Social Welfare Midterm #2

How many separate aboriginal language groups exist in Canada?

11

What was Canada's rank in the Global Gender Gap Report based on economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival

14th

What percent of women and their families total income is composed of government income transfer benefits?

17% of total income

When was the department of Citizenship and Immigration founded?

1950

When was the first Immigration Act created in Canada?

1952

What is Bill C-31?

1985 Amendment to the Indian Act, finally gave Aboriginal women equal status to Aboriginal men, re-instated the Aboriginal status of women who had lost it through marriage to non-Aboriginal men

Delgamuukw Decision

1997 Supreme Court of Canada ruling, further solidified First Nation's right to self governance, said any party contemplating new resource developments that impinge on aboriginal lands (whether under aboriginal land claim or actually held by Aboriginal people) must enter into a new contract with those people and involve them in the development process, represents a fundamental shift in government and business practice, key developments include Nunavut (1999) and Nisga'a Treaty (1999)

How did Aboriginal peoples transition to self governance?

1999-Assembly of First Nations began a consultation with Aboriginal leaders and elders on working out the transition from Canadian governance to self governance, Aboriginal people starting to operate on the basis of the commission's report even though the federal government's response has been slow

In 2001, how many families with children have been headed by female, single parents?

20% - almost doubled in the last 20 years?

What are some recent trends affecting immigration in Canada?

2001 Census indicates highest proportion in 70 years of those born outside Canada, about half of immigrants settle in Ontario, most visible minorities (13.4% of total population) settle in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, Alberta highest proportion of prairie provinces, because of declining fertility rates and retirements of 'baby boomers', immigration will be main source of population growth, impact of global warming on immigration pressures, "Climate refugees", Indonesian tsunami and earthquakes in Asia, predicted that over 100 million climate refugees could exist by 2100, argued that main producers of greenhouse gases (Western countries) have a moral obligation to assist/take in those who are displaced

What are the statistics for women in politics as of 2003?

21% of members of House of Commons, 35% of members of the Senate, 20% of members of provincial/territorial legislatures

What other groups of women are faced with high poverty rates?

26% of women with disabilities, 29% of visible minority women, 35% of recent immigrant women

Canadian Research Institute for Advancement of Women (CRIAW) reports that how many lone mothers with paid employment must raise a family on less than $10 per hour (2006)?

37%

What percentage of the Canadian population was born outside of Canada?

39%

What are the statistics and facts involved in relation to the bulk of reproductive carework at home being done by women?

4.3 hours a day for women vs. 2.5 hours a day for men in 2005, in dual earner families, employment among women with children under 3 has increased - from 28% in 1976 to 65% in 2004, thus, many employed woman still working a "second shift" of unpaid domestic care work on top of their work in the paid employment sector

What was Canada's political context regarding women in 2006?

40% budget cut to Status of Women Canada, elimination of 12 regional Status of Women Canada offices, removed "equality" from the mandate of the Women's Program at Status of Women Canada, justified by Minister Beverley Oda on the basis that women in Canada are "strong and already equal" and thus don't need special policy and legal supports

What statistics are involved with women and poverty?

49% of single mothers are poor, and in 2001 60% of single mothers relied on social assistance at some point

How many distinct aboriginal languages exist in Canada?

53

How many First Nations are there across Canada?

633

Approximately what percent of daycare provision is informal or unregulated?

80%

What percent of society's unpaid, informal care of children, the sick, and the elderly do women provide in Canada?

80%

How did the government define Indian in the Indian Act revisions of 1951?

A person who is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian

After the WWII genocide, what groups became more vocal about their rights?

Aboriginal groups

What is an Inuit?

Aboriginal peoples who live in the far northern regions of Canada; they are distinct from First Nations peoples and the Metis

What is the Canadian view of Canadian-Aboriginal relations?

Aboriginal persons are citizens of Canada and subject to all of the laws, policies, and legislations of Canada

What is the Aboriginal view of Canadian-Aboriginal relations?

Aboriginal persons are part of a separate nation and all interactions between Canadian government and Aboriginal leadership should be on a nation to nation level; Aboriginal leaders have the right to veto Canadian government decisions that affect Aboriginal people

What were the requirements for the rigorous means test within enfranchisement?

Aboriginals must read and write either in French or English languages, be debt free, have good moral character - double standard out of a belief that Aboriginal peoples were inherently inferior and needed civilizing

What was the French Aboriginal Policy?

Assimilation

What is maternal feminism?

Belief that women, due to their special nurturing qualities, had an obligation to transfer these qualities into the public sphere to help nurture others

What is the condition of the wage gap in Canada?

Canada has 5th largest wage gap out of world's 29 most developed countries, earnings of female F/T employees were 71% of male counterpart in 2003

What are the two views of Canadian-Aboriginal relations?

Canadian view and Aboriginal view?

More than 1/4 of new permanent residents since 2000 were from which two countries?

China and India?

What were Canada's top 10 source countries in 2002?

China, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Iran, Korea, Romania, U.S., Sri Lanka, U.K.

What did Westerners attempt to do to Aboriginal People?

Civilize them, entice them with "newer" and "better" things

What are some unique aspects of the Anishnabe Nations?

Community welfare, group ahead of interests of individuals, social and economic equality of sexes, egalitarian except for elders above anyone else (responsible for transmission of values, beliefs, and ways of life to the next generation)

Why are women assigned caring labour (and not men)?

Development of capitalism, processes of racialized and class-based state policies, tradition of (white) male power and dominance, ideology, socialization and institutional processes

What did "phase 5" of Canadian immigration - Post WWII to present (Pull) entail?

Driven by Canada's need for unskilled labour, by 1941, British became statistical minority in Canada (44% of population), since 1960s pressure on relatively wealthy post-colonial Western countries to accept more immigrants and refugees, declining birth rates in Canada contribute to need to ensure population growth through immigration

What was important about the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples?

Established by Parliament in 1991 to make recommendation on how to best address historical problems between the Canadian government and Aboriginal people, consulted with Aboriginal people and used traditional Aboriginal teachings in creating recommendations, final recommendation proposed that the Canadian government return to its original "nation to nation" relationship with Aboriginal governments with the basis of this new relationship being mutual recognition, mutual respect, sharing, and mutual responsibility, Canadian government slow to implement recommendations but former Minister of Indian Affairs did formally apologize for treatment of Native children in boarding homes and allocated money for their healing

What did "phase 1" of Canadian immigration - the Colonial Era (Pull) entail?

Europeans searched for land and raw materials to enrich their mother countries, British nationals single largest source of immigrants by 1867 and comprised majority of Canadian population (60%) after Confederation (French =35%)

What are pull factors?

Factors that attract individuals to receiving countries

What are push factors?

Factors that cause an individual to leave their home country

What was the change in the number of women qualified for EI between 1989 and 1999?

From 70% to 32%

What was the transformation in the discourse around social programs?

From a safety net to a springboard to paid employment - welfare to workfare policies

What is important about the Indian Act of 1876?

Gave the Canadian government's complete control over the cultural, social, economic, and political activities of those persons defined in the Act as Indian, defined who was Indian (male person of Indian blood belonging to a particular band, any child of such a person, any women who is or was lawfully married to such a person)

What are the causes of the feminization of poverty?

Gender differences in private domestic sphere, life course changes, gender differences in labour market, changes in public welfare systems

What did "phase 4" of Canadian immigration - Between WWI & WWII entail?

Great Depression reduced flow of immigrants, restrictions for those speaking "enemy" languages, 1923-order in council gave "most favoured" immigrant status to those from Britain and U.S.A. followed by: Northern and Western, Europeans, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europeans were only accepted if no one else was available for specific employment categories Newcomers expected to conform to Anglo-Saxon norms

What was the White paper of 1969?

Hawthorn Report (1967), a study of social and economic conditions on reserves, revealed the gap between the ideal social equality and the deplorable living circumstances of First Nations persons, statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, Pierre Trudeau was strongly opposed to giving any group in Canada "special status", recommended removing the entitlement of First Nations people to lands and services, recommend transferring jurisdiction for First Nations to the provinces from the federal government, effectively ending any fiduciary responsibility of the federal government

What is the work of women in social welfare?

Historically, women became involved in the provision of social welfare due to their relegated gender roles in society as "nurturers", Supported and glorified women's traditional roles, after WWII, efforts made to "professionalize" the private voluntary sector, movement away from "maternal feminist" roots and towards a more scientific and rational approach to service provision, resulted in a gender division of labour in social services, women tended to work in direct practice with individuals and families, men dominated administrative roles in social planning and social policy, research shows this gender division in the social work profession remains intact today

What is Social Darwinism (ethnocentric theories)?

Humankind hierarchy belief system were used to implement policies of oppression and discrimination

What was the "Points system"?

Introduced in 1967, arranged employment, language (French or English), positive long-term adjustment without dependence on the government (i.e. youth, education and training, "personal qualities"), considerable discretionary powers to immigration officers

What is important about the British North America Act in regards to Aboriginal peoples?

It established the Canadian federal government, gave the federal government control over Indian affairs - federal control officially replaced Indian self-governance

What did "phase 2" of Canadian immigration - 1880-turn of century (Push & Pull) entail?

Land made available in the Prairies attracted immigrants from outside Britain and France, as dominant cultural group outside Quebec, British assumed control of immigration (who could come, what they could do, social ranking)

What are examples of social health indicators that fall below mainstream Canadians for Aboriginal peoples?

Lower quality of health, higher rates of infant mortality, hospitalization, unemployment, shorter lifespans, lower incomes

What was significant about the Immigration Act of 1978?

More restrictive, Halfed Canada's immigration quota targets, allowed for deportation of immigrants who were a "security threat" or if couldn't provide for their families, elimination of "nominated" category, made points system more stringent

Why can the private domestic sphere be a dangerous place for women?

Mosher (1998) reports one-third of Canadian women have been physically or sexually assaulted by their partners, between 1974 - 2003, female spousal homicide rate was 4 -5 times higher than the male spousal rate, violence against women is both a consequence of and a causal pathway to poverty for women

What did immigration policies devised regard?

National and racial origins of prospective immigrants, Canada's economic conditions and labour needs, international conditions of poverty, political unrest, war, or natural disaster, people in Canada wishing to sponsor relatives, anticipated short and long-term effects of specific immigrant groups on the French and English communities

Before the Immigration act of 1952, what government policies were not in place?

No coherent governmental policies regarding different groups of people trying to enter the country

What was the Residential School System?

Occurred in the late 19th and early 20th century, long separations from families and communities, forbidden to speak their home languages, racist curriculum through force and domination, emotional, metal, spiritual, sexual, and physical abuse

What is important about the Gradual Civilization Act in regards to Aboriginal peoples?

Passed in 1857 by the British government, proposed moving smaller groups of Aboriginals onto reserves, created serious crisis among tribal councils

What is a Metis?

People of mixed Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal status

What are the arguments for viewing social welfare through a gender lens?

Policies are often based on problematic notions about women's roles and responsibilities (particularly in case of single mothers), issues such as child care, reproductive rights, pay equity, and violence against women deeply impact women's lives and experiences, women dominate both sides of the social work encounter: Women are more likely to be employed than men in social services, women are also more likely to be the consumers of such services

What is the Immigration Act of 1952?

Prohibit or limit prospective immigrants' admission for reasons of nationality or ethnic group, third world families were separated, with devastating effects, when only one member managed to immigrate

What was important about the Indian Act Revisions of 1951?

Re-defined the term Indian to have control over the status of Indians, Indian children were encouraged to attend provincial schools, provinces started to enforce their authority over First Nations in child welfare, Aboriginal children were removed from their homes and placed in Euro-American foster and adoptive homes, certain communities lost a whole generation of their children (i.e 77% removal rates)

What did "phase 3" of Canadian immigration - Turn of Century - WWI (Push) entail?

Record number of immigrants arrive, most fleeing poverty and religious and/or political persecution, increasing number of immigrants who spoke neither English nor French (Russian, Slavic, Scandanavian, Ukrainian), immigration contributes to the cultural pluralism of Canada

What is the feminization of the labour market?

Refers to large numbers of women who are joining the labour force (e.g., 58% of all women 15 and over are in labour force in 2004, up from 42% in 1976), women have always worked regardless of labour market participation: unpaid carework, paid carework in the informal and formal service sector, usually performed by women of colour, immigrant women, and/or poor women, women's engagement in the labour force is done under devalued and precarious conditions (low paid, temporary, part-time, or contract jobs)

What was the main change in the second Immigration Act (1962)?

Removed restrictions on race, for the first time, residents whose origins were other than European could sponsor or nominate close relatives to immigrate

What is Citizen's Plus

Response of Indian chiefs in Alberta to the White Paper, asserted the distinct cultural rights of First Nations, called cultural pluralism (contrast to integration policy), emphasized implications of sec.35 of the Constitution

What are women's needs for social welfare services?

Single women more likely than single men to be poor because: Structural labour market issues, constrained in their employment options due to caregiving and household responsibilities, low pension entitlements for elderly women, Scarcity of: decent jobs, lack of affordable and quality child care, low levels of social assistance, inadequate child support payments by men

What do social welfare policies lack?

Social welfare policies generally do nothing to address the gender division of labour that underlies women's inequality

What is important about the Report of the Special Committee (Penner Report, 1983)

Special committee of the House of Commons with representation from First nations, recommended special status recognition of First Nations in the Constitution and their full right to self governance, by mid 1980's, general shift in attitude was toward self government and special status and away from classical liberal thought

What are the different categories of Aboriginal peoples in Canada?

Status and non status Indians, Metis, and Inuit

What is the feminization of poverty?

Term used to describe the rapid widening of wealth between men and women that causes an increasing burden of poverty to be carried by women, Bell Hooks argues that this term is problematic because it implies that this is a new problem, women of colour and working class women have always been disproportionately represented among the poor and this language obscures/ignores the historical experiences of marginalized women

What is the radicalization of poverty?

Term used to describe the rapid widening of wealth between those in different racialized populations that causes an increasing burden of poverty to be carried by people of colour, as members of multiple oppressed categories, women of colour are particularly vulnerable to poverty and economic instability

What was a myth about Canada's immigration policy?

That Canada always had an "open door" policy

The Canadian government uses what approach to address the social and health conditions amount Aboriginal peoples?

The "band-aid" approach

What action is Canada a signatory to?

The 1995 UN Beijing Platform for Action

What is important about the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in regards to Aboriginal?

The First significant legislation in Canada concerning Aboriginal people, re-established friendly relations with some Aboriginal groups by recognizing Aboriginal land rights, under proclamation (and until 1857) tribal councils still made decisions about their own people

Through what did the economics of the Aboriginals become more intertwined with that of western society and Aboriginals became less and less self-sufficient?

The Fur Trade

What report states that the unequal distribution of carework may be the "most persistent barrier to gender equality"?

The Status of Women in Canada Report (1997)

What historic event produced condemnation of racist practices, created a push for social equality, justice, and humanitarianism?

The WWII Genocide

What is enfranchisement?

The means of assimilating Aboriginals from 1857 through early 20th century, set requirements for becoming a Euro-Canadian citizen (and acquiring rights to votes, property ownership, and advanced education) that dictated that Aboriginals must be able to prove their readiness to be absorbed into Canadian society by demonstrating an adequate level of "civilization"

What is gender equality?

The means that women have the conditions for realizing their full human potential to contribute to national, political, economic, social, and cultural development and to benefit from its results

What resources do affluent women have available to them to be able to buffer the effects of the expectation to preform carework?

They are able to purchase services such as child care, in home nursing care for the sick and/or elderly, housekeeping services, etc.

What option do poor and/or minority women not have the available in terms of domestic carework tasks?

They do not have the option to "buy out" like affluent women

How many Aboriginal peoples participated in WWII?

Thousands

What is substantive equality?

Treating men and women differently to achieve comparable results - gendered approach

What is formal equality?

Treating men and women the same to achieve the same results - gender blind approach

What is important to understand in gender discrimination of Aboriginal women?

Until 1985 when Indian Act was amended, Aboriginal women who married non-Natives lost their Aboriginal status (as did their children), aboriginal men who married non-Natives, however, were able to retain their Aboriginal status, only Native women who married Native men had the legal status of Aboriginal person

After what historical event did the government's approach shift from laissez-faire to welfare state?

WWII

What is caring/carework?

Web of activities undertaken in looking after and tending to others that involves physical, mental, and emotional effort

What are the impact of "cut backs" on women?

When social services are cut, women are often the ones to pick up the slack by increasing their informal and unpaid caregiving duties, example: when hospital beds are cut, women often take care of their relatives who lost hospital services

What ideology played a major role in shaping Canada's immigration policies?

White supremacy

Until 1960 what type of people were the only "suitable" immigrants?

Whites

What is an example of gender inequality in social welfare?

Women aged 65-69 69 in receipt of CPP/QPP receive 56% of what men in same age group receive

What traditional assumption has persisted despite changing realities that now require most women to be in the paid labour market?

Women are available to do the unpaid "carework" of social welfare

What is the gender segregation of the labour market?

Women concentrated in positions outside of the home in the paid labour market that mirror the task that they perform in the home (i.e. child care, nursing assistants, teachers, social workers, maids, etc.), these positions are often de-valued and underpaid compared to the positions that men dominate

How are insecure jobs radicalized as well as sex segregated?

Women of colour/visible minorities employed full-time have wage 10% less than non-minority counterparts in 2000

What is the substitution hypothesis?

Women's entrance into the labour market would serve as a substitute for male labour Theory that as a cheaper form of labour, women would put men out of jobs, in reality, however, in contradiction to this hypothesis, women move more towards service industries; more stable positions still more likely to be held by men, men and women remain separated in the job market in very different types of positions (gender segregation of the labour market)

To what is women's political equality directly tied?

Women's social welfare

What are some aspects of the Global Gender Gap Report (2006) that illustrate that women are in a position of disadvantage worldwide?

lower income restricted employment, unequal load of domestic work, more at risk of being poor than men, lower level of education, but higher life expectancy