactions to conflict. b. likely to get married. c. likely to experience relationship problems. d. likely to come from a lower socioeconomic status background.
C
Which of the following will NOT lead to a greater likelihood of being helped? a. singling out a specific person and asking him or her to help you b. crying out dramatically that you have been injured c. staying calm so that you do not alarm passersby d. being in a group with your friends
C
Why do people tend to see faces of their own race as more distinguishable and easier to recognize (i.e., own-race identification bias)? a. Racial characteristics are processed automatically. b. There is a deeper level of cognitive processing concerning racial characteristics. c. There is a deeper level of cognitive processing for individual characteristics. d. This bias occurs because faces of other races all tend to look alike.
C
________ theory posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success or failure. a. Social verification b. Self-perception c. Social identity d. Minimal group
C
Ada is sitting in class when smoke starts to filter into the room. She looks around and nobody else seems to be doing anything about it. According to research described in the textbook, Ada is a. likely to report the smoke to the professor in order to appear smart and observant. b. likely to construe the smoke as dangerous if there are many other students in the room. c. unlikely to report the smoke to the professor because she suspects she is in a research study. d. unlikely to report the smoke to the professor for fear of embarrassing herself in front of the class.
D
Artie and his girlfriend Robyn just broke up. Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it. She says, "Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love. He just did not seem to trust, need, or depend on me. In fact, he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should, and this made him nervous." According to this description, Artie's attachment style is best characterized as a. anxious-ambivalent. b. dismissive. c. secure. d. avoidant
D
Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment, which of the following environments is most likely to foster cohesion across racial groups, and why? a. online social media users, because they feel more distanced from their racial identities b. college campuses, because curved grading can create competition among students c. low-socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods, because resources are scarce d. the U.S. military, because soldiers cooperate to accomplish the shared goal of defending the nation
D
Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another. This means that their relationship is likely ________ and is governed by ________. a. long-term; the principle of need b. long-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity c. short-term; the principle of need d. short-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity
D
Daniel Batson has argued that there are three main motives for helping others. They are a. reciprocity, kin selection, and social rewards. b. personal distress, sympathy, and empathic concern. c. sympathy, reputational advantages, and reciprocity. d. social rewards, personal distress, and empathic concern.
D
Hank attends a focus group where he and five other men are asked to rate three lawn mowers. Hank knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mower A is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the men say that lawn mower B is the best. If Hank ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of the group, he has probably succumbed to a. the chameleon effect. b. informational social influence. c. the autokinetic effect. d. normative social influence.
D
Modern racism in the United States is characterized by a. possessing explicitly racist beliefs that encourage outgroup favoritism. b. competition between racial groups that results from scarce resources. c. discrimination against majority group members. d. prejudice directed at other racial groups combined with a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.
D
Research suggests that people tend to perceive ________ variability of habits and opinions among members of the ingroup than they do among members of the outgroup because people are ________. a. less; more likely to notice the individual differences of outgroup members b. less; motivated to feel similar to ingroup members c. more; motivated to feel dissimilar to ingroup members d. more; more likely to notice the individual differences of ingroup members
D
Sometimes eyewitnesses fail to help someone because (a) they are uncertain about what is happening and (b) they assume that nothing is wrong because no one else seems to be alarmed. This phenomenon is called a. a social responsibility violation. b. diffusion of responsibility. c. social loafing. d. pluralistic ignorance.
D
The attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is a. avoidant. b. secure. c. comunal. d. anxious-ambivalent.
D
The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people. a. serviceable b. objective c. social d. functional
D
Vivica finds Dion physically attractive. Judging from his appearance, she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest. Vivica is displaying the a. complementarity hypothesis. b. mere exposure effect. c. counterbalancing principle. d. halo effect.
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements for a situation in which contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice? a. contact supported by social norms b. cooperative pursuit of common goals c. one-on-one interactions between members of equal status d. clear penalties if group members show prejudice toward each other
D
________ is the rule and ________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned. a. Complementarity; similarity b. Complementarity; proximity c. Similarity; proximity d. Similarity; complementarity
D