Social Science Section 3
Geneva Accords, national, independent, unified
A central provision of the conference's ___________ __________ scheduled ____________ elections for 1956 to establish the government of an _________________ and ___________ Vietnam.
Poland, Stalinists, Wladislaw Gomulka
A wave of popular protests erupted after Khrushchev's "Secret Speech". In __________, the Communist party wanted to expel ____________ from its ranks and restore ______________ _____________.
- He ordered a "quarantine", or naval blockade of the island - He also warned the Soviets that any launch would be met with the power of America's extensive, dangerous, and superior nuclear arsenal in full.
After American U-2 planes discovered between 16 and 32 installed missiles on the Cuban countryside, what did President Kennedy do?
Dag Hammarskjöld
After Katanga seceded, who was the UN Secretary General that sent troops to make peace and take back the region?
Joseph Mobutu
After Patrice Lumumba received Soviet assistance, what trusted aid and military officer led the CIA coup to assassinate him?
Marxist uprising, anti-imperialist nationalism
Although the Cuban Revolution was later recast as a classic __________ ____________, Castro primarily identified with _______-______________ ________________.
anti colonial nationalism, doctrinaire communism, authoritarian, communism
American policy makers struggled to distinguish _______________ ________________ or a movement to gain political independence from a controlling nation, from ________________ _________________ and as a result frequently backed unpopular, _________________ regimes in the name of anti-__________________.
Iran, economically, strategically
As an oil-rich nation that border the Soviet Union, the Middle Eastern nation of _______ was ___________________ and _________________ important to the US.
US, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
By 1960, the _____-backed _____________ ____ ____________ (_________ __________) teetered on the brink of collapse.
August, Shah Reza Pahlavi, Mossadegh
By the end of _________, the pro-American ________ ________ __________ successfully ousted former Iranian leader, Mohammad __________________.
- Men burned their draft cards - Some fled to Canada - Others, like boxer Mohammed Ali, would rather go prison
Explain some draft protests:
Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf prompted President Johnson to respond with military force. Congress gave Johnson the power to ultilize any measures to repel attacks and prevent further ones.
Explain the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Which president oversaw it?
- One Catholic priest, Philip Berrigan, and three others, poured blood on draft files in a Baltimore government facility. While out on bail, his brother Daniel and him set fire to more draft records in the draft office of Cantonsville, Maryland using homemade napalm
Explain the draft protest committed by one Catholic priest, Phillip Berrigan
the Suez Canal
Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized what economically vital man-made waterway?
Communist, Marxist revolution, Communist University for the Toilers of the East
Ho Chi Minh belonged to the ________________ Party and had studied __________ ______________ at Moscow's _______________ ______________ _____ _____ ________ ___ _____ ________ in the 1930s.
Khrushchev supplied the island with nuclear missiles as a guarantee against further American aggression. The Soviets then began the secret construction of missile sites in 1962 that would place many Americans at deadly risk.
How did the Cuban Missile Crisis start?
90 miles
How far away is Cuba from Florida?
6
How many operational ICBM's did the Soviets have by 1960?
Jacobo Arbenz, Guatemala
In 1950, the election of ___________ __________ as a populist left-leaning military officer in the small Central American nation of ________________ provoked anxiety within US foreign policy circles.
1951, Mohammad Mossadegh, nationalize, Iran's, British, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
In _______ (year), the newly elected Prime minister, _________________ ________________, moved forward with a plan to _______________ _______'s oil industry, which was dominated by the __________-owned, __________-__________ _____ _____________.
1945, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh
In _______, the communist leader of Vietnam, ___ _____ _______ declared independence.
Hungary, Imre Nagy, Budapest
In ____________, after the Secret Speech, more protests erupted. Hungarians reasoned that if Stalin was a criminal, so are countless leaders in their government also. They demanded the return of ousted reformist leader _______ ________. However, Khrushchev ordered Soviet tanks in ______________ and crushed the rebellion.
CIA, Operation AJAX, bribing, propaganda, anti-government
In response to Mohammad Mossadegh actions to nationalize Iran's oil industry, the ______-led coup, known as ______________ _______, undermined Mossadegh by __________ local officials, disseminating __________________, organizing ____________, and arming ______-__________________ forces.
Eisenhower, CIA, Operation PBSUCCESS, Arbenz, flee, June 1954
In response to the Guatemala land problem, ________________ endorsed a _____-led military coup named _______________ ________________, which forced Arbenz to _______ the country after resigning his office in _______ of ________.
anti-communism, democratic, dictatorial
In the Cold War, ______-__________________ consistently trumped ______________ ideals in US foreign policy decisions to back ______________ governments.
Hmong
In the Secret War, the CIA relied on ___________ people, an ethnic minority spread across Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, to serce as the vangaurd of its anti-communism forces.
missile gap
Kennedy's main line of attack centered on the perceived "_________ _____" that threatened US security.
zero-sum
LBJ, like his predecessors, viewed the conflict in Vietnam through a _______-_____ lens.
Ancient times: Chinese Late 19th century: French rule WW2: Japanese
List the timeline of foreign domination in Vietnam.
Cultural Revolution
More turmoil and international isolation occured when Mao launched the ___________ _______________.
- Students stage a sit in to disrupt a Dow Chemical Company recruitment. Dow, known for Saran wrap, supplied the military with the harmful material used in horrific air raids, napalm. Because of this, Dow was accused of facilitating war crimes. - The students were forcibly evacuated by riot police, but afterwards, thousands of anti-war protesters marching from the Washington Memorial to the Pentagon. - Organizations like "Students for a Democratic Society" (SDS) were made and attacked the Vietnam War.
One of the most dramatic protests of the Vietnam War was in the University of Wisconsin-Madison, describe it:
African unity, positve neutrality
Patrice Lumumba (Congo Prime Minister) supported Kwame Nkrumah's (Ghana Prime Minister) vision of ___________ _______ and embraced his policy of __________ _____________.
Non-Aligned Movement, Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba's foreign policy drew direct inspiration from the _______-___________ Movement and the example of ___________ ____________, the Prime Minsiter of newly independent __________.
a stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union prompted by the Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba; it resolved on October 28, 1962, when Soviet leaders agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a public declaration that the United States would not invade Cuba and when the US secretly agreed to the removal missiles from Turkey.
Summarize the Cuban Missile Crisis:
Cuban Marxist revolutions
The American anti-communism intervention in Latin American ironically led to future communist movements like the __________ __________ ___________________.
draft
The _______, which compelled American men to serve in Vietnam, was a major focus of the anti-war movement.
Sino-Soviet Split, Mao Zedong, economic growth, Great Leap Forward
The _______-__________ ______, as the diplomatic rupture between the two largest communist nations came to be known, began in earnest in 1958 when ______ ___________ decisively broke from the Soviet model of ______________ __________ during the period of intense crash industrialization known as the ________ ________ ____________.
China, Cuba, Marxist
The rise of ________ and _______ inspired a new wave of __________ rebellions in Asia, Africa, Latin America.
Geneva Conference, partition, 17
The same year the French recognized Vietnamese independence, peace negotiations at the ___________ _________________ established what was meant to be a temporary _____________ of the nation at the ___th parallel.
assassinate Castro, anti-Castro exiles, invasion
To control the growing coziness between Havana and Moscow, Eisenhower directed a CIA plot to ________________ __________ and prepared _______-__________ ________ to launch an __________ of Cuba.
John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, Iran, Soviet
To secretary of state ______ __________ _______ and CIA director _______ _________, Mohammad Mossadegh actions to nationalize Iran's oil industry made his likely to lead Iran into the ________ camp.
- Khrushchev would remove missiles from Cuba in exchange for the United State's word that they would not invade the island - Kennedy and Khrushchev would also agree, privately, that American missiles would be removed from Turkey
What agreements did the United States come to with the Soviet Union that ended the Cuban Missile Crisis?
a peace agreement that formally granted Vietnam independence but partitioned the former French colony at the 17th parallel and called for national elections in 1956 for a unified Vietnam government; the elections were never held.
What are the Geneva Accords?
The Korean War globalized the Cold War and revealed some lasting power struggles.
What did the Korean War do?
- Henry Kissinger and his cosigners were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize - With the removal of US troops, communist forces overtook South Vietnam and devastated the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. - The capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was seized and burned, all remaning US personnel were evacuated.
What happened after the Paris Peace Accords.
He was killed by South Vietnamese.
What happened to Ngo Dinh Diem (US-supported leader of South Vietnam)?
a Vietnamese independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh that defeated the French Army at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
What is Viet Minh?
Khrushchev's program to move the Soviet Union away from the political repression of the Stalinist-era by freeing prisoners and allowing for some discussion of Stalin's crimes, i.e. domestic reforms
What is de-Stalinization
The prediction that communist victory in one nation would produce a cascading effect, causing neighboring nations to fall to communism like dominos Supporters: - Eisenhower - Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense -JFK
What is the domino theory? Which politicians subscribed to it?
the successfully launching of Sputnik 1 on October 4 1957
What led Khrushchev to trumpet the scientific and technological superiority of the Soviet Union over the United States ?
The CIA
What organization was referred to as a "government within a government"?
Attorney General
What position did President Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, hold?
Uranium/uranium deposits
What resource was most abundant and most valuable to the United State in the Congo?
foreign policy that actively tries to change another country and achieve liberal goals
What was Eisenhower's "New Look" Cold War strategy?
a strategy adopted by President Nixon and with Henry Kissinger in 1969 to shift the fighting to the South Vietnamese army to allow for the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam. The plan ultimately failed and left the US groping for leverage in the now-stalled peace talks.
What was Nixon's new policy of Vietnamization?
a movement led by leaders of newly independent nations in Asia and Africa to declare neutrality in the Cold War.
What was non-alignment?
Stalin betrayed Leninism through his murderous campaign of terror and was a "true traitor"
What was portrayed by Khrushchev in the Secret Speech?
A massive hydroelectric dam on the Nile, leader of Egypt's military government, Gamal Abdel Nasser, sought funding from Americans for.
What was the Aswan High Dam?
A conference between India's Jawharal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno, and others, called for unity among former colonized peoples and advocated for non-alignment in the Cold War
What was the Bandung Conference?
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. The invasion ended in disaster, and President Kennedy was more or less humiliated for the failure.
What was the Bay of Pigs?
a violent campaign to root out alleged counter-revolutionary elements from Chinese society that began in 1966, crippling the state and killing nearly one million Chinese citizens.
What was the Cultural Revolution?
A planned meeting about the state of Berlin after Khrushchev visited the United States and had many talks at Camp David with Eisenhower. Attended by French, Soviet, British, and American leaders
What was the Four Powers Summit in Paris?
a period of intense crash industrialization begun by Mao in the late-1950s that aimed to modernize China's economy.
What was the Great Leap Forward?
the 1956 popular movement to bring democratic reforms to Communist Hungary that was brutally suppressed by a Soviet invasion.
What was the Hungarian Uprising?
an impromptu debate on July 24, 1959, between Khrushchev and Nixon in a model-kitchen of the American Exhibition in Moscow.
What was the Kitchen Debate?
the covert bombing campaign and CIA-led military operations in Laos and Cambodia during the Vietnam War
What was the Secret War?
- The Tet Offensive was the series of coordinated attacks on US military bases in South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. - It shattered public faith in the war effort; many Americans could not reconcile with the horrifying images of war anymore. With the Johnson administration's claim that they were winning the war and the fervent assault on the US embassy in Saigon, a steep decline in public support occurred.
What was the Tet Offensive and what were its domestic effects?
A quagmire, meaning it was a sucking pit of quicksand that was nearly impossible to escape
What was the Vietnam war likened to by critics of it?
National Liberation Front (NFL) or Viet Cong
What was the communist insurgency in North Vietnam, with the support of China and the USSR?
President Nixon's strategy to gain leverage in negotiations by appearing reckless and unpredictable (thereby scaring Vietnamese interlocutors into believing that he would recklessly resort to nuclear weapons). Utimately ineffective because it lacked action.
What was the madman strategy?
A agreement between the United States, National Liberation Front, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam that included a cease-fire order, a prisoner exchange, and a complete withdraw of US troops. Though the treaty officially ended the Vietnam War, it did not establish lasting peace.
What were the Paris Peace Accords?
a classified report on the Vietnam War that revealed how the government had repeatedly misled the American people on the progress of the war; leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg and published by The New York Times and The Washington Post in 1971.
What were the Pentagon papers? Who leaked them?
The North: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ruled by Ho Chi Minh's Communist Party The South: The Republic of Vietnam, the anti-communist Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem, successor of the Emperor Bao Dai
What were the two parts of Vietnam?
October 28, (1962) Robert Kennedy
When did the Cuban Missile Crisis end? Who helped resolved it?
By Congress in 1947, as a part of Truman's national security plan. Under Eisenhower, the program expanded its capabilities
When was the CIA created?
The American Exhibition in Moscow's Sokolniki Park
Where was the Kitchen debate?
- The Soviets - Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah - The UN peacemaking force
Which countries/groups provided aid to the Congo after the Katanga secession?
Fulgencio Batista
Which dictator ruled Cuba for decades, with American support?
Katanga
Which mineral-rich region of the Republic of Congo seceded, with the support of Belgian mining interests and elite paratroopers?
Fidel Castro
Who challenged Batista's ruling over Cuba?
a military officer and trusted aide to Patrice Lumumba who led a CIA-backed military coup in 1960 that deposed Lumumba and later took control of the Republic of Congo
Who is Joseph Mobutu do?
French and British, Links the Mediterranean and Red Sea
Who is the Suez Canal jointly owned by? What two bodies of water does it connect?
Lyndon B. Johnson
Who replace JFK?
JFK
Who succeeded Eisenhower?
- the first director of the CIA (1953-61) who oversaw the agency's expansion during the Eisenhower administration; he was instrumental in the elevation of clandestine intervention within US foreign policy; he was the brother of John Foster Dulles
Who was Allen Dulles?
US Secretary of State (1953-59), and the brother of Allen Dulles, who championed massive retaliation as the official policy of the United States.
Who was John Foster Dulles?
an Iowa farmer who befriended Khrushchev in 1955 and supplied the Soviet Union with thousands of tons of hybrid corn seed.
Who was Roswell Garst?
Francis Gary Powers
Who was in the U-2 plane that was shot down by Soviet air forces two weeks before the Paris summit?
Patrice Lumumba
Who was the first Prime Minister of the Congo after its independence from Belgium in 1960?
- Mao viewed himself as the rightful leader of world communism - He though Khrushchev was weak, undisciplined, and not dedicated enough to Marxist ideals, especially in the Third World - Moscow supported India, and because of its non-communism and contested border, China did not.
Why did Mao Zedong dislike Khrushchev?
Because the United States was afraid of communist movements, like the Pathet Lao movement in Laos, spreading to nearby nations (which would benefit China)
Why did the United States support the unpopular, corrupt, Diem Regime of South Vietnam?
- It had saved Iran from falling into Moscow's orbit - provided American corporations access to oil
Why was the Iran coup viewed as a double success?
two, Four Powers, Paris, American U-2,
____ weeks before the _____ _________ Summit in _______, the Soviet shot down an _______________ _____ spy plane, erasing any goodwill Khrushchev's visit had generated.
Iran, Guatemala, Soviet, Marxist, CIA, democratically, autocratic,
______ and ______________, two nations that seemed to be drifting towards _________ and ___________ ideologies, led to the first ______ interventions, which overthrew _____________________ elected governments and installed US-friendly ______________ regimes - aka run by leaders with absolute power/dictators
Covert, Central Intelligence Agency, New Look
_________ action orchestrated by the __________ _________________ __________ was one of the defining features of Eisenhower's "______ ________" Cold War strategy.
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Arab, Egypt, Bandung, Middle East, European colonialism
__________ _________ __________, the charismatic _______ nationalist and leader of __________'s military government, attended the _____________ Conference and left determined to chart an independent course for his nation and rid the _________ ______ of the last vestiges of ____________ _______________.
Jacobo Arbenz, 2.5, 70, US, United Fruit Company
__________ ___________ pledged to institute dramatic land reforms - ____ percent of Guatemalans controlled ____ percent of the nation's arable land - and began to expropriate uncultivated land, including hundreds of thousand of acres held by the ____-owned _________ ______ _______________. The Dulles brothers thought this was the first stage of communism infection.
Uranium ore, Shinkolobwe, Manhattan, radioactive fuel, atomic
____________ ______ from Congo's __________________ mine supplied the scientists of the _______________ Project with the key ________________ _______ necessary for the construction of the first ___________ bomb.
Washington, Moscow, Suez
_______________ and __________, in a rare moment of agreement, both condemned the _______ invasion.
