Social Studies Notes - Related Terms

Olympic Motto

"Citius, altius, fortius" (swifter, higher, stronger), promoted by Coubertin and adopted by the IOC in 1894

Tlatelolco Massacre

(1968) Massacre that occurred when ten thousand university students, faculty, and other supporters gathered in Plaza de las tres culturas in Mexico City to protest the closing of the Mexican National University; government forces opened fire and killed three hundred people. Happened 10 days prior to opening ceremonies. Massacre described by the Mexican government as a reaction to the protesters provoking the forces however since then, this has been found to be false.

1928 Women's Olympic 800-meter run

1928 Olympic Games held in Amsterdam were the first time women athletes could compete in 5 competitions: 100-meter run, 4x100 meter relay, high jump, discus and 800 meter run. Lina Radke (Germany) won the 800 meter run with a world record of 2 minutes and 16.9 seconds. Descriptions of athletes fatigue were sensationalized by the press so the IOC removed the 800 meter run for women until 1960 Games

Austerity Olympics

1948 London Summer Olympics were very plain and austere because of economic downturn post-WW2. Happened after a 12 year hiatus from olympics and no new venues or structures built because of the rationing laws

African Boycott of Montreal Games

29 countries boycotted after the IOC wouldn't ban NZ after their rugby team toured South Africa. They felt tour showed support for South Africa's apartheid system

1968 Olympic Boycott

43 countries threatened to boycott unless South Africa was barred from the 1968 Mexico City Olympics because of Apartheid and racism in sports, including the removal of Muhammad Ali's heavyweight boxing title. Not all demands of the Olympic Project for Humans Rights were met but members of the group did protest during ceremonies including the 200 meter race medal ceremony

IOC 2000 Reform Commission

80-member board out together in the fallout of the 2002 Salt Lake City olympic bid vote buying scandal, commission recommended serval reforms. Installing age and term limits for committee members, banning all-expense paid visits to cities bidding to host Olympics, increasing membership to the IOC and expanding the IOC board. In response to the bid bribery scandal

Black September

A Palestinian intentional terrorist organization who split from the PLO who were against Israel who took captive and killed 11 Israeli athletes from the Munich Olympics and 1 west German policeman. Used to negotiate the release of 200 Palestian prisoners in Israel. Two hostages died as they were being captured and the remaining hostages and members of black September were killed during the failed rescue attempt. The games were halted temporarily for the memorial services

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland; they can participate under their ethnicity instead of nationality in the Olympics

International Paralympic Games

A periodic series of international multi-sport events involving athletes with a range of disabilities, including impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. Founded in 1960 as part of the Olympic Games. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. Governed by the International Paralympic Committee

Blood doping

A technique for temporarily improving athletic performance in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells previously withdrawn from an athlete are injected back just before an event

performance-enhancing drugs

A type of unlawful drug that can help to improve sporting performance like anabolic drugs, stimulants, adatogens, erogenic aids, nootropics, painkillers, blood boosters, gene doping and stimulants

white elephant projects

After building several structures for hosting large sporting events, they are not reused b/c maintenance costs & too large to host locally held sports & smaller # of spectators. Olympic game stadiums

Gleneagles Agreement

Agreement among Commonwealth countries to exclude apartheid South Africa from international sports in 1997. Continuation of the movement against organized racism in the common wealth nations. Athletes and organizations were discouraged from contacting any athletes in South Africa. In 1979, the agreement had a sporting ban on athletes from South Africa

match-fixing

An illegal activity in sport in which the outcome of the competition is predetermined and goes against the rules of sport; it is often motivated by gambling where bettors give money to players, coaches, or officials to arrange the outcome of the game.

Commonwealth of Independent States

An intergovernmental organization with member states from former soviet republics in Eurasia was formed after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. The CIS promotes cooperation in political, economic and military affairs. It was founded after the signing of the Belavezha Accords

Deaflympics

An international competition held every 4 years involving 30 sports for deaf athletes started in Paris. Longest standing multipart international event besides the Olympics. Qualifying athletes must have hearing loss, hearing aids and cochlear implants so all players are equal. Games ran using a light instead of a gun

Olympic Oath

An oath stated in their native language by an oath taken which is an member of the Olympic team for each nation to signify their commitment to the competition and Olympic Games. First used in the 1920 Summer Olympic Games and originally inspired by the Ancient Greece Olympic Games oath to Zeus. Has been expanded to coaches and judges

Olympic Project for Human Rights

An organization established by sociologist Harry Edwards. Tommie Smith and Lee Evans who raised a fist during the US national anthem at the US medal ceremony in October 1967 were members. They did this instead of boycotting. The aim of the organization was to protest racial segregation in the United States and elsewhere, and to organize an African American boycott of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City.

Excavation of Olympia

Ancient town of Olympia in Greece, home of the Ancient Greece Olympic Games and was buried in sand, gravel and clay. Re-discovered by the British in 1776 and excavation started with a French expedition in 1829, and was continued by German-born archaeologist Ernst Curtius in 1875. Curtius was extremely systematic in his work. In the period from 1875 to 1881, almost the whole of Olympia was unearthed, revealing some of the most beautiful artistic pieces of ancient Greece. Besides numerous coins and inscriptions, Curtius also found the well-preserved statue of Hermes carrying the infant Dionysus by Praxiteles. Curtius also found the temple of Hera, the altar of Zeus, the former site of the enormous statue of Zeus (one of the Seven Wonders of the World), and the original location of the Olympic stadium, where the Olympic Games took place in ancient Greece

BALCO scandal

Bay Area laboratory supplied MLB players and other sports with anabolic steroids. BALCO was a san Francisco business that was investigated in 2002 by the federal government. The anabolic steroids from the laboratory were undetectable on drug tests. This investigation led the MLB to institute a policy and penalty against the use of steroids

Rugby School

Boarding school in Rugby, Warwickshire, England founded in 1567. Under the leadership of headmaster Thomas Arnold from 1828 to 1842, many of the traditions and organizations that British boarding schools became known for took shape. The sport of rugby was invented at the school in the early 1800s. Coubertin beloved that the education style and sporting traditions of the school that spread across the country should be imitated in other countries

Ban the Soviets Coalition

California activist group named Ban the Soviets Coalition wanted to keep the USSR out of the 1984 LA Summer Olympics after they were insulted by LA event organizer, as well as in protest of USSR human rights record. Plan was to persuade the Soviet athletes to claim asylum in the US and not compete for the Soviet Union. The ban the Soviets coalition was also created after the soviets shot down the Korean air lines passenger flight in 1983. The Soviet Union demanded that the US president Ronald Reagan condemn the group but he rejected the demand. The Soviet Union announced their boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in May 1984 based on security concerns of such right wing groups

dual citzenship

Citizenship in more than one nation

Lausanne, Switzerland

City in Switzerland that has hosted the IOC since 1894. Recognized as the "Olympic capital" as it houses arbitration courts and 55 different international sport associations. In 2020, Lausanne hosted the Winter Youth Olympics

Anthropology Days

Coincided with 1904 St. Louis olympics, an exhibit meant to test and prove a theory that Anglo races were superior. The competition's were split into European style competitions and savage style competitions. After the complete failure of the competition's due in part to poor planning and lack of cooperation from the individuals being exploited, it did not prove the superiority racial theory. Experiment was not repeated and was largely part of the exhibition taking place at the time

Conflict in Darfur

Darfur is the western region of Sudan and the conflict began in 2003 when an insurrection was seated against the sudanese government. A ceasefire was established between the western, non-arab militants and the Sudanese government. However, the conflict caused a humanitarian crisis with over 2 million displaced. These people created refugee camps and the conflict was later named a genocide. in 2007, France threatened to boycott the 2008 summer Olympic Games in Beijing if the Chinese government did not stop supporting the sudanese government and businesses.

the mechanics clause

Disqualified manual labors from participating in the Olympics as their work made them a professional

1968 Black Power protest

During their medal ceremony in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City on October 16, 1968, two African-American athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, each raised a black-gloved fist during the playing of the US national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". This was a protest for human rights and they were suspended by the IOC from the Olympic team and banned from the Olympic Village

Visions of Eight (film)

Eight acclaimed filmmakers bring their unique and differing perspectives to the 1972 Summer Olympic Games held in Munich. The segments include Claude Lelouch's take on Olympic losers and their struggle to remain dignified even in the face of bitter disappointment and defeat. Released in 1973 and won a golden globe award for best documentary film

Centennial Olympic Park Bombing

Eric Rudolph planted a bomb at the '96 olympics in Atlanta. Richard Jewell found it, but later became a prime suspect until he was exonerated. Pipe bomb that killed one and injured over 100 people. Motive was to embarrass the US government in front of world. Rudolph was an anti-abortion extremist was convicted and sentenced to 4 life sentences for 4 different bombs including the Olympic park

Qatar World Cup Bid Controversy

Fifa hosts the World Cup every 4 years. The major soccer competition was awarded to host country Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Qatar was chosen by the FIFA members and executives as they were bribed to award the hosting to Qatar. Some countries are threatning to boycott the 2022 World Cup if Qatar hosts it. There has been allegations of Qatar's government supporting terrorism and human rights violations. The Qatar 2022 World Cup bid team ran a secret campaign in 2010 to sabotage competing host bids. The paper claims to have seen leaked documents that show the Qatari bid team employed a US PR firm and ex-CIA agents to smear its rivals - mainly the United States and Australia. The alleged aim was to create propaganda to give the impression that a World Cup would not be supported domestically. The Qatar tournament organisers deny the allegations. Such a campaign alleged by the Sunday Times would have broken Fifa's bidding rules. Qatar beat rival bids from the United States, Australia, South Korea and Japan to the right to host the 2022 World Cup.

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

First built to commemorate lost lives in WW1 in 1921. 77,000 seat stadium, hosted summer olympics in 1932 and 1984, will be first stadium to host three olympics in 2028. Renovated several times and has been labeled a national historic landmark.

Free Tibet Movement

Founded in 1987, the organization based in London, England advocating the separation of and independence for Tibetan people and a hardline stance against their Communist party. Group promoted human rights and self determination. Protested the Olympic games since the Chinese government was awarded host city for the 2008 summer Olympic Games. Since the Olympic Games in 2008, China has instituted marital law and controls the Tibetan area much more harshly. the Free tibet movement has continually pushed for the freedom of tibet and started a movement called fly the flag in which supporters take photos at Olympic sites with the Tibetan flag. They have renewed their protests as the 2022 Winter Olympics will be hosted in Beijing.

Red Sports International

Founded the Spartakiad games between 1921 and 1937. These games were hosted to compete with the Olympic Games and hosted in the Eastern Bloc. They were attempting to create a game for the commoners and create a culture for strong sports performance.

infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

Olympic art competitions

Group of 5 competitions held in the Olympic Games between 1912 to 1948. Including architecture, literature, music, sculpture, painting but cancelled in 1954 and replaced with the Olympic cultural program. Olympic movements founder Pierre de Fredy was an original supporter of the arts movement

1972 Men's Olympic Basketball Finals

Held in Munich Germany, the US mens team had not lost a single basketball game since basketball had been first added as a sport in 1936. The Soviet Union team beat the US team, 51-50 giving the Soviet's their first mens basketball gold medal. The US team filed a complaint against the International basketball federation for clock violations after the last seconds of the game were run three different times. FIBA ruled that the Soviet Union won the game and the US protested by not joining the medal ceremony to collect their silver medals

The sunshine Olympic

Held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1912. The first modern Olympics to include electronic timers, photo finish and filming rights. Extremely successful and saved the idea of the Olympic Games. Known as the "sunshine olympics" for their beautiful weather and being an efficiently run event unlike their predecessors married by their association with larger exhibitions

Zappas Olympics

Hosted in 1859 and two more times in Athens, Greece and were meant to resemble the ancient games of Olympia. They were sponsored through the financial contributions of evangelos Zappas. His funding was meant to provide for the continuation of the event every 4 years but mismanagement by the Greek government after his death led to their failure

Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis

Hosted in 1904 to celebrate the Louisiana purchase's 100 year anniversary. Also hosted the 1904 Summer Olympic Games, the first hosted in the US. Sporting events spread out over months to accommodate the world fair. Many athletes unable to attend due to transportation limits. With the diffusion of the events, many people did not realize the events were apart of the Olympics.

"Blood in the Water" Match

Hungary was trying to leave Soviet control and started rioting because they weren't allowed to leave, while this was happening the Hungary and Soviet water polo teams were heading to the Melbourne Olympics (1956), one Soviet punched a member of the Hungarian team. Hungary won the match and won the gold medal

IOC Olympic Agenda 2020

IOC adopted this in 2014 to help the Olympic Games evolve with globalization and the world. Agenda has 3 pillars: credibility, sustainability and youth. Specified changes that were needed to fit in the future, to safeguard Olympic values

Matthews and Collett USOC ban

IOC banned two United States track and field athletes, Vince Matthews and Wayne Collett, from all future Olympic competition for holding the black power first on the victory stand at the 1972 Munich Olympic Summer Games. The US track team coach, Bill Bowerman, apologized to Avery Brundage who accepted and agreed to reinstate them if the USOC agreed too. However, the USOC did not

Miracle On Ice

Ice hockey game during 1980 winter Olympics in New York where the US team defeated the Soviet Union team named the "Miracle on Ice" The US upset the 4x defending champs in a semifinal match. In the final seconds of the game, the announcer Al Michaels asked "Do you believe in miracles?" It led to the game being listed as the top of the sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated and the International hockey federation naming it the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years

Muse's Pentathlon

In 1910, de Coubertin wrote that he wanted future games to embody refinement and beauty. The end result was the inclusion of arts competitions starting in 1912, nicknamed "The Pentathlon of the Muses," where artists were invited to present and earn medals for their work in architecture, music, literature, sculpture and painting. Following the 1948 Olympics, the arts competitions were halted and an art exhibition known as the Cultural Olympiad began

"Two Chinas" problem

In 1949, communists secured control of the mainland from the nationalists who relocated to Taiwan and called themselves the ROC still claiming sovereignty over the whole of China. The PRC claimed legitimacy and sought recognition of the mainland and Taiwan (aka Formosa) in the 1952 Summer Olympic Games, the IOC allowed both the ROC and PRC to participate in the games beginning the era of two chinas. The PRC did not compete again until the 1980 summer olympics and the ROC was forced to compete under the name "Chinese Taipei"

Hungarian Revolution

In 1956 for about six months and led by students and workers, installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow. Revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union invading Hungary. Uprising occurred directly before the Summer Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia

U-2 Spy Plane

In 1960, the Soviets shot down a United States U-2 reconnaissance plane in Soviet airspace. Eisenhower admitted to spying on the Soviets. The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Soviet jail. Released back to the US as part of a transfer in 1962

Olympic Movement's Agenda 21

In 1999 the Olympic Movement adopted an agenda for the sports community, highlighting special issues and challenges that sportsmen and sportswomen can address to ensure the sustainable development of sport. To help the different members of the Olympic family transform the agenda recommendations into concrete actions and programs the "IOC Guide to Sport, Environment and Sustainable Development" was created. Attempting to create a sustainable and environmentally friendly developments for the Olympic Games

Nichibo Textile Company Volleyball

In the 1950s, women's volleyball had become a highly popular sport in Japan, resulting in the first national volleyball tournament in 1951. one of the earliest adopters of volleyball in textile factories, and five from Nichibo. They were sent to the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championships, they took second place overall in that. At the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, women's volleyball debuted. Nichibo's team from Kaizuka was now considered one of the best in Japan. Ten of the twelve members of the Japanese women's Olympic team were selected from that Nichibo team, with two coming from other corporate volleyball teams. They won 24 straight matches and on the last day of competition at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, all of Japan exploded in joy when Japan beat the Soviet Union in three straight matches.

International Fair Play Committee

International non-profit organization that fosters good sportsmanship, created by UNESCO members in 1963. Holds an award ceremony every year in France to celebrate and recognize acts of fair play. Granted the first awards after the 1964 Winter Olympics in Austria. Three types of awards given: to an athlete for their gesture to aid a fellow competitor whilst impeding their performance, athletes that have displayed fair play throughout their career and athletes that promote spirit of fair play

"Peace" Angel of Helsinki

It came in 1952 at the Helsinki Olympics, when a hitherto unknown woman dressed in all whiten burst onto the official dias during the Opening Ceremony and attempted to address the crowd. Described as a "peace apostle", she was rapidly hustled away by officials so she only got to speak one word "Friends". She carried a torch that had been extinguished from the rain. People believed she was an angel or the Finnish "Miss universe". Her name was Barbara Rotraut-Pleyer, a 23-year-old student who had grown up in Nazi Germany. Her father Kleo had been an officer in the German military who died on the Eastern front. It was said that Barbara first became aware of the Olympic Games in 1948. In 1951, she crossed the border to visit the World Youth Student Games in East Berlin. There, she tried to make a speech. Instead, she was briefly taken into custody by East German authorities. She also tried to address a world peace congress in Paris, but was again unsuccessful, so she laid plans to travel to Helsinki to try again at the Olympic Games.

Whatizit

Izzy was the official mascot of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. Initially named Whatizit ("What is it?") at its introduction at the close of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, the animated character with the ability to morph into different forms was a departure from the Olympic tradition in that it did not represent a nationally significant animal or human figure. Met with mockery

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) blocked the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power but shipping and navigation rights were restored

"Katrina Rule" (figure skating)

Katarina Witt won 2 olympic gold medals for figure skating in 1984 and 1988. After her costume choices in 1983 and 1988, the International Skating Union changed its rule, nicknaming it the "Katarina Rule" The rule states that female skaters must wear modest clothing with a skirt covering their buttons. The costume must not hide the body line of the skaters so the judges can see and judge their performance accurately.

Korean Air Flight 007

Korean Air civilian airliner shot down with all on board by Soviet jet interceptors on September 1, 1983. All 269 passengers and crew, including a U.S. congressman, died. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian, and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities. The shoot-down attracted a storm of protest from across the world, particularly the United States.

Boston 2024 bid rejection

Low support for use of public funding for event and consistently high opposition in polls led to Boston to withdraw their city for consideration of the 2024 Olympics. The cost of hosting was privately bid on by a partnership that would benefit from hosting while the citizens of Boston would get a multibillion dollar bill. The USOC and Boston withdrew the bid after the public outcry and a group called Boston No Olympics led a movement against the bid

1984 Los Angeles Games boycott

Many communist countries—including the Soviet Union, East Germany, and Cuba—retaliated for the U.S.-led boycott of the Moscow 1980 Games by staying away from the 1984 Games, citing concerns over the safety of their athletes in what they considered a hostile and fiercely anticommunist environment (Romania was the only eastern block country to compete). China, however, participated in the Summer Games for the first time since 1952. In all, nearly 6,800 athletes representing 140 countries came to Los Angeles. The number of events for women grew to include cycling, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, and several new track-and-field events, most notably the marathon.

Games of the New Emerging Forces

Multi-sport competition established by emerging nations and newly independent socialist states. First and only GANFEO held in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1963 and the second games were scheduled to be held in Cairo, Egypt in 1967 but they were canceled. The GANFEO was created by Indonesia after being censured and suspended by the IOC after Taiwan and Israel were denied entry into the Asian games in 1962 which were hosted by Jakarta. Indonesia was admitted back into the IOC before the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo

Genocide Olympics

Name for the 2022 winter Olympic Games in Beijing, controversial over the use of Uyghur muslims as slave labor. Several nations including the US are considering boycotting them as they disagree with humans rights abuse. Uyghur muslims and other muslims are being forced out their homes and into detention centers in the Xianjiang trigon. Us secretary has suggested the treatment of the Uyghur muslims amounts to genocide. the 2008 games also shared this designation due to their connection to the Darfur genocide and china

Dream Team

Name given to USA Men's Basketball team at 1992 Summer Olympics that won the gold medal and beat each team by an average of 44 points. First American Olympic team to have professional players from the NBA. The team was inducted into the US olympic hall of fame in 2009, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 and the FIBA hall of fame in 2017

The Birds nest

National Stadium, Beijing, built for 2008 Summer Olympics known as the birds nest because of the design and outward appearance of the structure used in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. The building has nest scheme with a concrete bowl surrounded by an outer steel frame. The birds nest will be used in the upcoming 2022 Winter Olympic Games

South African apartheid

Official South African government policy and laws designed to segregate whites from blacks and to oppress black citizens. Led to the IOC's sporting boycott of the South African National Olympic Committee from 1964-1988. Put into place officially in 1948 and would last until 1991.

International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee

On 29 July 1948, the day of the Opening Ceremony of the London 1948 Olympic Games, Dr. Guttmann organized the first competition for wheelchair athletes which he named the Stoke Mandeville Games, a milestone in Paralympics history. They involved 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery. In 1952, Dutch ex-servicemen joined the Movement and the International Stoke Mandeville Games were founded. These Games later became the Paralympic Games which first took place in Rome, Italy in 1960 featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries.

2011 Mount Elbrus terrorist attack

On February 18, 2011, two unidentified men stopped a van carrying five Moscow tourists to the Elbrus area—the men opened fire on the passengers after claiming to be plainclothes policemen. Three of the passengers died; two were hospitalized. Later that day, a bomb damaged a support tower for a cable car that travels up the side of Mount Elbrus. Thirty of the forty-five cars were damaged, but no people suffered injuries. The next morning, Russian officials diffused three improvised bombs containing 70kg of TNT, all found in a single car parked in the parking lot of a hotel at the base of the mountain. The attacks happened just two weeks after Russian Federation President Dmitriy Medvedev unveiled a $15 billion plan to establish five ski resorts in the war-torn Caucasus Mountains, which guard the border between Russia and Georgia. Additionally, development for the 2014 Winter Olympics, slated to take place in Sochi, Russia, is in full swing less that 250km to the west. The aftermath of the attack led to more military presence in the area and eventually Putin created his "Ring of Steel" around the Sochi Olympic Games to create a safe environment for competitors and spectators

1976 Denver Winter Games

On November 7, 1972, Colorado voters, concerned about the financial burden and environmental impact of the Olympic Games on their state, rejected a $5 million bond issue that would fund the event. Whistler, Canada also rejected the bid to host. Shortly thereafter, Innsbruck, Austria, replaced Denver as the host of the 1976 Winter Olympic.

Catalan Olympic Committee

Originally created and accepted by the IOC in 1913 for the 1916 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin but lost that recognition by 1923. Now unrecognized by the IOC but a National Olympic Committee who tried to organize the direct representation of Catalonia in the Olympic Games and other sporting events related to it

Montreal Tower Project

Part of the city's Olympic Stadium and Parc Olympique and formerly known as the Olympic Tower, is the tallest inclined structure in the world 574 ft, and the sixth tallest structure in Montreal. Montreal's iconic Olympic Tower renovated into an office complex. Built for the 1976 Olympics

Amateurism

Participation in sport for the love of it, receiving no financial gain; it is based on the concept of athleticism

photo finish

Photo finish is a camera system to record the finish line of a race

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. Granted citizenship to those with German or related blood. The laws weren't fully enacted until after the 1936 Munich olympic games due to concern about International disagreement on the laws

"Ode to Sports"

Poem entered into the 1912 summer olympics Art competition in Stockholm, Sweden, in literature. Entered under pseudonyms "George Hohrod" and "M. Eschbach". Awarded the gold medal but at the medal ceremony, it was revealed the author was the founder of the Olympics, Coubertin

Cultural Olympiad

Promoted by the IOC as part of the Official Olympic event, and is a cultural program based on the Olympic values. It encompasses all cultural events participated by the host country and by people all around the world, in the form of entertainment, festivals, and educational activities like architecture, art, music, literature and sculpting. Starts 4 years before the olympics.

Pound Commission on Doping

Richard Pound the leader of WADA under the IOC to investigate accusations of athletes using PEDs. In 2015, Pound led an independent investigation into the doping of Russia's athletes which led to Russia having athletes banned from the 2016 Summer Olympic Games

Circassian Genocide

Russian government's ethnic cleansing, killing, forced migration, and expulsion of the majority of the Muslim Circassians from their historical homeland Circassia near the Black Sea. The genocide is not recognized by Russia or any nation but the country of Georgia. This happened during the 1840's and 1860's. Descendants in and around the Rea still claim it as a homeland and the event is mourned annually across the world.

Republican Olympiad

Series of interconnected local contests in the Soviet Union also called the Soviet Union Olympiads. Sought to create a recurring set of contests based on the knowledge of mainly science and math that mirrored athletic competitions

Intercalary/Intercalated Games

Set of international games that would be interspersed halfway between the Olympic Games cycle; the games were to be hosted in Athens. Only one such game took place in 1906.. At the time, they were considered the official Olympic Games

June Democratic Uprising

South Korea, June 1987 successful uprising against dictator Chun Doo-hwan, who held elections in order to avoid violence before 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul

Socialist Workers Sports International (SWSI)

Sporting organization between socialist federations was founded in 1920. It hosted several games to rival the bourgeois Olympic Games each year. The games lasted from 1925-1943

Olympiastadion

Sports stadium in Germany built in 1935 and used in the Summer Olympic Games of 1936. Still used today to host football games

The Big Owe

Stadium in Montreal built for the 1976 Summer Olympics known as the big owe because it cost over $770 million to build. Construction costs were high for the city and taxes on the citizens to pay the costs have taken years to pay off which are interest and repairs came out to $1.47 billion. The donut shaped structure and tower were not completely finished until after the Olympics and were officially paid off in 2006, 30 years after the opening of the structure for the Olympic Games

Separation of Germany

The Allies from WWII had agreed to divide postwar Germany into four occupation zones (one for the United States, Soviet Union, France, and Britain. The capital city of Berlin (which sat directly in the center of the Soviet Union zone, was similarly divided into four zones one for each member.

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence. Process in which a country becomes independent and establishes their own form of government

Sorboone

The first Olympic Congress which organized the IOC and created the tules and regulations for the future Olympic Games organized in Sorbonne, France in 1894. Storied public research university established in 1927. It is the most renowned universities in Europe and in the world

Non-Aligned Movement

The group of developing nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War. NAM includes 120 nations today and their goal is to promote human rights and social justice

"No Olympics on Stolen Native Land"

The international Indigenous Youth Network sent a statement to the IOC, Vancouver Olympic Organizing Committee and the Canadian government specifically calling for the cancellation of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games held in Vancouver Canada. The group claimed the games were affecting the indigenous populations of Vancouver negatively with persecution, homelessness, poverty and death. Many of the indigenous protesters were arrested. Some native leaders gave their ceremonial blessings for proceedings to go forward

The Spartakiad

The international sporting competition took place from 1928 to 1937 between the Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union. It was named Spartakaid from the leader Spartacus as a symbol of a proletarian. The games were organized by the RSI group

1976 Soweto Uprising

The uprising took place in 1976 in Soweto township, adjacent to the city of Johannesburg. It began as a protest by thousands, mostly students, against the government's insistence that the Afrikaans language—a language of the white minority that ruled South Africa—be used as the medium of instruction in Soweto's high schools, which served black Africans. It is estimated that when the police and the army responded to the demonstrators by firing tear gas and then bullets, between 400 and 700 people, many of them children, were killed. That was followed by a cycle of protest and repression that reverberated across the country.

Taekwondo

The way of the hand and foot; created in the 1940s in Korea

Atlanta Project Homeward Bound

To clean up city for 1996 Atlanta Summer olympics, officials gave homeless people bus tickets back to where they came from as long as they promised not to return and had family/a job waiting for them. Policy began in 1994 and controversially relocated several hundreds of homeless people, many without prospects for any shelter at their destination

Salt Lake Olympics figure skating judging scandal

Took place at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in the Salt Lake City, Utah. Believed that the judges had errors and cheated during the totaling of scores. Scandal came out as it was discovered that the chair of the International Skating Union Committee was pressured to vote for the Russian duo. In the end, both the Russian and Canadian teams were awarded gold medals and changes were added to the judging system

Curling

Two teams of four players slide special stones over ice toward a target. Points award by how close they get to the target

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends. Nixon was the first president to visit Beijing in 1972. Ping pong becomes an official olympic sport in 1988

1980 Moscow Olympics

US boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics because of the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, leading over 60 countries to follow

Dick Kerr Ladies

Was one of the earliest known women's association football teams in England. The team remained in existence for over 48 years, from 1917 to 1965, playing 833 games. During its early years, matches attracted anywhere from 4,000 to over 50,000 spectators per match. Banned from playing in stadiums and fields under the football association control. Dick Kerr ladies beat a French team in 1920 and it was the first international women's association football game

Olympic flame

Widely seen as the symbol of the global olympic movement. Taken from the original ancient games. Flame is lit at Olympia in Greece and is relayed around the world to the site of the games, as a connection between ancient and modern Olympics. Opening ceremony officially ends and the games begin when the cauldron at the host site is lit

Exposition Universelle in Paris

World's fair that included the 1900 summer Olympic Games. The fair celebrated achivements and developments from the last century. Second modern Olympic Games and the first hosted outside of Greece. Women were able to compete for the first time and many sports competitions are held for the first and only time as part of the exposition including ballooning and motorcycle racing. Eiffel Tower was unveiled

Olympia (film)

a 1938 Nazi German propaganda sports film written, directed and produced by Leni Riefenstahl, which documented the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. It utilized new filming methods, angles and shots. Tour of the US widely boycotted due to the aggrandizement of the Nazi Party

Terra Lliure

a Catalan nationalist and separatist terrorist group. Formed in 1978, the group carried out hundreds of attacks that left many people injured and five dead in Spain. By the 1900s the group was slowly disbanding and morphing into smaller groups to promote socialist separatist ideas. Fear of possible attacks at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics after several last attacks took place in 1991 and 1992

1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia

a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by four Warsaw Pact countries - the Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Věra Čáslavská of Czechoslovakia won four gold medals in gymnastics and protested the Soviet invasion of her country. She did this by turning her head from the USSR flag while on the podium after her floor routine in the gymnastics competition

Franco-British Imperial Exhibition in London

a large public fair held in London between 14 May and 31 October 1908. The exhibition attracted 8 million visitors and celebrated the Entente Cordiale signed in 1904 by the United Kingdom and France. The chief architect of the buildings was John Belcher.

Olympiad

a period of four years, the time between Olympic Games, or the celebration of the Olympic Games

16 Days of Glory (film)

about Mary Lou Retton and Greg Louganis at 1984 LA Olympics. Portrays the life and participation of athletes and their historic victories

UN Security Council Resolution 253

adopted unanimously on May 29, 1968, after reaffirming previous resolutions, the Council noted with concern that the measures taken so far have failed to bring the rebellion in Southern Rhodesia to an end and condemned the recent "inhuman executions carried out by the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia which have flagrantly affronted the conscience of mankind".

1952 POW Olympics

also known as Inter-Camp POW Olympic Games, was a mock Olympic Games held at the Pyuktong Prisoner-of-War Camp of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War. The athletes were all United Nations POWs. It was often used as a propaganda campaign by China and North Korea (communists) to encourage more UN soldiers to surrender

Robert Dover's Cotswold Olympick Games

an Englishman who founded the Cotsworld Olympic Games with the blessing of King James I in the early 1600s. Included several different competitions such as wrestling, running, jumping, handball, gymnastics and horse racing. The games were played annually from 1612 to 1642 then again 1660 to 1852. They were again revived temporarily in 1951

Olympic Village

an accommodation center built for the Olympic Games, usually within an Olympic Park or elsewhere in a host city. Olympic Villages are built to house all participating athletes, as well as officials and athletic trainers. After the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics, the Villages have been made extremely secure. Only athletes, trainers and officials are allowed to room at the Village, though family members and former Olympic athletes are allowed inside with proper checks. Press and media are also barred. First called the Olympic village at the 1932 summer olympics in LA, California

The water cube

an aquatics center at the Olympic Green in Beijing, China. The facility was originally constructed to host the aquatics competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Hosted diving, swimming and synchronized swimming events. Many world records were made at the iconic bubble-covered structure during the 2008 summer Olympic Games and will be reused for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in Beijing

Olympic torch relay

an event during which the Olympic Flame is carried from Olympia, Greece, to the place where the Olympic Games are going to be held. Relayed in a security lamp while on an airplane or carried by foot. Symbol of peace and friendship amongst competitors and their nations

modern pentathlon

an event that combines horseback-riding, pistol shooting, running, swimming and fencing

Friendship Games

an international multi-sport event held in 1984 in the Soviet Union and eight other socialist states which boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Also known as the "Alternative Olympics" Event was almost identical to the Olympic Games with opening and closing ceremonies and a torch. Over 50 countries sent athletes including some nations that were also competing in the Summer Games in Los Angeles

Commonwealth Games

an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations, originally called the British Empire Games started in 1930. The games run every 4 years and they're fully inclusive to athletes with disablities. Some different sports played than in the Olympic Games including cricket, squash, netball and lawn bowls. The games currently have 72 teams participating and will be hosted in Birmingham, UK next year

Association of National olympic committees

an international organization that affiliates the current 206 National Olympic Committees recognized by the International Olympic Committee. ANOC has had two presidents since being founded in 1979 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Purpose is to assist and support the IOC for successful Olympic Games

International Workers Olympiads

an international sporting event arranged between 1925 and 1937 by Socialist Workers' Sport International (SASI). Workers' Olympiads were an alternate event for the Olympic Games held in Europe. All races, sexes and social classes and working classes allowed to compete.

Dianabol

anabolic steroid that promotes testosterone

1992 Unified Team

at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, was a joint team consisting of twelve of the fifteen former Soviet republics that chose to compete together. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania competed separately. The team has been informally called the Commonwealth of Independent States team, though Georgia was not yet a member of the CIS when it competed as part of the Unified Team. The team finished first in the medal rankings, edging its old rival the USA 45 to 37 in gold medals, and 112 to 108 in total medals. The Unified Team's only other appearance was at the 1992 Winter Olympics.

state-sponsored athletics

athletics encouraged by a government; country and their government support and fund the program, usually to create superior performance for political purposes

opening ceremony

begins every Olympic Games includes an introduction of athletes in the parade of nations, a presentation of the host nations culture and history and the lighting go the Olympic flame. Opening, closing and medal ceremonies that all have symbolic ties to the Ancient Greece Olympic Games

Olympic truce

ceasefire for the host city, spectators and athletes to not be attacked during the Olympic Games. This dates back during the Ancient Greece Olympic Games

International Olympic Committee

committee that governs the modern Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Based in Lausanne, Switzerland and is the governing body of the NOC's from each country. It has an exceutive board that oversees the sessions and different commissions which formulate major rules and regulations for the Olympic Games. The IOC was created by the founder of the Olympics, Coubertin

Refugee Olympic Team

competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016, as independent Olympic participants. In March 2016, the International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach declared that the IOC would choose five to ten refugees to compete at the Rio Olympics, in the context of the "worldwide refugee crisis", of which the European migrant crisis is a prominent part. Additionally, as part of an effort "to show solidarity with the world's refugees"

Wenlock Olympian Games

dating from 1850, are a forerunner of the modern Olympic Games. They are organized by the Wenlock Olympian Society (WOS), and are held each year at venues across Shropshire, England, centered on the little market town of Much Wenlock. Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes and included competitions in football, cricket, running, hurdles, cycling and quoits. One of the two mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympics was named Wenlock in honor of the Wenlock Olympian Games.

Russian Surcharge

fee that is "added" to the cost of building new facilities. The fee is actually the cost of bribing officials or companies to get a project completed

Techwood Homes

first public housing project in the United States, opened just before the First Houses. Located in Atlanta, Georgia, it replaced a shantytown known as Tanyard Bottom or Tech Flats. It was completed on August 15, 1936, but was dedicated on November 29 of the previous year by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. At the '96 Olympics in Atlanta, the city showed off the first phase of its new mixed-income development, Centennial Place. It replaced the nation's oldest public housing project, Techwood Homes

Olympic Congresses

gathering of representatives from many different nations that are apart of the Olympic movement. Organized by the IOC and held in different places according to the need for one. Last one held in Copenhagen in 2009, first one in 1894

The olympic partner program

highest level of olympic sponsorship that is granted to companies looking to exclusively market for the games. Created in the 1985 by the IOC to entice the top international companies to help support and profit from the games. Each contract and marketing program is directly under the Organizing Committee and is limited to one brand per commercial area

Panatheniac Stadium

historic stadium in Athens, Greece built entirely out of marble in 144 CE. hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. Olympic flame visits the Panatheniac stadium lasts as it moves throughout Greece to the host nation

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

in 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; Invasion began on Christmas Eve of 1979 and troop didn't withdraw until February 15, 1989. The invasion led to 65 nations including the US to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted in Moscow, Soviet Union

2015 FIFA corruption case

in 2015, U.S. federal prosecutors disclosed cases of corruption by officials and associates connected with the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer. Near the end of May 2015, fourteen people were indicted in connection with an investigation by the (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division into wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering. The president of FIFA was removed from his office and after the initial arrests, other countries began their investigation

Judo

martial art; a sport and form of self-defense using the body. Added in 1964, first Asian-inspired addition to the program

Olympic rings

most prominent symbol of the olympics, symbolize the five inhabited continents. Created by Coubertin in 1912

1916 Summer Olympics

officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Amateur Athletic Union Boycott

over Nazi ban on Jewish participation in 1936 Berlin olympics after Hitler seized power of Germany in 1933, wasn't backed officially and only conducted by athletes. Leader of the AAU was Jeremiah Mooney and he supported the boycott because Germany had broken Olympic rules about discrimination on race and religion. Many believed competing in the games would be an endorsement for the Nazi regime. The boycott eventually failed and the US olympic team eventually competed in the Olympics.

Parade of nations

portion of the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games in which the countries athletes march into the stadium. Athletes usually have a sign with their countries names and toting their nations flags. Countries in alphabetical order except Greece according to the hosts language and the host nation enters the parade last

Snurfer

predecessor to snowboard but without binding, invented by Sherman Poppen in 1965, mass produced in Russia 1984-1988. Term comes from snow and surf.

Rules 40, 41, and 50 of the Olympic Charter

protect olympic intellectual property (no advertisments before or during the Olympic Games), dual citizen athletes can represent whatever country they choose, and no politics (no demonstration for political, religious and racial reasons) at the olympics

People's Olympiad 1936

protest against 1936 Berlin olympics, held between socialist states. Was supposed to be held in Barcelona but never happened because of Spanish Civil War

Rhodesia

region in Southern Africa was autonomous from British control since the 1920's. In 1965, they sought complete independence under a whites only minority government. The UN punished the breakaway with economic sanctions and it failed to be recognized by any other countries. The final Olympic appearance for Rhodesia was in the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan. They were banned from competing in the 1972 Olympics by the IOC until 1980 after being reformed by Zimbabwe under a new constitution in 1979 with British rule until international independence was recognized in 1980

Principle 6 of the Olympic Charter

says discrimination based on race, religion, politics, gender and sexuality is incompatible with olympic ideals, although Russia hosted the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics while discriminating against gays and China (2022 Winter Beijing) kills their muslims

Bread Not Circuses Coalition

started in 1988 to oppose Toronto's bid for the 1996 Summer Games, was led by union leaders, human-rights lawyers and activists. Opposed because: housing issues, displacement and environmental issues of constructing Olympic buildings. Toronto ended up losing the bid to Beijing

1976 New Zealand Rugby Team Tour

the All Blacks toured South Africa, with the blessing of the then-newly elected New Zealand Prime Minister, Rob Muldoon. Twenty-five African nations protested against this by boycotting the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In their view the All Black tour gave tacit support to the apartheid regime in South Africa.

Olympia

the city-state where the ancient Olympics began in 776 B.C. held every 4 years until 4th century CE. Many buildings and monuments from Olympia have been used as designs on collector coins for the Olympic Games. The city has been excavated and preserved since the 1970's

Eastern Bloc

the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war. Term coined by NATO

Nordic Games

the first international multi-sport event that focused primarily on winter sports, and was held at varying intervals between 1901 and 1926. It was organized by Sweden's Swedish Central Association for the Promotion of Athletics, and more specifically by Viktor Balck, a member of that association and one of the five original members of the International Olympic Committee. A precursor to the modern Winter Olympic Games

Women's World Games

the first international women's sports events in track and field. The games were held four times between 1922 and 1934. They were established by Alice Milliat and the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) to compensate for the lack of women's sports at the Olympic Games. The games were an important step towards women's equality in sports. Hosted every 4 years by the international women's sports federation

Waldi

the first official Olympic mascot created for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. He was a dachshund, a popular breed of dog from Germany. Symbol used throughout the games including the construction of the village and stadiums and the opening ceremonies

doping

the unnatural use of any substance or means to gain an unfair edge over the competition

Putin's Ring of Steel

tight security around 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics to prevent attacks by terrorists from Dagestan. Intensive security operations including 100,000 security forces and multiple security checkpoints helped to create a security environment for the games

"Speed City" track program

track program at San Jose state University began in the 1960s and helped build many Olympic athletes including Tommie Smith, John Carlos, Lee Evans. It was shut down due to budget constraints and was reopened in 2018 on the anniversary of Smith's and Carlo's medal ceremony

"Two Thousand Words" manifesto

treatise that pushed for democratization in Czechoslovakia written by Ludvik Vaculik. Signed on June 17, 1968 to show support for the Prague spring that would be. ended by a soviet led invasion

Front de liberation du Quebec

was a left-wing nationalist and socialist paramilitary group in Quebec, Canada, active between 1960 and 1980, widely regarded as a terrorist organization by the Canadian government. Several of their attacks were in Montreal with the most intense time period during the October crisis in 1970. Eventually the Canadian government issued martial law and imposed strict rules to limit their violence. in 1976, the summer olympics were hosted in Montreal which caused a massive amount of debt to be paid by the Canadian government and citizens

Corridart

was an almost 4 mile long public exhibit of monumental installation artwork that took place in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on Sherbrooke Street from July 6 to July 13 1976. The exhibition was cancelled by the City of Montreal, two days before the opening of the Olympics. The city then undertook to dismantle the show by sending, without notice and at night, 75 workers with trucks and equipment to remove the artworks