Social Studies 2021-22 General terms

Olympic Motto

"Citius, altius, fortius" (swifter, higher, stronger); proposed by Coubertin and adopted by the IOC in 1894.

Tlatelolco Massacre

(1968) Massacre that occurred when ten thousand university students, faculty, and other supporters gathered in Tlatelolco Plaza in Mexico City to protest the closing of the Mexican National University; government forces opened fire and killed three hundred people.

Association of National Olympic Committees

(ANOC) Organization created y the IOC of the NOCs, currently with 206 different nations represented. The ANOC has had 2 presidents since being founded in 1979, and its purpose is to assist and support the IOC for successful Olympic Games.

Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis

1904- St. Louis hosted a world's fair to celebrate the Louisiana Purchase's 100-year anniversary. The fair also hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics. The sporting events were spread out over months to accommodate the World's Fair, so many people did not realize the competitions were part of the Olympics

Peace Angel of Helsinki

1952 opening ceremonies in Helsinki, Finland, has a minor disturbance when a woman dressed in all white ran a lap around the track with a torch (extinguished by the rain). She attempted to speak at the podium but was only able to begin her address with one word, "Friends". She was attempting to include the symbolism of peace into the opening cermeony. Her name was Barbara Rotbraut-Pleyer, a 23-year-old German woman. Many spectators believed she was an angel of possibly the Finnish Miss Universe.

Miracle on Ice

1980 Winter Games- Lake Placid, NY, nickname given to the ice hockey game between the U.S. and Soviet Union. The U.S. upset the four-time defending champs in a semifinal match. In the final seconds, announcer Al Michaels asked, "Do you believe in miracles?". It was listed as the top sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated

Techwood Homes

1st public housing project in the US, located in Atlanta. It was razed and converted into the Olympic Village Community Redevelopment Center for athlete housing in the 1996 Olympics, leaving most of its residents without homes.

Olympic rings

5 interconnected Olympic rings are blue, yellow, black, green, and red. They are a symbol of the Olympic Games created by Coubertin in 1912. Signifies a connection between the world connected through the goals and values of the Games. Each ring represents a different continent that is part of the Olympics.

Ban the Soviets Coalition

A California activist group whose goal was to keep the Soviet Union from the 1984 Summer Games. The plan was to persuade the Soviet athletes to claim asylum in the U.S. and not compete for the Soviets. This was also formed in response to the Soviets shooting down the Korean Airlines passenger flight in 1983. The Soviet Union ended up boycotting the 1984 Olympics due to security concerns from groups such as this.

Olympic Village

A place in the host city built to house the athletes and their trainers and coaches. Usually located inside Olympic Park and is kept under very strict security conditions. Term first used at the 1932 Summer Games in LA.

Commonwealth Games

A series of international multisport competitions with athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations countries. Originally called the British Empire Games, they started in 1930, run every 4 years, and are fully inclusive to athletes with disabilities. Currently, 72 team participate.

South African apartheid

A system of segregation based on institutionalized racism, led to the IOC's sporting boycott of the South African National Olympic Committee from 1964-1988. The term literally means "apart" and was a legal system that the white-minority government used to segregate members of ethnic tribes from eahc others and from whites. It was put into place in 1948 and lasted until 1991.

Olympic Movement's Agenda 21

Adopted by the IOC in 1999 and offers methodological and practical tool for the sports community based on sustainable development. Specifically, it takes into consideration the geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural contexts for each sports competition.

Spartakiad

Adopted by the Soviet Union, was modelled as a mini Olympics. District competitions held annually, national every 2 years and national sports festivals every 4 years. The event replicated the pressures experienced at global sports competitions.

1968 Black Power protest

African American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos took to the podium during the October 16, 1968, Olympic medal ceremony in Mexico City to receive their respective gold and bronze medals in the 200-meter race and raised their fist in defiance during the national anthem. They protested the racial inequality in America and violation of human rights. Both were sent home after the incident.

Separation of Germany

After WWI, Germany separated into East and West Germany. Both countries were banned from competing in the 1948 Olympics, but in 1952, the western portion of Germany competed. For the games of 1956, 1960, and 1964 the East and West German teams competed under the United Team of Germany. They separated again from 1968-1988. Western Germany boycotted the 1980 Olympics and Easter Germany boycotted the 1984 Games. They recombined in 1992 after the end of the Cold War

White elephant projects

After building several structures for hosting large sporting events, they are not reused b/c maintenance costs & too large to host locally held sports & smaller # of spectators.

Gleneagles Agreement

An agreement between world leaders against sporting contact with South Africa.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

An intergovernmental organization with member states from former Soviet republics in Eurasia was formed after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Promotes cooperation in political, economic, and military affairs and was founded after the signing of the Belavezha Accords.

Deaflympics

An international competition held every 4 years involving 30 sports for deaf athletes

Muse's Pentathlon

Art competitions at the Olympic Games from 1912-1948; brainchild of Pierre de Coubterin and called the Pentathlon of the Muses for the 5 competitions: architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture. Entries had to be sports-themed. Discontinued after the 1948 Olympics in London, the Cultural Olympiad replaced it.

opening ceremony

Beginning of each Olympic Games includes an introduction of athletes in the Parade of Nations, a presentation of the host's culture and history, and the lighting of the Olympic flame.

1972 Olympics Men's Basketball Finals

Between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the game was originally won by the U.S. on a last-second shot. After the UUSR argued they should have been granted a timeout, the FIBA secretary general ruled (without authority)that the clock should be reset. The Soviets were given three chances to score and ended up winning the game 51-50, leading to the U.S. boycotting the medal ceremony.

Rugby School

Boarding school in Rugby, Warwicksire, England, founded in 1567. The sport of rugby was invented here. Under the leadership of headmaster Thomas Arnold, many of the traditions and organizations the school became known for took shape. Pierre de Coubertin used the school as an example that must be imitated in other countries while trying to argue for a modern Olympic revival.

Centennial Olympic Park Bombing

Bombing that occurred at the Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. A pipe bomb killed one and injured over 100 people. The motive was to embarrass the U.S. in front of the world. Eric Rudolph, an anti-abortion extremist, was convicted and sentenced to 4 life sentences for 4 different bombings, including this one.

Terra Lliure

Catalonian national separatist group that opposed Barcelona hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics and claimed responsibility for planting bombs in protest.

dual-citizenship

Citizenship in more than one nation.

Olympia, Greece

City in Greece in the Peloponnese Peninsula where the ancient Olympic Games were held every 4 years from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Excavated and preserved since the 1870s.

Lausanne, Switzerland

City in Switzerland that has hosted the IOC since 1894. Recognized as the "Olympic Capital" as it houses arbitration courts and 55 different international sport associations.

IOC 2000 Reform Commission

Commission that recommended several reforms, including installing age and term limits for committee members, banning all-expenses-paid visits to cities bidding to host the games, increasing membership in IOC, and expanding the IOC board. Several of these reforms were in response to the bid bribery scandal

Conflict in Darfur

Conflict that began in the western region of Sudan in 2003 when an insurrection was started against the Sudanese government. A ceasefire was established between the western, non-Arab militants and the Sudanese government, but it also led to a humanitarian crisis with over 2 million people displaced. These people created refugee camps and the conflict was later named a genocide.

Refugee Olympic Team

Created in 2016 by the IOC to grant athletes who were migrants or refugees the chance to compete under one united team under the Olympic flag.

1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Czechoslavakia gymnast Vera Caslavska protested at the 1968 Games in Mexico City. She was protesting the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslavakia in 1968. Her protest action was to clearly turn her head away from the USSR flag while on the podium after her floor routine.

Principle 6 of the Olympic Charter

Describes that any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender, or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement. The IOC confirmed that it also includes sexual orientation.

Robert Dover's Cotswold Games

Dover was an Englishman and founder of the Cotswold Olympic Games in the early 1600s. This event introduced several different competitions such as wrestling, running, jumping, handball, gymnastics, and horseracing. Games were played annually from 1612-1642, and 1660-1852. They were revived temporarily in 1951

Anthropology Days

During the 1904 Summer Olympic Games in St. Louis, these took place Aug. 12-13. The events were meant to test and prove a theory that Anglo races were superior. The competitions were split into European-style competitions and "savage-friendly" competitions. After the complete failure of the events, the data did not prove the racial superiority theory and was not repeated at any other Olympic Games.

Putin's Ring of Steel

Established by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to prtest the athletes during the 2014 Sochi Winter Games. Some of the most intensive security operations, including over 100,00 security forces and multiple security checkpoints, helped to create a secure environment for the games.

Exposition Universelle in Paris

Exposition in Paris in 1900 that was a world's fair that included the Olympics. The 1900 Games were the 2nd modern Olympics and the first hosted outside of Greece. Women were able to compete for the 1st time, and many events were held for the first and only time as part of the exposition, including ballooning and motorcycle racing.

Salt Lake City Olympics figure skating judging scandal

Figure skating scandal in 2002 Sat Lake City Winter Games. It is belived that the judges had errors and cheated during the totaling of the scores. The scandal came out as it was discovered that the chair of the International Skating Union Committee was pressured to vote for the Russian duo. In the end, both the Russian and Canadian teams were awarded gold medals and changes were made to the judging system.

International Paralympic Games

First appeared as a part of the Olympic Games in 1960; included series of multisport competitions involving athletes with a variety of disabilities. Usually take place immediately after the Summer and Winter Games.

Women's World Games

First international women's sports events in track and field and established by Alice Milliat and the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale to compensate for the lack of women's sports at the Olympic Games.

photo finish

First used in 1912 at the Summer Olympic Games in Stockholm; a camera system to record the finish line of a race.

Free Tibet Movement

Founded in 1987, the organization was based in London, and advocated for the freedom of the Tibetan people and the region from Chinese control. They have protested the Olympic Games since the Chinese government was awarded host city for the 2008 Summer Games. Since then, China has instituted martial law and controls the area more harshly. The movement continually pushes for freedom of Tibet and started a movement called Fly the Flag in which supporters take photos at Olympic sites with the Tibetan flag.

Circassian Genocide

From the 1840s to 1860s. the Russian government systematically massacred and deported Muslim Circassians near the Black Sea. The genocide is not recognized by Russia or officially by any nation but the country of Georgia.

Amateur Athletic Union Boycott

Group based in the U.S. that wanted to boycott the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, after the German Nazi Socialist Party under Hitler seized power of Germany in 1933. The leader of the AAU was Jeremiah Mahoney, and he supported the boycott because Germany had broken Olympic rules about discrimination based on race and religion. Many believed that competing in the games would be an endorsement of the Nazi regime. The boycott ailed and the U.S. team competed in the Olympics.

Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR)

Group established by Harry Edwards that called for a boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City unless racist policies were changed. Instead of boycotting, however, group members Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised a fist during the U.S. national anthem during the medal ceremony.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led 65 nations, including the U.S., to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted in Moscow. The invasion began on Christmas Eve of 1979, and troops did not withdraw until 1989. The USSR was seeking to support a pro-communist government that had recently gained power in a bloody coup against mujahideen Muslim guerillas.

Boston 2024 bid rejection

In 2015, Boston was bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics but eventually withdrew from consideration. The cost for hosting was privately bid on by a partnership that would benefit from hosting while the citizens of Boston would get a multi-billion dollar bill. The USOC and Boston withdrew the bid after public outcry.

2015 FIFA Corruption case

In 2015, an investigation of corruption in the FIFA governing body was led by the U.S. The accusations were for bribery, fraud, and money laundering between officials of continental football organizations and sports marketing executives. IN the end, numerous execs were found guilty, and the president of FIFA was removed from office. After the initial arrests, many countries began their own investigations.

African boycott of Montreal Games

In protest against the ongoing All Blacks' tour of apartheid-era South Africa, the African nations demanded that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) exclude New Zealand from the 1976 Montreal Olympics. After the IOC's refusal, 28 nations responded with a boycott.

International Fair Play Committee

International organization that fosters sportsmanship in international competition. They hold an award ceremony yearly in France to celebrate acts of fair play.

International Workers Olympiads

International sporting event from 1925-1937 that was organized by the Socialist Workers Sport International; created as a rival to the Olympics and held in Europe. Supported the working class and allowed all races, sexes, and social classes to compete.

June Democratic Uprising

June 1987- South Korea had major democratic demonstrations after violent action by state police that forced their government to allow elections and democratic reforms. Rather than having violence during the upcoming 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, the leaders accepted the demands of the group.

U2 Spy Plane Incident

May 1, 1960, a U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet airspace; U.S. denied it was a spy plane, but the Soviets had the plane and the pilot, Gary Powers, admitted to wokring for the CIA.

match fixing

Method of cheating to get a specific outcome in a match or game, usually by violating rules or paying referees, and is usually motivated by winning money.

Front de Liberation du Quebec

Militant separatist group based in Quebec and was active in the 1960s-1980s. They were attempting to establish an independent and socialist Quebec, and they are labeled a terrorism organization by the Canadian government. Several of their attacks were in Montreal with the most intense time period during the October Crisis in 1970. Eventually the Canadian government instituted martial law and imposed strict rules to limit their violence.

Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO)

Multisport competition established by emerging nations and newly independent socialist states. The first and only event was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963, and the second games were scheduled to be held in Cairo, Egypt, in 1967 but were cancelled.

Friendship Games

Multisport international event hosted by the Soviet Union in 1984. The Soviet Union and8 other socialist countries boycotted the 1984 Summer Games in L.A. Their Friendship Games were also known as the "Alternative Olympics". The event almost identical to the Olympics with opening and closing ceremonies and a torch.

1976 New Zealand Rugby Team Tour

NZ rugby team toured around South Africa. The team was known as the All Blacks team and was one of the top teams in the world. After their tour, 25 African nations protested New Zealand's inclusion in the 1976 Summer Games, because they believed the tour was a sign of support for apartheid.

Dream Team

Name given to USA Men's Basketball team at 1992 Summer Olympics. They beat each team by an average of 44 points. It was the 1st American Olympic team to have professional players from the NBA. The team was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 2009, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010, and the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017.

Olympic oath

Oath stated in their native language by the oath taker, which is one member of the Olympic team for each nation, to signify their commitment to the competition and Olympic Games. 1st used in the 1920 Summer Games and was originally inspired by the ancient Greece Olympics oath to Zeus.

BALCO scandal

Occurred in baseball's major leagues and other sports in which Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative supplied anabolic steroids to pro athletes. It was a San Francisco business that was investigated in 2002 by the federal government. The steroids from the lab were undetectable in drug tests.

Wenlock Olympian Games

Olympian class developed to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements especially in lower class people of Wenlock. Participation in outdoor recreation to promote this. Prizes for taking part. ...

2011 Mount Elbrus terrorist attack

On February 18, 2011, two unidentified men stopped a van carrying five Moscow tourists to the Elbrus area—the men opened fire on the passengers. Later that day, a bomb damaged a support tower for a cable car that travels up the side of Mount Elbrus. Thirty of the forty-five cars were damaged, but no people suffered injuries. The next morning, Russian officials diffused three improvised bombs found in a single car parked in the parking lot of a hotel at the base of the mountain. The attacks happened just two weeks after Russian Federation President Dmitriy Medvedev unveiled a $15 billion plan to establish five ski resorts in the war-torn Caucasus Mountains, which guard the border between Russia and Georgia. The aftermath of the attack led to more military presence in the area, and eventually, Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin created his "Ring of Steel" around the Sochi Games to create a safe environment for the participants and spectators.

Catalan Olympic Committee

Originally created and accepted by the IOC in 1913 for the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin. It lost its recognition in 1923 and is still unrecognized by the IOC today. During Catalonia's attempt for self-recognition, they applied to be reinstated to the IOC.

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Outdoor, multisport stadium in Exposition Park, Los Angeles was first built to commemorate the veterans of WWII. Hosted the 1932 and 1984 Olympics, and will host again in 2028, being the first location to host 3 times; labeled a National Historical Landmark.

Korean Air Flight 007

Passenger flight traveling from Anchorage, Alaska, to Seoul, South Korea, on Sept. 1, 1983 that was shot down by Soviet forces after entering Soviet airspace. All 269 on board died and it intensified the Cold War tensions prior to the 1984 Games.

PEDs

Performance-enhancing drugs that improve any form of physical performance or activity. There are many types of PEDs: anabolic drugs, stimulants, adaptogens, ergogenic aids, nootropics, painkillers, blood boosters, and gene doping

1916 Summer Olympics

Planned for Berlin but was canceled due to WWI.

Ode to Sport by Georges Hohrod and M. Eschbach

Poem that was entered into the 1912 Summer Olympic Games art competition in Stockholm. It was entered under the pseudonyms "George Hohrod" and "M. Eschbach". It was awarded the gold medal, but at the ceremony it was discovered the real author was the founder of the Modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin.

1952 POW Olympics

Prisoner camps during the Korean War competed in an unauthorized Olympic competition in 1952 in North Korea. Prisoners competed from their different POW camps as an attempt by the communists to show the good treatment for those who surrendered

Franco-British Imperial Exhibition in London

Public fair held in London in 1908 to celebrate the Entente Cordiale between France and the UK. At the same time, the 1908 Summer Olympics were hosted in London.

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Revolution led by Hungarians against their Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet policies in 1956. It lasted about 6 months until Soviet forces invaded to stop the resistance movement. The uprising occurred directly before the Summer Games in Melbourne.

Pound Commission on Doping

Richard Pound was the leader of WADA under the IOC to investigate accusations of athletes using PEDs. In 2015, Pound led an independent investigation into the doping of Russia's athletes which led to Russia having athletes banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Rules 40, 41, and 50 of the Olympic Charter

Rule 40 limits athletes from advertisements before and during the Games. Rule 41 says an athlete must be a national of the country in which they are entering, and they may not represent two countries at the same time. Rule 50 prohibits an athlete from any form of demonstration for political, religious, or racial reasons in any Olympic site.

"Katarina Rule" (figure skating)

Rule in figure skating that states female skaters must wear modest clothing with a skirt covering their buttocks. The costumes must not hide the body line of the skaters so the judges can see and judge performances accurately. Rule created in response to Katarina Witt's costume choices in 1984 and 1988.

Republican Olympiad

Series of interconnected local contests in the Soviet Union also called the Soviet Student Olympiads. They sought to create a recurring set of contests based on knowledge of mainly science and math that mirrored athletic competitions.

Intercalated Games

Set of international games that would be interspersed halfway between the Olympic Games cycle; would only be hosted in Athens. Only one took place in 1906 and at the time, they were considered official Olympic Games

1976 Soweto Uprising

South African protests led by black schoolchildren on June 16, 1976, were met with police brutality and violence. Today, it's known as a South African holiday called Youth Day.

Eastern Bloc

Soviet allies in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary. They were in the Warsaw Pact and the term was coined by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Socialists Workers Sports International (SWSI)

Sporting organizations between socialist federations founded in 1920. The games lasted from 1925-1943.

Olympiastadion

Sports stadium in Berlin, Germany, was built in 1934 and used in the Summer Olympic Games of 1936.

Ping Pong Diplomacy

Table tennis matches between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the U.S. in the 1970s led U.S. Pres. Richard Nixon to be the first president to visit Beijing in 1972. The meeting calmed down Cold War tensions. Ping-pong became an official Olympic sport in 1988.

Montreal Tower Project

Tallest inclined building in the world; originally named Olympic Tower. It was built for the 1976 Summer Olympics but was completed and was renovated in 2015 into an office tower.

1968 Olympic boycott

Ten days before the Games were to open, students protesting the Mexican government's use of funds for the Olympics rather than for social programs were surrounded in the Plaza of Three Cultures by the army and fired upon. More than 200 protesters were killed and over a thousand injured.

Nichibo Textile Company Volleyball

Textile company that established a women's volleyball team that eventually became the top women's volleyball team in Japan. Sent to the 1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championships, where they took 2nd place. Afterward, they went on to win 24 straight matches, including the gold medal in the 1964 Olympics

1928 Women's 800m

The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam were the first time women athletes could compete in 5 competitions. Lina Radke of Germany won the 800, but descriptions of the athletes fatigue were sensationalized so the even was removed until 1960.

Black September

The 1972 Summer Olympic Games hosted in Munich, had an event in which a militant faction of Palestinians, known as Black September, kidnapped Israeli athletes and coaches, eventually killing 11 and one West German policeman. Black September was using the hostages to negotiate the release of 200 Palestinian prisoners in Israel. 2 histages died as they were being captured, and the rest and some of the Black September members were killed during a failed rescue attempt.

1984 LA games boycott

The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union and East Germany, for what they claimed were security concerns. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to compete.

1992 Unified Team

The 1992 Summer Olympics hosted in Barcelona, Spain, allowed a team of 15 former Soviet Bloc republics to join together and compete as one. The team took more golds than other countries to win the Games' medal rankings. They only appeared in 1992.

Genocide Olympics

The 2022 Winter Olympics will be hosted in Beijing, China, and several countries, including the U.S. are considering boycotting them as they disagree with its human rights abuses. The Uyghur Muslims and other minorities are being removed from their homes and forced into detention camps in the Xinjiang region. U.S. Sec. of State Anthony Blinken likens their treatment to genocide.

The Birds Nest

The Beijing National Stadium's nickname because of the design and outward appearance of the structure used in the 2008 Summer Olympics. It will be used again in the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.

IOC Agenda 2020

The IOC adopted this in 2014 in order to help the Olympics evolve with globalization and the world. It has 3 pillars: credibility, sustainability, and youth.

"No Olympics on Stolen Native Land"

The International Indigenous Youth Network sent a statement to the IOC, Vancouver Olympic Organizing Committee, and the Canadian government specifically calling for the cancellation of the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver. The group claimed the games were affecting the indigenous populations of Vancouver negatively with persecution, homelessness, poverty, and death.

"The Big Owe"

The Montreal Olympic Stadium built for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games is also known as this because it cost over $770 million to build. Construction costs were high for teh city, and taxes on the citizens to pay for the costs have taken years to pay off, with the final bill totaling $1.47 billion. The donut-shaped structure and tower were not completed until after the Olympics and was paid off in 2006.

Austerity Olympics

The Olympic Games of 1948 were held in London after a 12-year hiatus due to WWII. There were no new venues or structures built because of rationing laws.

1980 Moscow games boycott

The Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 led to the largest boycott in the history of the Olympic movement. U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter took the lead in the call for a boycott of the 1980 Olympics, and approximately 60 other countries joined the United States in staying away from Moscow.

Qatar World Cup Bid Controversy

The World Cup hosted by FIFA was awarded to Qatar for the 2022 game. Qatar was chosen by FIFA members and execs as they were bribed to award that site. Some countries are threatening to ban the 2022 World Cup if Qatar hosts it. There have also been allegations of Qatar's government supporting terrorism and violating human rights.

The excavation of Olympia

The ancient town of Olympia in Greece was the home of the ancient Greece Olympic Games and was buried over time by sand, gravel, and clay. In 1766, the site was rediscovered by the English, and excavation began in 1829 by the French. Over the years, many archaeologists have begun excavation projects only to uncover new portions of the city, including in 2021 when a bronze bull statue was found near a statue of Zeus.

The "Two Chinas" Problem

The competing governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) The PRC is a communist country with an economy that mixes socialist and capitalist elements. The ROC, often just called "Taiwan," is a democratic state with a capitalist economy.

Sorbonne

The first Olympic Congress which organized the IOC and created the rules and regulations for future Olympic games occurred in this French city in 1894. It is a storied public research university established in 1257 and one of the most renowned universities in the world.

Nordic Games

The first international multisport event with winter sports was organized by the Swedish Central Association for the Promotion of Athletics between 1901 and 1926. The founder, Viktor Balck, was a member of the IOC, and the first event was held in Stockholm in 1901; predecessor to the modern Winter Olympics

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.

The Olympic Partner Programme

The highest level of Olympic sponsorship, granting category-exclusive marketing rights to the Summer, Winter and Youth Olympic Games to a select group of global partners.

doping

The use of a banned substance in competitive sports

"Blood in the Water" Match

The water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. A uprising in Hungary was violently squashed by Soviet forces in 1956, and the violence spread to the polo match. Hungary won the match and eventually the gold medal.

Bread Not Circuses Coalition

This group formed to oppose the bid for Toronto to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. They opposed it for many reasons, including housing issues, displacement, and environmental issues. Toronto ended up losing the bid to Beijing.

Atlanta Project Homeward Bound

This program was led by local givernment to clear the streets of Atlanta, Georgia, prior to them hosting the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. The county paid one-way tickets for homeless people to take a bus back to their hometown if they would promise not to return and had family or a job waiting for them.

Corridart

This public exhibit of artwork was displayed in Montreal in July, 1976 for the Summer Olympics. The exhibit was 4 miles long with art that displayed the culture of Montreal. It was never officially opened to the public and was dismantled 2 days before the opening ceremonies.

People's Olympiad 1936

This was to take place in 1936 in Barcelona, Spain, as a form of protest against the 1936 Summer Olympics hosted in Berlin. The People's Olympiad was never officially held because the Spanish Civil War began in 1936.

Snurfer

Today it's known as snowboarding. One ski is ridden like a skateboard but lacks binding like a snowboard. It was invented in 1965 by Sherman Poppen in Michigan and combines the terms snow and surf.

Olympic Truce

Truce or ceasefire for the host city, athletes, and spectators to not be attacked during the Olympic Games. It dates back to 776 BCE during the ancient Olympic Games

curling

Two teams of four players slide special stones over ice toward a target or house. Points are awarded by how close they get to the target.

Matthews and Collett USOC ban

Vincent Matthews and Wayne Collett were banned from competing in the Olympic Games after the 1972 Munich Games. They stood casually on the winners' podium, but the IOC claimed they were misbehaving and disrespecting the podium during the U.S. national anthem. The track coach, Bill Bowerman, apologized to IOC Pres. Avery Brundage, who was willing to reinstate them as competitors if the USOC agreed, but they refused and were banned.

1976 Denver Winter Games

Was originally awarded to Denver, but the Denver Olympic Organizing Committee informed the IOC in 1972 that there was not enough available funds to host. Citizens were concerned about the damage to the environment and ecology after extensive use in snowing events. Instead, the games were held in Innsbruck, Austria- the host of the previous Winter Olympics

Dick, Kerr Ladies

Women's association football team based in England from 1917-1965. The team or football club played over 80 games while banned from using fields or stadiums under the Football Association control. The y beat a French team in 1920, and it was the 1st international women's association football game.

Russian Surcharge

a fee "added' to the cost of building new facilities. The fee is actually the cost of bribing officials or companies to get a project completed.

judo

a sport and form of self-defense using the body; added in 1964 as the first Asian-inspired addition to the program.

Olympic flame

actual flame lit in Olympia, Greece, as a symbol and connection between the ancient and modern Olympics. The opening ceremony officially ends, and the games begin when the cauldron at this host site is lit.

Olympic torch relay

an event during which the Olympic Flame is carried from Olympia, Greece, to the place where the Olympic Games are going to be held. It is relayed in a security lamp while onboard a plane or carried on foot by people. It is a symbol of peace and friendship amongst the competitors and their nations.

modern pentathlon

an event that combines horseback-riding, shooting, running, swimming and fencing. It was meant to resemble skills needed for soldiers.

Dianabol

anabolic steroid known as methandienone or methandrostenolone that enhances testosterone.

The Water Cube

aquatics center at the Olympic Green in Beijing, China

Olympiad

celebration of modern Olympics held every 4 years as an international competition that includes many different contests.

the mechanics clause

clause originally used to define amateurs. It disqualified manual laborers from competing as their work gave them an unfair physical advantage, and they were professionals and not purely amateurs.

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

enacted in Nazi Germany in September 1935, codifying discrimination and stating that social interactions between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans were illegal. It granted citizenship to those that had German or related blood. Since the 1936 Summer Olympics were hosted in Berlin, the laws were not fully enacted and enforced until after the games ended out of concern for international disagreement with the laws.

Waldi

first official mascot in the history of the Olympic Summer Games.

Rhodesia

former name of Zimbabwe; region in southern Africa autonomous from British control since the 1920s. In 1965, they sought complete independence under a whites-only minority government. The UN punished the breakaway with economic sanctions and it failed to be recognized by any other countries. The final Olympic appearance for Rhodesia was in 1964, then they were banned from competing from 1972-1980. The regrouped as Zimbabwe under a new constitution with British rule until international independence was recognized in 1980

Red Sports International (RSI)

founded the Spartakiad Games between 1921-1937. These games were hosted to compete with the Olympic Games and were hosted in the Eastern Bloc to attempt a game for commoners and create a culture for strong sports performance.

Olympic Congresses

gathering of representatives from different nations that are part of the Olympic Movement. Gathering is hosted and organized by the IOC at different times based on the need to consult. The first one was held in 1894, and the most recent in 2009.

Olympic arts competitions

group of 5 art competitions held in the Olympic Games between 1912 and 1948.

Panathenaic Stadium

historic stadium in Athens was built entirely of marble in 144 CE. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the first modern Olympics in 1896. The Olympic flame visits the stadium last as it moves throughout Greece before heading to the host nation.

blood doping

inject extra red blood cells before competition to improve performance

Whatizit

official mascot of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics; the animated character with the ability to morph into different forms was a departure from the Olympic tradition in that it did not represent a nationally significant animal or human figure

parade of nations

portion of the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games in which each country's athletes march into the stadium. The athletes usually have a sign with their country's name and are holding their nation's flag. Countries march in by alphabetical order, except for Greece, and the host nation enters last.

amateurism

practice of an activity or sport in an unpaid manner rather paid of professional manner

Cultural Olympiad

promoted by the IOC to create artistic competitions in architecture, music, art, literature, and sculpting.

Diaspora

refers to a group that has dispersed outside their traditional homeland. They can compete under their ethnicity instead of nationality in the Olympics.

Zappas Olympics

series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece in 1850, 1870, and 1875 - sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelos Zappas

International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee

started in 1948 by Ludwig Guttmann in the London Summer Games. Series of competitions between wheelchair athletes. Renamed Paralympics

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

International Olympic Committee

the governing authority of the Olympic Movement, which includes all of the National Olympic Committees (NOC), the International Sports Federations, Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games, athletes, sponsors, and broadcasting partners; created by Pierre de Coubertin

Decolonization

the undoing of colonization or the process in which a country becomes independent and establishes their own form of government.