Social welfare second year

Contrasting Approaches

"Best Interests" vs. "Least Restrictive" Approaches Child-welfare practitioners usually try to seek a balance between two types of approaches: The best interests approach emphasizes the protection and well-being of the child above all else. The least restrictive approach emphasizes the course of action that will cause the least disruption or change for the child, preferably leaving him or her with the family if at all possible

The Concerns of Seniors

"Medicalization" of Older Adults' Problems Medicalization refers to our society's tendency to label the concerns of older adults as "medical" issues. Current social work value systems shift the emphasis away from medicalization and toward self-empowerment and social engagement.

Multiculturalism in Canada

"Visible Minorities"—An Outmoded Term The term "visible minorities" is still widely used in government circles. "Racialized minorities" or "racialized groups" is preferable, however. These newer terms make clear that race is not a biological concept but a socially constructed one. Also, the term "visible minority" supports a practice whereby non-white groups are categorized almost solely by race, whereas white groups are not. Rationalized minorities is preferred Not white groups are categorized by race Racialized

What Is Social Work Theory? Foundational Theories

(Foundational Perspectives) Foundational theories (or perspectives) comprise general understandings about the underlying makeup and workings of our society. Foundational theories derive from foundational disciplines such as psychology, sociology, economics, political science, and the allied health professions. Examples include ecological theory, cognitive theory, systems theory, structural theory, and critical theory (these theories will be discussed later). Theory Behaviour Socialization Organization Developmental

Individuals, Groups, and Communities

... describe the four broad stages of the direct social work process explore the concept of "group dynamics" and describe different types of groups and their purposes analyze group facilitation skills describe the stages of group development outline several models and approaches to social work with communities

4 Reasons for having Child-Related Income Security Benefits

1. Deal with child poverty by providing a minimum income Supplement income of lower-income families and children 2. Generate 'horizontal equity' for households with children compared to those without children Horizontal equity is based on the idea that parents with children have higher/heavier financial demands than childless couples and single persons with the same income 3. Act as economic stimulus by putting money in hands of those most likely to spend it Provide a monthly cheque that can be spent on necessities 4. Recognize parents as contributors to society's future The children of today are the future. Families with children contribute something that people without children do not

The Era of Social Reform (1891-1940)

1907: the Moral and Social Reform League founded More scientific perspective, distancing itself from a moral base 1927: the League is replaced by the Canadian Association of Social Workers Not judging Beginning of social work in canada

IN FOCUS: Highlights of Same-Sex Rights in Canada

1977-1978 1977: Québec includes sexual orientation in its Human Rights Code, making it the first province in Canada to pass a gay civil rights law. By 2001, all provinces and territories took this step except Alberta, Prince Edward Island, and the Northwest Territories. 1978: Canada's new Immigration Act (1976) removed homosexuals from the list of inadmissible classes.1995-1999 1995: An Ontario Court judge rules that four lesbians have the right to adopt their partners' children. 1996: The federal government added "discrimination based on sexual orientation" to the Canadian Human Rights Act. Sixteen years earlier, Member of Parliament Pat Carney had attempted to pass Bill C-242 to prohibit such discrimination, but the bill had not passed. 1999: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that same-sex couples should have the same benefits and obligations as opposite-sex common-law couples and equal access to benefits from social programs to which they contribute.LGBTQ+ Persons in the Military In 1992, the Federal Court lifted the ban on homosexuals in the military, allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the armed forces.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

94 Calls to Action The TRC's final report (December 2015) included 94 "Calls to Action." These Calls to Action include: Sweeping changes to child welfare, education, and health- care systems; Recognition of Indigenous language and cultural rights; An inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls; and Changes to public institutions to give greater recognition and visibility to Indigenous sovereignty and histories.

The Mental Health Commission of Canada

A Catalyst for Improving the Mental Health System Formed in 2007, the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) grew out of a recommendation in the first comprehensive report on mental health, substance use, and the state of mental health care in Canada, titled Out of the Shadows at Last. The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science, and Technology released the report in May, 2006. Michael J.L. Kirby, appointed by the committee as its first chairperson, co- authored the report.

Group Facilitation Skills

A Combination of Skills Additionally, group facilitation skills include: Connecting Focusing on process Cueing Supporting Blocking Demonstrating social empathy

Group Facilitation Skills

A Combination of Skills The skills for working with individuals also apply to groups: Active listening Expressions of empathy Questioning Paraphrasing Reflecting Summarizing Providing information or suggestions Building consensus Reframing ideas

IN FOCUS: Reconciliation in Child Welfare Services

A Four-Step Process Touchstones of Hope today is a movement based on powerful principles to guide a reconciliation process for those involved in Indigenous child welfare. Touchstones of Hope consists of four steps: Truth telling Acknowledging Restoring Relating

What Is Social Work Theory?

A Framework for Understanding and Action A social theory is a set of ideas that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions. From such ideas and explanations, certain practical interventions can follow. Maslow's theory of the "hierarchy of needs" is an example of a social theory.Every theory is socially constructed There are many theories that we change to suit your needs

IN FOCUS: What Is the Recovery Model?

A Holistic Approach Toward Treatment The holistic approach focuses on the person as a whole rather than on symptoms alone.The recovery model: Avoids assumptions based on a person's diagnosis Affirms the potential to lead a meaningful life despite co- existing symptoms Views recovery as a journey and a process Sees individuals as playing a key role in their recovery Taps into individuals' talents, resources, and potential instead of focusing on illness, symptoms, and problems Allows individuals to take responsibility for and control their own health-related choices https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUmZp8pR1uc Rehab. Amy Winehouse. 4 mins. She said no

Safety Plans

A Key Factor in Suicide Risk Reduction Safety plans are completed by the individual, and they can be extremely helpful when someone is experiencing a crisis. Such plans are devised when the person is in comparatively good spirits and is able to reflect on how they behave when they are experiencing suicidal feelings. A safety plan results if the person can identify strategies to reduce their risk of committing suicide during a crisis. It might include names and phone numbers of people and services to contact when a person is in distress (family members, friends, support agencies, helplines, a psychiatrist and/or a social worker).

Social Work and Substitute Care

A Last Resort If a child protection agency or a court decides that maltreatment of a child has been substantiated, substitute care may be required. Typically seen as a last-resort measure in cases where the risk to the child is assessed to be significant. Normally foster care is the "placement of choice" for younger children who are deemed to be in need of substitute care. For older children, the placement of choice is a group home.

IN FOCUS: Suicide and Suicide Prevention

A Leading Cause of Death of Canadians Aged 15 to 24 Individuals may turn to suicide when they experience deep feelings of hopelessness/helplessness over a prolonged period of time. Suicide can also be an impulsive act. Warning signs include: Expressing suicidal ideations (thoughts) Expressing the intention to die by suicide, followed by the description of a plan to execute suicide Expressing negative thoughts about oneself Expressions of hopelessness, desperation, helplessness Relaying final wishes to family members or friends

Cultural Genocide

A Legacy of Harm From the 1990s, The Canadian government and the Anglican, Presbyterian, United, and Roman Catholic churches began to admit their responsibility for an education scheme that was designed not only to assert domination over Indigenous peoples but also to eradicate their cultures. On June 11, 2008, the Canadian government formally apologized in Parliament for the enduring damage done by the residential school system. Also had The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) 2006 The IRSSA recognized the damage inflicted by the residential schools and established a $1.9-billion compensation package called CEP (Common Experience Payment) for all former IRS students An additional $3.174 billion has been paid out as of December 31, 2018, through IAPs (Independent Assessment Process) which are for damages suffered beyond the norm for the IRS

The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS)

A National Initiative The CIS is a national initiative to collect data on children who come to the attention of a child welfare authority due to alleged or suspected abuse and/or neglect. The CIS examines the incidence of reported child maltreatment and the characteristics of the children and families investigated by child-welfare authorities.

A National Mental Health Strategy

A National Mental Health Strategy In 2012, Canada became the last G8 nation to create a national mental health strategy. Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada set out six strategic aims related to the implementation, prevention, diversity, access, and delivery of services. The commission's "At Home" research project ("Chez Soi" in French) addressed homelessness for people with mental illness by combining treatment with places to live; it is the largest experiment of its kind in the world. MHCC's "Opening Minds" initiative was launched in 2009 to combat stigma against mental illness.

Community Capacity Building

A Popular National and International Approach McKnight & Kretzmann believe that it is vitally important to develop an approach to community work that builds upon the strengths and assets of a community rather than focusing on the community's needs.

Home Care for Older Canadians

A Provincial Responsibility The principles of medicare do not apply to home care. The home care workforce is largely unregulated. They receive few benefits and face limited career options. Many social workers are convinced that nothing short of a universal and comprehensive national home care system is necessary (Armstrong, Armstrong, & Neysmith, 2015).

An Overview of Direct Social Work Practice

A Series or Process of Interventionist Actions Direct social work practice consists of a step-by-step process intended to help clients achieve purposeful change. Fundamentally related to decision making along a continuum of services from first encounter to the conclusion of the working relationship with a client The decision-making process must be transparent, purposeful, & free of bias Empirical research alone cannot validate decision making We must examine the varied and unique circumstances of each situation The helping relationship is central to positive outcomes

Elder Abuse

A Serious, Ongoing Problem Elder abuse is any action by someone in a position of trust or power that results in harm or distress to an older person. Abuse can take forms other than physical violence: emotional or psychological, sexual, and the most commonly reported form, financial. Neglect is frequently associated with abuse.

Ageism

A Widespread Form of Social Prejudice Ageism refers to any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or oppresses a person or group of people on the basis of age. Former long-term mayor of Mississauga, Ontario, Hazel McCallion stated in The Globe and Mail on June 6, 2016: "Canadians need to confront the reality that every day, its older citizens deal with the most widely tolerated form of social prejudice in the country: ageism."

Origins of British Social Welfare British Feudalism:

A system of Lords & Serfs Land tenure; legal & military protection Almshouses for the poor & disabled established in England as early as 1084(Parish arrangements) Black Death-reduced population of Europe; created shortage of labourers who demanded decent wages King and Parliament -attempted to preserve feudal relations, Statute of labourers passed (1351) and wages were frozen Started in the 5th ended in the 14th The system dissolved with less security The prominent take care of the poor The black death Bubonic plague International commerce They went to china and brought it black with them The rats caused the illness to spread

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

Aboriginal Seniors Are Respected Elders Indigenous peoples comprise only 1% of the overall senior population Manitoba and Saskatchewan have the largest proportion of Indigenous peoples in their senior populations (Turcotte & Schellenberg, 2007).

Elder Abuse

Abuse in Institutional Settings Institutional abuse is any act or omission directed at a resident that causes the person harm, or that wrongfully deprives that person of her or his independence. Guarding against such forms of abuse and neglect is important not only for family members and relatives, but also for social workers.

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

Access to Resources The impact of disability on a family unit is often influenced by the availability of community resources: support networks, daycare, schools, jobs, attendant care, retraining, respite care, hospice care, transportation, and recreational facilities. Other important factors include access to financial resources, including private pensions, insurance plans, or government-sponsored financial programs (CPP-D & provincial financial assistance programs) Helping families access financial, community, social, recreational, and/or medical resources is often central to the social workers' role.

Palliative Care

Accessing Quality Care Each year, thousands of Canadians suffer because they do not have access to quality palliative care, according to a 2016 study by the Canadian Cancer Society. With end-of-life issues now on the national agenda, the study says, it's time for governments to guarantee all Canadians access to quality palliative care.

Consent

According to Canadian law, sexual consent should be both positive (e.g. saying "yes," initiating and/or enjoying sexual activity) & ongoing (i.e., continues during sexual activity). Only I in 3 respondents (33%) to a recent survey identified both of these traits as requirements for consent. The results of a study by the Canadian Women's Foundation (2015) revealed that the definition of consent can become blurred when it comes to new vs. existing partners and online vs. offline sexual activity Are young feminists clueless about sex? What do you think about this Margaret Wente article?: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-are-young-feminists-so-clueless-about-sex/article26950887/

First Nations Child Welfare

Addressing Systemic Risks Aboriginal children in Canada are over-represented in out- of-home care—making up just 15 percent of the total child population, but 40 percent of children in care. There are more First Nations children in foster care today than at the height of residential schools.

Risk Assessment

Administrative Models Risk assessments estimate the likelihood that a child will be maltreated and, if a harmful event should occur, the potential severity of that harm. Many opponents of risk-assessment approaches argued that, in practice, these approaches contributed to the erosion of professional practice in favour of managerialism (Callahan and Swift, 2007). Many practitioners began to adopt a range of collaborative approaches to use alongside risk-assessment tools.

Substance Use Disorders and Social Work

Adopting a Harm Reduction Approach Harm reduction forms one of the pillars of provincial and national drug strategies (the other three pillars are prevention, treatment, and enforcement). Harm reduction refers to any strategy or behaviour that an individual uses to reduce the potential harm that may exist for him or her. Harm reduction may involve abstinence—although abstinence is not necessarily a goal. Rather, harm reduction includes a range of options, such as adopting safer drug use techniques, using licit rather than illicit drugs, and decreasing the amount and/or frequency of use.

Liberal (Reluctant Collectivist)

Advocates free market & government regulation Basic values: Pragmatism, liberty, individualism, inevitability of inequality Accepts principles of conservatism but advocated towards social justice goals Acknowledges value and agency of human beings - humanism Strong proponents of insurance principles Everybody pays and everyone benefits if and when they need to Advocates for social welfare programs advocates for a mix of targeted and universal programs (e.g. Medicare) Trivia: Who is the leader of Canada's Liberal Party?

Advocating for Women's Escape from Poverty

Advocating for Women's Escape from Poverty Spreading awareness about the scope of the problem is a critical step toward helping women move out of poverty. Social workers should challenge governments at all levels to develop specific strategies to deal with women's employment, child care, old-age security, family law, social assistance rates, and general income security. Investing in education and career-training programs for women can be of great aid to those who may be struggling to find adequate, full-time employment. Changes in policy that address employment discrimination against Aboriginal women and women belonging to minority groups can directly improve their living conditions.

African Canadians' Experience of RacismRemembering Africville

Africville was a poor community in the north end of Halifax in the 1960s. Its Black residents were separated from the white residents of Halifax. Between 1964 and 1969, Africville was bulldozed in order to build a new bridge to Dartmouth across the harbour. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5IDXVyhu0g In 2010, Halifax mayor Peter Kelly apologized to former residents and their families, and committed to rebuilding the Seaview Baptist United Church, which had been the focal point of community life. Community tribal Separated from white residence See how other people discuss it Have not fully recovered Tulsa 10000 black people who did what they were told Rich portion then protest destroyed Committed to rebuilding the church

Police-Reported Hate Crimes

Among race-motivated hate crimes, Black populations were the most frequently targeted (22%). Among religion-motivated hate crimes, those targeting Jewish populations were the most common (16%). Hate Crimes in Canada Number 600 Hate crime increased since Donald trumps election Racial and religious Rising every year Have to fight against

The Role of Critical Self-Reflection

An Ongoing Process in the Lives of Social Workers Critical self-reflection (or "knowledge about oneself") is a frame of mind that helps practitioners understand how: their own identities and beliefs, as well as their professional and personal lives, are shaped not only by unique traits and personal experiences, but also by societal forces such as: parental influences, cultural influences, the media, educational institutions, and political movements.

Child Welfare Services in Canada Overview

An Overview Canada currently has no national child welfare system. Each province and territory assumes responsibility for child welfare. (There are 53 separate child welfare agencies in Ontario alone.) First Nations child welfare is provided by the provincial agency, by a First Nations agency, or directly by First Nations agencies. Child welfare is a major area of employment for social workers.

The Era of Moral Reform Private charities

An early approach to social work that involved private individuals and religious organizations that provided material relief to the poor.

The Era of Social Reform Scientific Philanthropy

An early approach to social work that rejected moral judgments and encouraged a "scientific" assessment of human behavior and a more systematic approach to finding solutions. Charities became more organized in order to better deal with the problems of poverty (started using rules, regulation, policy, & theories) Skilled/trained workers were required, rather than volunteers and untrained charity visitors This shift provided the foundation for the birth of social work as an occupation. Charities more organized For social workers to solve peoblems they needed to be educated They needed only trained social workers

Social Work in French Canada St. Vincent de Paul Societies

Another charitable organization imported from France was the St. Vincent de Paul Societies. They were first established in Québec City in 1846 and spread throughout the province. They provided support to poor people, elderly individuals, migrants, and orphans.

A Role for Social Workers

Anti-Racist Approaches Front-line social workers are using innovative anti-racist approaches that emphasize community empowerment to combat hate crimes. They are involved in activities such as: Outreach and consultation, Awareness activities, Fostering the creation of advocacy and support groups, and Working with community organizations to promote an anti- racist perspective through education No discrimination based on identity Eliminate racism by changing world view Citation different organizations Look at bias Support groups Speaking for themselves Through education

What Is Anti-Semitism?

Anti-Semitism is prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as an ethnic, religious, or racial group. A person who holds such positions is called an anti-Semite. During and immediately after World War II, the Canadian government was reluctant to allow European Jews to enter the country as refugees. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv3s81dsByo (17 mins). The Jewish people in Canada Lots of secular Jews who came from Europe Settled in new France Anti Semitism Prejudice against Jewish people Those who do are anti Semites Government was reluctant to let Jewish people in and they were sent back to die. Prime minster apologized 2018

2. Progressive Perspectives (c) The Anti-Oppressive Perspective

Anti-oppressive social work draws on many traditions: Social justice-oriented social work Everyday experiences are seen as shaped by multiple oppressions. An emphasis on the causes of inequity and oppression Social workers focus on social causes and collaborate with allied movements. Self-reflexive practice and social analysis are critical components of social justice- oriented social work. Social justice related work Focus on allied movements Social analysis Cite of power Acknowledge area of oppression Personal cultural and structural levels to acknowledge oppression

Social Workers as Advocates for Racialized Canadians

Anti-racist social work plays an important role in creating a non-racist society. The implementation of an anti-racist approach to social work requires: Examining our own practices and practices around us, institutional policies, and social relations and systems that operate, both overtly and covertly, to perpetuate racism; Working across racial divides and developing empathy based on knowledge of the differences between people; and Affirming the core values of being human—respect and dignity for all Advocate for racialize Canadians Notice the practice of people around them Perpetuate racism Develop empathy based on difference in people

Arguments Against Social Constructionism

Arguments Against Social Constructionism Social constructivist theory has a number of shortcomings. Research has found that people cannot change their sexual orientation. Some individuals do not act on their desires, but the desires themselves do not disappear. Babies who are reassigned a gender at birth cannnot easily reinvent themselves as the gendered subjects chosen for them. Many find at puberty that their gender identity is incompatible with their sex. Clearly, our sex, gender expression, and sexual orientation rely upon at least some biological factors.

Emerging Concepts of Sexual and Gender Diversity

Asexuality Another community that is challenging taken-for-granted norms related to sexuality is the one percent of our population who identify as asexual. We tend to define our most significant relationships as those that are romantic and sexual. By doing so, however, we can marginalize those people who are single and asexual (as either a life-long or a temporary identity). These considerations question our notion that people must be romantically or sexually paired to be healthy and happy.

A Role for Social Workers

Assessing Immigrants' Needs and Challenges Social workers must undertake a needs assessment to identify the challenges their clients may be experiencing, including Language barriers, Underemployment, Unfamiliarity with the systems available to them (such as education, health, and social services), Lack of support, Role reversals and family conflict, and Lack of Canadian experience Language barriers - challenges understanding them and you Underemployed - harder for their education to be validated The workforce is challenging for them when it is not what they do in their culture Family conflict when they get here things chang e When they done find jobs Help to figure things out

The Colonialization of Indigenous Peoples

Assimilationist Policies Assimilation refers to the absorbing of one cultural group into another. The Indian Act spelled out a process of enfranchisement, whereby Indians could acquire full Canadian citizenship only by relinquishing their ties to their community, i.e. by giving up their culture and traditions and any rights to land. The Canadian government saw the Indian Act as a temporary measure to control Indigenous peoples until they had been fully assimilated through enfranchisement.

Conservative (Anti-Collectivists)

Assumption: People know best what they want Advocates limited government intervention in citizen's lives Free market economy Basic values: Freedom, individualism, competition, inevitability of inequality (as road to individual & societal progress) Social welfare creates a dependency on government hinders notions of freedom & individualism Trivia: Who's the leader of Canada's Conservative Party? There's a break-away faction of the Conservative Party in Canada. What's it called and who is the leader?

Protective Factors Associated with Mental Wellness

At the Individual Level Protective factors in this category can include: A sense of humour Spiritual faith Good social skills A positive attitude about life Respect for authority Personal goals High self-esteem Good problem-solving skills

Risk Factors Associated with Mental Wellness

At the Individual Level Risk factors in this category can include: Genetic influence Having a long-term physical illness Experiencing discrimination based on race, sexuality, gender, or religion Being easily angered Communication difficulties Low self-esteem Childhood abuse/neglect/trauma

Protective Factors Associated with Mental Wellness

At the Relationship Level Protective factors in this category can include: At least one close relationship A stable family environment Involvement with extended family Parents who spend quality time with their children Parental warmth, support, and clear expectations Parental support for education

At the Relationship Level

At the Relationship Level Risk factors in this category can include: Family problems Having been severely bullied or physically or sexually abused Acting as a caregiver, taking on adult responsibilities Living in poverty or being homeless Associating with friends who engage in high-risk behaviours, such as experimenting with drugs Witnessing family conflict and violence

At the School and Community Level

At the School and Community Level Risk factors in this category can include: Having a learning disability or long-standing school difficulties Having few recreational activities for children and youth Lack of basic services (e.g., housing, water) in the community Easy access to alcohol and other substances Few economic opportunities Being a refugee or asylum seeker Violence or war in the community

Immigration to Canada Eurocentric bend of Canadian Immigration System

Attempts to exclude individuals from some ethno-racial groups Policies aimed at discouraging immigration Early immigrants from UK, France, and Northern Europe Post WWII economic growth changed immigration policy to meet increased demand for labour of the 'right kind' Post-war immigrants from other European countries (Italy, Portugal, & Greece) Change in late 60s to 'the point system' 1960s & 1970s immigrants from Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America, Caribbean All these resulted in ethno-racial diversity Immigration is not smooth for some people Controlling who can be here Excluding individuals from undesirable countries Europe centric Meet increased need for labour More people came Point system 1967 Cream of the crop best people from non western countries Canada need people with skills Put the point system together to get the best of the best Everyone coming from everywhere creating the diversity we see today

Socialist Ideology

Based on Marxist theory where workers own the means of production "From each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs" -Karl Marx Basic values: Freedom, collectivism, equality Supports social welfare for all citizens Assumption: People cannot truly be free unless they are free from poverty

b). Individual Earner-Carer Regimes

Based on shared roles between men and women, leading to equal rights between men and women Both sexes are entitled to be considered earners and/or caregivers Unpaid caregiving work has same benefit/entitlement as paid labour market work

The Monetarists

Based on the ideas of Milton Friedman (1912-2006) Advocates the use of money to stimulate the economy Manage money supply & cost, availability of credit control interest rates Control consumer & business spending Proposes tax reduction & provision of financial incentives to businesses Deregulation of the economy/Privatizing government-owned companies Assumption: Full employment is bad for the economy!

Social Work in French Canada The Pre-Confederation Model in Québec

Before Confederation, Québec modelled its programs after those in France, which included three types of institutions: the Hôtels-Dieu, which took care of sick people who had no families; the Hôtels-généraux, which looked after poor homeless people; and les bureaux des pauvres ("offices of the poor"), which were supervised by a priest who organized periodic collections and then distributed the funds to those in need

Social Work and Child Welfare in Canada

Best Practices Child-welfare service procedures are outlined in various provincial standards manuals.The stages typically are: Initial response. Workers collect information from various sources, including the child and other family members. Investigation. Includes conducting an interview with the person reporting the abuse and with other individuals. Substantiation. Agencies usually establish procedures outlining how a substantiation decision occurs. Assessment report and service plan. If abuse is verified, the law requires a plan of service for the child and family. Case management. Coordination of services and allocating a professional for implementation of plans.

Chinese Immigration and the Head Tax

Between 1885 and 1923, each Chinese immigrant had to pay a flat fee known as a "head tax" in order to enter Canada. This head tax was eliminated in 1923, but other laws that made it nearly impossible for Chinese men to bring their families to Canada remained in place until 1947. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologized in Parliament for the head tax. 1858 cam to build the rail road Joining different parts of the country Payed a third less then why workers Fixed fee for those entering Canada the head task Could not bring family Dead task made it impossible to bring family Bared from public offices Lusting after white women Sued government In 2005 2.2. million dollar deal

Bill 65

Bill 65 In 1971, the Québec government passed a law, commonly known as Bill 65, that called for six structures: regional health and social service councils, les conseils régioneaux de la santé et des services sociaux, CRSSS; community health departments, les départements de santé communautaires, DSC; residential centres, les centres d'accueils, CA; hospital centres, les centres hospitaliers, CH; social service centres, les centres de services sociaux, CSS; and local community service centres, les centres locaux de services communautaires, CLSC

Bill 83

Bill 83 In 2005, the CLSCs lost even more of their autonomy when the Québec Government passed a new law, la Loi modifiant la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux. Known as Bill 83, this law modified the 1971 law and grouped health and social services into eighteen regions. These eighteen regions were to be administered by Health and Social Service Networks, Centres de santé et de services sociaux, CSSS. Today, the 147 CLSCs continue to serve as the point of entry for the Québec population to the Health and Social Service Networks.

Biological Determinism

Biological Determinism Biological determinism attempts to explain sexuality in terms of biology, e.g., queer persons are born queer and their sexuality is not a matter of choice. Social

Factors Related to Substance Use Disorders

Biological, Psychological, and Sociological Factors Biological factors may include a genetic predisposition to substance use and substance use disorders. Psychological factors focus on personality traits and the effects of social learning on behaviours associated with substance use. As well, personality disorders and other mental illnesses may increase a person's risk of developing a substance use disorder. Sociological factors include the social determinants of health, such as poverty, unsafe communities, and low educational attainment. Patterns of substance use and substance use disorders vary by gender, race, social class, and ethnicity.

Destigmatizing Disability

Blaming the Victim/Avoidance behaviour Ableism refers to the stigmatization of disability and the existence of prejudicial attitudes held by people without disabilities toward people with disabilities. Ableism is a belief in the superiority of people without disabilities over people with disabilities.

Early Relief Programs

British Poor Law principles applied till mid 1960's Deserving vs. Underserving poor Reserve system as Poorhouse Relief directed towards easing the stress caused by starvation & to maintain order & peace Instituted a ration-based system: Money from band trust accounts distributed through local Indian Agents

Immigration to Canada The Points System

Canada introduced the "points system" in 1967. "Nationality" was no longer a criteria in selecting new immigrants; prospective immigrants could now qualify based on criteria such as education, work experience, language fluency, and age. This had the effect of changing the source country composition of immigrants to Canada. Whereas previously immigrants mainly arrived from northern and southern Europe, subsequently increasing numbers of immigrations would come from Asia, Africa, and South/Central Latin America. 1967 Nationality was no longer criteria Language Education Work experience etc. Brough the best from everywhere Unemployment is rampant

: A Brief History of Race Relations in Canada

Canada is a diverse and excepting nation Mosaic including themselves to in a stain glass wondow Melting pot becoming apart in the Canadian dream The Canadian Mosaic Canada is one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations. It is often referred to as a "mosaic" rather than a "melting pot." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRNDmDZwfyo (3.33mins) Nothing can be taken for granted, however. Many racialized minorities report that they experience discrimination and unfair treatment.

Children in Poverty in Canada

Canada's child poverty rate higher than most other wealthy countries 12th worst according to UNICEF 14.5% of Canadian children live in poverty (2012) 38% of food bank users are children http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA0W4DsQy3c&feature=related (4 mins- Poverty stats) Face of poverty has changed from lone mother on welfare to working-poor mother with at least one job Child poverty attributed to government policies & failure of politicians to implement good policies

Workplace Accommodation

Canadian Human Rights Act (1977) prohibits discrimination & ensures right to accommodation Increasing workplace access for people with disabilities will mitigate labour market shortages 35% of people with disabilities who are employed need no accommodation; others require: Job modifications: Personal help needed by the worker e.g. sign language interpreters, job coaches, technical aids etc. Workplace modifications: Environmental/physical changes e.g. hand-rails, ramps etc.

Immigrant Resettlement Three Major Issues

Canadian social workers play an indispensable role in the immigrant resettlement process at all levels. Three issues have risen to the surface in recent years that are likely to affect directly the kinds of work practitioners do with clients: Skills recognition, Family reunification backlogs, and Canada's foreign worker program

Caregiver burnout

Caregiver Burnout Exhaustion can put a great strain on family members who have the responsibility of caring for aging relatives. For this reason, "self-care" is essential—before burnout occurs. There is an urgent need for social services that offer respite to informal caregivers.

Five Ways to End Stigma

Changing How We See Mental Illness Language matters. Labelling individuals who are dealing with mental health issues as "psycho" or "crazy" has detrimental effects. Be more respectful of others. Educate yourself. Learn the facts about myths that exist concerning mental health to help combat stigma. Be kind. Treat people who suffer from mental illness like you would treat others who have different illnesses. Listen and ask. Do not minimize or trivialize someone's illness. Try to empathize. Talk about it. Sharing stories of lived experiences is one of the best ways to help eradicate stigma.

Child Welfare in the Twentieth Century

Changing Paradigms Child welfare was originally entrenched in a child-saving paradigm—the perceived need to rescue children from abusive and neglectful parents. By the 1920s, a new concept of "childhood" was emerging based on notions that: Family care, even flawed family care, was better than institutional care A natural family was better than a foster family

Workplace Accommodation

Charter of Rights & Freedoms Guarantees that persons with disabilities are protected by & will receive the same benefits under the law as other Canadians Employment Equity Act Aims to ensure that particular groups, including people with disabilities, enjoy the same employment opportunities & benefits as anyone else Return on Disability @ Tim Hortons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRHnlyJI0dg (10 mins)

A Difficult Field of Practice

Child welfare is also one of the most difficult areas for practitioners. It involves: Child and family investigation-Worker gets the call and they will investigate Family support-Provide services for family life Triple P parenting program to effectively take care of children Child care services/ care taking Child placement- protecting them by moving them from home and using substitute care- group home - family member Foster care- alternative place for kids to live- provide training for foster care provider - money towards their home Guardianship- giving serves to those in government custody - group homes main thing - until they age out of the system Adoption- finding a permanent home for those who cant be with their legal and biological parents

Child Tax Exemption Mother's Allowance Family Allowance/Baby Bonus (1945) Refundable Child Tax Credit Child Tax Benefits (1993) Consolidated FA, CTB & RCTC Working Income Supplement Canada Child Tax Benefit (1997/8) National Child Benefit Supplement (1997) Universal Child Care Benefit (2006) Canada Child Benefit (2017) Replaces CCTB & UCCB

Child-Related Income Security Benefits

Cisnormativity

Cisnormativity: the mistaken assumption that all, or almost all, individuals are cisgender

Cissexual/Cisgender:

Cissexual/Cisgender: persons who have only ever experienced alignment between their gender identity and their anatomy

(a) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is based on the idea that psychological, mental, and emotional distress or disorders are maintained by cognitive factors (ways or habits of thinking). Differs from traditional psychoanalytical approaches (which focus on the unconscious meaning underlying human behaviour) Focuses on using cognitive change as a means of supporting behavioural change The goal is to help the client re-interpret events and reshape conditions sustaining negative behaviours. Emotional distress happens because of the way we think. Change in what we are thinking Thinking effects options

Era of social reform

Coincided with the Industrialization Period in social welfare history Transition from private charity to public social welfare Scientific philanthropy Rise of trained social workers & modern casework The World Wars & the Great Depression Social Gospel Movement Individualism vs. Social minimum Emergence of Keynesian economic ideas

Social Diagnosis - "The Social Work Process"

Collection of social evidence, data on family history, and data pertaining to the problem at hand; Critical examination of the material leading to diagnosis: and; Development of a case plan with the involvement of the client Wanting to know why they are in that situation through a assessment Collect data of the problems and the family history

The Colonialization of Indigenous Peoples

Colonialism is the political domination of one nation over another, including administrative, economic, social, and cultural control. The policy of colonialism adopted by European settlers attempted to completely subjugate the Indigenous peoples and to annihilate their cultures. The legal instrument for colonialization was the Indian Act. Historically, an Indian Agent administered the Act in Indigenous communities. These agents displaced traditional Indigenous leaders to institute a new way of living consistent with the intentions of the Canadian government at the time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m082DroOan0 Potlatch ceremony, 6 mins

Community Capacity Building

Community Work as Healing: Often used by Indigenous groups and spiritual communities Looks at the building of community as a healing practice Community members draw on community traditions and values as part of a process of healing Useful in helping people remove internal obstacles to meaningful participation

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

Comparing Cohorts A cohort is a group of people who share a statistical or demographic trait. People in the same age cohort, for example, were born during the same time frame. Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Gen Z

End-of-Life Issues: Complex New Legislation

Conflicting Viewpoints on Contentious Issues The right-to-die movement has gained strength as a result of the "greying" of the population. After much debate and controversy, new legislation was enacted on June 17, 2016. Gerontological social workers will find themselves handling complicated cases in which an individual's right to a dignified death must be balanced with a need to protect vulnerable members of the population, especially clients who have dementia.

Constructionism Social constructionism

Constructionism Social constructionism argues that sexualities are constructed by our social and cultural context and also by our cultural history.

IN FOCUS: Suicide and Suicide Prevention

Continued... Giving away important possessions, creating and/or changing a will, or arranging financial affairs Loss of interest in social circles, hobbies, or activities that were previously enjoyable Loss of appetite Loss of energy Increased or decreased sleep Unexpected changes in appearance or behaviour

International Social Work? Four Domains

Cooperation between social workers from different countries is the key to lasting positive change. International social work occurs in four domains: Domestic practice International practice Professional exchange Policy work and advocacy

Social Work with Individuals and Families

Core Elements of Direct Practice Social work models tend to emphasize empowering individuals and developing more secure relationships between family members. The steps in social work practice are guideposts that involve combining and recombining actions into new ways of looking at things—reflection-action-reflection occurs. Stepping back to look, listen, and reflect are closely linked to improvements in practice.

Communicating Acceptance

Create a Safe Space It is important to see homophobia, heterosexism, transphobia, and cisgenderism as potential problems rather than perceiving the client's sexual or gender diversity as being the problem. It is important to communicate acceptance so that clients feel safe when discussing their sexuality or gender, if it is relevant to the challenges they are facing.

Communicating Acceptance

Create a Sex-Positive Atmosphere If you identify as LGBTQ+, it is important not to over-identify with clients who are queer-identified. For social workers who are not members of LGBTQ+ communities: Never assume people are heterosexual or cisgender. Affirm and validate transgendered, gay, lesbian, and bisexual identities. Explore your own feelings about gender and sexual diversity, including the ways you may be taking heterosexual privilege for granted. Move beyond pity, tolerance, and acceptance to celebrating diversity.

2. Progressive Perspectives (b) The Critical Perspective

Critical theory covers a number of more specific structural theories, including: Feminist social work. Focuses on providing women- centred support and deconstructing how social, economic, and political structures create and sustain gender inequality. Women are seen as poorer compared to men Against rule of men Petrarch Anti-racist social work. Focuses on how racial prejudice and racial discrimination—as structural characteristics— affect the lives of people of colour. Racial discrimination Effects people of colour Not judged by the colour of you skin

Social workers must be:

Culturally competent Respect diversity Avoid stereotypes Reduce/eliminate human rights violation

Acquaintance Sexual Assault

Date Rape Many sexual assaults occur when women are on a date. Acquaintance sexual assault accounted for 45 percent of reported cases in 2007. The perpetrators were current or former partners, friends, or acquaintances. Seven percent of sexual assaults on women were perpetrated by a family member or an authority figure.

: Approaches to Social Welfare

Debating Social Welfare There are two key approaches to social welfare: The Residual View - person must provide The Institutional View - government must provide

Medicare: "Pros" and "Cons"

Debating the Future of Health Care in Canada Medicare is funded publicly by government insurance. It is administered through hospitals and other health-care settings and privately delivered mainly by physicians (self-employed or as physician-owned corporations). Critics of medicare say that a "two-tier system" (private and public medicine side by side) would be more cost- efficient and provide more choices for consumers. Supporters of medicare insist that a two-tier system would undermine the public system, foster inequality in access, and that more "medically necessary" procedures, not fewer, should be provided publicly to make the system work for Canadian citizens. Administers through hospitals Physicians are self employed Private and public side by side would give more options Public system will not allow the rich to but in line

The Concerns of Seniors

Declining Savings Canadian seniors' financial status improved significantly over the last 30 years. However, a 2013 report from the Bank of Montreal states that the average baby boomer falls about $400,000 short of adequate savings to maintain their lifestyle in retirement.

Decommodification

Decommodification occurs: When a social program is delivered as a right & When a person can maintain livelihood without reliance on the market (Hick, 2014, p. 90)

Defining Social Work

Definition of social work emphasizes four key concepts: 1. Social change/social justice mandate 2. Problem solving 3. Person-in-the-environment 4. Empowerment

Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Definitions

Definitions The level of violence against women, in whatever form it takes, is one of the strongest indicators of prevailing societal attitudes toward women. Sexual assault is any form of unwanted sexual activity, including fondling, touching, and penetration, that is forced upon another person without that person's consent. Sexual harassment is any unwanted behaviour, comment, gesture, or contact of a sexual nature that treats the person receiving it as a sexual object.

Attitudinal Barriers Attitudinal Prejudice/Negative stereotypes as a result of cultural norms Physical disabilities = emotional/mental damage Stigma/myths of disabilities Name some stereotypes

Destigmatizing Disability

Paulo Freire's Approach to Community Mobilization

Developing a Collective, Critical Consciousness Freire developed a radical approach to education that is applicable to community practice. Begin with a listening survey to find out what community members feel strongly about The organizer and a small learning group gather to go through the findings of the listening survey, making codes (images, films, or plays) from the ideas they have heard Codes are presented to the community to stimulate discussion about what is going well or badly and to stimulate action planning to create change

Types of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5 The following major classifications are described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, published by the American Psychiatric Association: Neurodevelopmental disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders Bipolar and related disorders Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Dissociative disorders Continued... Somatic symptoms and related disorders Feeding and eating disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders Substance-related and addictive disorders Neurocognitive disorders Paraphilic disorders Personality disorders

The 4 Principles of AODA @ King's ☺

Dignity - Students are able to maintain their self-respect & the respect of others Independence - Students are able to do things on their own without unnecessary help Integration - Students are able to benefit from the same services, in the same place, & in the same or similar ways as others Equal Opportunity - Qualified students are able to have the same opportunity as others to benefit from the way we conduct the learning experience (King's University College, 2013)

Internment of Japanese Canadians

During World War I and World War II, the Canadian government instituted a policy of internment of members of ethnic minority groups whom it defined as "enemy aliens." During World War II, Japanese Canadians were taken from their homes and held in prison camps. Their homes, businesses, and property were confiscated, as well. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUGM7EfwwU8 (4 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8TQTuMqM9g (12 mins. by David Suzuki) It took until 1988 for the Canadian government to settle with, apologize to, and compensate surviving members of the Japanese wartime community. Japanese were considered aliens After the war they were allow to be deported or move to other places in Canada 1988 compensated from those who were in the camp 300 million dollars 2012 British Columbia apologized to them

EMPOWERMENT

EMPOWERMENT • Increasing power to improve one's situation • Client must believe efforts of practitioner could make a difference • Social workers seek to empower their clients by: • Making power explicit • Giving clients experiences in which they are in control • Supporting client's own efforts to gain greater control over their lives Clients are in control of their lives

The Rise of Community Activism

Early Activism Gay and lesbian organizations challenged laws limiting the civil and social rights of members of LGBTQ+ communities. 1969 was an important year in this battle: Stonewall Riots in the US. Gay Pride started Bill C-150 was passed in Canada. Then-justice minister Pierre Trudeau stated that "there is no place for the State in the bedrooms of the nation." Gay sex was decriminalized as long as it was done in private between two consenting adults over the age of 21 Mystique & Truxx (1977). Bath houses in Montreal. Operation Soap (1981) Toronto bath houses. Gay Pride Parade PM Jean Chretien put sexual orientation in the hate crime legislation 2004.

Support and Treatment for PTSD

Early Detection of PTSD: A Key Component in Recovery Support for individuals diagnosed with PTSD may include family service agencies; community mental health agencies; counsellors or therapists; family doctors; community health centres; settlement agencies; and workplace Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs). Relationships can become strained when an individual experiences PTSD; thus, families may also seek support. Counselling, one-on-one or group therapy, and medication for depression, anxiety, and sleep problems are common treatments for individuals diagnosed with PTSD. In cognitive processing therapy (CPT), individuals work to confront the emotions related to traumatizing events.

IN FOCUS: Dementia—A Growing Health Priority

Economic and Social Burdens of the Disease Dementia rates are rising because of how rapidly Canada's population is aging, and we will all feel the burdens of the disease. $33 billion: Annual cost of dementia in Canada $293 billion: Projected cost of dementia in 2040 444 million: Unpaid hours spent looking after someone with a cognitive impairment in 2011 1.2 billion: Unpaid hours family caregivers are projected to spend looking after someone with dementia in 2040 $1.3 billion: Cost in lost productivity in 2012

Immigration Classes The 1967 legislation introduced the notion of "immigration classes":

Economic class: includes skilled workers, business owners, and entrepreneurs Family class: requires a sponsor to provide economic and personal support for 3 to 10 years Refugee class: includes individuals needing protection from persecution in their home country 1967 Immigration classes Economic - skilled workers Family - some one who has sponsored them Refugee - needing protection from persecution

Political Economy Theorists

Economic market tied to private ownership, essentially exploitative Welfare state is a contradiction of capitalism Proposal: Transfer ownership of main sectors to ordinary workers Nationalize major economic sector (make it worker/state-owned) Provide well developed social infrastructure -free education, health care etc.

Income Security

Eligibility Eligibility determination by physician Needs assessment conducted Assets investigated ('Means test') Amount of assistance varies: size of family degree of employability of family members Type of accommodation etc.

Freire's Concept of "Praxis"

Empowering People for Social Justice What is integral to a Freirian approach to social change is a process of reflection and action called "praxis". A successful action for social change must be reflected upon both in advance of the action and afterward. This process creates new and more effective actions, which are also then reflected upon. Freire argued that his approach would encourage thoughtful actions rather than reactive responses to injustice, which are often contradictory and difficult to sustain.

Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes. The social worker builds on client resources, capabilities, and strengths; Provides guidance and counselling through clinical intervention and group facilitation; and Facilitates access to resources and advocates for clients in service delivery and policy systems. Strength based perspective Positive assets Provide guidance Individual practise No resources you are facilitation access too

Empowerment

Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601

English law that established taxation to help the needy Determined categories of eligibility Dependent children 5-14 Separated from parents Were placed with community residents who received a stipend Impotent poor Pregnant women Disabilities Unable to work but determined to work Determined to be unable to work Given support or put in poorhouses or almshouses Able-bodied poor Forced to work Put into workhouses Considered undeserving Workhouse clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5671A5lz64 -6 mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blyYxpNbgeU 5 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtj70ZfOleg 32 mins.

Gendar equality

Equal opportunity to realize full human rights; to contribute as equal citizens to national, political, economic, social, and cultural development.

bell lets talk

Eradicating Myths and Stereotypes Stigma is the number one reason why two thirds of those living with a mental illness do not seek help. Bell Canada's "Let's Talk" campaign has committed over $100 million to support mental health organizations, large and small, from coast to coast to coast. Talking is the first step toward creating meaningful change and building greater awareness, acceptance, and action.

Welfare State Models/Regimes

Esping-Anderson (1999) identified 3 type of social welfare states Liberal Anglo-Saxon Social Democratic Conservative/Corporatist Criteria for classification Public/private sector mix Extent of inequality reduction or reinforcement Extent of decommodification of citizens

A Duty to Report Child Abuse and Neglect

Everyone's Obligation Duty to Report. We have a duty to report child abuse and neglect if we have reasonable grounds to suspect that a child is/may be in need of protection. Indeed, every member of society has a responsibility to report suspected abuse or neglect to child welfare authorities if there is reason to believe a child may need protection.

Social Work in French Canada The Quiet Revolution

Everything changed during the 1960s, when Québec experienced its Quiet Revolution and the state took back control of health and social services. The Catholic Church lost much of its influence. The professionalization of social work was strengthened by the creation of an organization now known as l'Ordre des travailleurs sociaux et des thérapeutes conjugaux et familiaux du Québec.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)Optimizing Treatments and Services Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a process in which the practitioner combines : well-researched interventions with clinical experience, ethics, and the client's preferences & culture to guide the delivery of services. EBP attempts to facilitate the most effective outcomes as demonstrated by the research. EBP increases the likelihood that programs with proven success will be disseminated widely to benefit the greatest number of people.

PERSON-IN-ENVIRONMENT

Examines relationship between individuals and their environments Environments include interactions with friends, neighborhoods, schools, religious groups, laws and legislation, agencies/organizations, places of employment, and economic system Phsc uses medical rather then environmental model Why does the headache happen Social work trats person and environment

The Vital Importance of EBP

Experience and Judgement Are Not Enough Evidence-based decision making depends on the integration of the client's preferences, values, and circumstances. scientific knowledge, social worker experience and judgement Research evidence alone is not sufficient to determine a particular intervention. Worker experience and judgement alone are not sufficient; nor are the client's wishes. Evidence-based practice helps clinicians collect and critically appraise the best evidence (from literature, self, and client) to guide an intervention or treatment decision.

Safeguarding Mental Wellness

Factors That Influence Our State of Mind Various factors influence our emotions at any stage of life. Risk factors include physical illness, family problems, physical or sexual abuse, childhood trauma, difficult relationships, and heredity. These factors can predispose a person to greater levels of stress and more complex unsettling emotions. Protective factors work in the opposite way, to stabilize our emotional well-being. Protective factors—e.g.,strong family ties and close interpersonal relationships—can reduce or minimize the likelihood of undue emotional hardship.

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

Factors affecting the need & composition of seniors in Canada Health care/ Increasing life expectancy A low birth rate Increase in couples postponing having families Establishment of the retirement age Canada's growing senior population will place increasing pressure on government services, particularly health care and the pension system. By 2030 for each person receiving senior benefits there will be 3 people working, compared to 5 today

First Nations Children in Care

Family Risk vs. Structural Risk Blackstock et al. (2006) argue that it is important to differentiate between family risk and structural risk. Structural risks include: Housing. Inadequate housing is a structural risk factor often correlated with poverty. Substance use. Substance use is a significant contributory risk factor. Poverty. Poverty is the leading structural risk factor associated with the removal of all children, and particularly First Nations children.

Acquaintance Sexual Assault

Family Violence & Domestic Violence Women are often the victims of police-reported violence Intimate partner violence included spousal and dating violence People in same sex relationships are also vulnerable to violence by their partners

Toward an Anti-Racist Social Work Practice

Fighting Racism at Various Levels Anti-racist social work practice involves addressing racism at three levels, separately and simultaneously: Personal: Social workers' own practices must be free of racism and challenge racist practices by others. Institutional: Service agencies and other organizations must pursue non-discriminatory policies and practices. Societal: Legislation and government policies must be changed to remove barriers to racial groups. Works to address racism Free of racism Check your privilege

The Prevalence of Disability

Findings from the Canadian Survey on Disability 2017 Recent data from the Canadian Survey on Disability 2017 (CSD), show that: An estimated 6.2 million adults were limited in their daily activities due to a disability https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181128/dq181128a-eng.htm One in 5 Canadians have a disability The three most prevalent disability types are pain, mobility, or flexibility. "Understanding the challenges faced by persons with disabilities in their personal, employment, or economic situations helps inform government policy" (Stats Canada, 2017).

Who Are Canada's Indigenous Peoples?

First Nations The First Nations include culturally, linguistically, and geographically diverse groups of people—e.g the Cree, Dene, and Mi'kmaq peoples. The Indian Act of 1876 sought strictly to define who would be considered an Indian so as to exert government authority over Indigenous peoples. The main purpose of the Act was to control and regulate Indian lives. The Act fragmented the Aboriginal population into distinct groups with different rights, restrictions, and obligations. The term "Indian" is still used in a legal context and usually defines a person as being either a Status or non-Status Indian.

Child Maltreatment and Neglect in Canada

Five Broad Categories Different jurisdictions have differing definitions of child abuse, and maltreatment can take many forms. Nevertheless, child maltreatment falls into five broad categories: Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional maltreatment Exposure to domestic violence

Five Main Groups

Five Main Groups Concurrent disorders are classified into five main groups. Substance use accompanied by a mood or anxiety disorder (e.g., depression, panic disorder) Substance use accompanied by a severe and persistent mental health issue (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) Substance use accompanied by a personality disorder (e.g., borderline personality disorder) Substance use accompanied by an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia) Substance use accompanied by a mental health disorder (e.g., gambling)

Charity Organization Society Utilized "Friendly Visitors"

Focused on providing moral teaching Relied on careful assessment Basis of long-term casework Relied on apprenticeships Modern CAS Volunteers rained to d the job No time to be poor

The Keynesians

Followers of British economist, John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) "Keynesian Revolution": Active intervention of governments & the transformation of social policy Canvasses for full employment + Government must stimulate the economy Through Reflationary vs. Deflationary policies Reflationary policies to boost economic activities Deflationary policies to dampen the level of economic activities

Social Work and Substitute Care

Foster Care Foster homes provide substitute parenting for children who cannot safely stay with their own families, for children whose families have asked for help, or for children whose families need specific or periodic help in caring for their children. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4TMVE7osNo (2mins) The child is entitled to receive: physical care, such as clothing, food, and shelter; emotional care, including love and inclusion; nurturing of both intellectual and emotional development; guidance and supervision; and positive role modelling.

Fostering Greater Equality for Working Women

Fostering Greater Equality for Working Women Many policy initiatives in the post-World War II period were aimed at fostering greater equality for women at work: Equal-pay policies. Every province enacted legislation requiring equal pay for similar or substantially similar work. Equal employment and employment equity. All provinces have employment legislation in place which prohibits discrimination (race, age, religion, nationality, or sex). Equity-driven legislative and policy changes. Divorce laws, policies against sexual harassment at work, extended maternity leave, policies to protect part-time and temporary workers, and equal access to higher education.

Social Gospel Movement - J. S. Woodsworth (1874 - 1942)

Founded & served as secretary of the Social Welfare League in 1913 He left the church to lay the foundation for, and to become the first leader of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a social democratic party which later became the New Democratic Party (NDP). With Alberta MP, William Irvine. He was a pioneer in the Canadian social democratic movement.

Freud and Sexuality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Freud and Sexuality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) critiqued many of the biological explanations for homosexuality. However, Freud also suggested that homosexuality is an immature stage of development compared to heterosexuality. Freud's theories marked a shift from biology to psychology, but they were not necessarily liberating for homosexuals.

Combatting Hate Crimes in Canada Islamophobia

From 2010 to 2013, Muslim populations had the highest percentage of female hate-crime victims (47 percent). This may be related to the fact that the practice of wearing head coverings may make religious identity more visible for Muslim women than for men. The National Council of Canadian Muslims noted that a particularly high percentage of attacks against individuals involved Muslim women wearing hijabs. Fear of Muslims Since 9/11 Female assault is higher then men who have the head scarf

Social Work in French Canada The Role of the Catholic Church

From the early part of the 17th century to the 1960s, health and social services in Québec were operated and controlled by the Catholic Church In 1934, the first social work agency opened its doors in Trois Rivières, Québec. It was operated by the Catholic Diocese of the region But the Quiet Revolution led to a radical transformation of Québec society as the state took control of health and social services.

Gendar

Gender refers to the characteristics that identify the social relations between men and women, or the ways in which this relationship is socially constructed.

Who is deserving?

Give them help without judging them Those who are in no condition to work Whole a young person would be able to work

International Social Work

Globalization is the context for international practice Beyond economic globalization, there is also the globalization of conflicts, wars, & climate challenges Social workers are often called upon to provide services in and to various communities Social workers must stay informed about systems & processes & how they affect individuals & communities

Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA, 2005)

Goal: Developing a fully accessible province for persons with disabilities by the year 2025 Recognition that as the population ages, that number will rise (Ministry of Community & Social Services, 2013) Standard came into effect January 1, 2012 All public & private companies must have detailed policies & procedures for providing goods & services to persons with disabilities http://www.tsacc.ca/customcontent/members/admin/Business__Government_info/AODA_-_Comprehensive-Accessibility-Checklist.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvtxTOPiuQ0 (4 mins on accessibility) http://www.aodaalliance.org/

Social Work with Groups

Group Dynamics Group work involves assisting a collection of people who are dealing generally with a similar problem or issue. Groups can be peers, a family, or a therapeutic group. Differences between helping people in a group setting and assisting them one-on-one are sometimes referred to as group dynamics, which include: Communication patterns Cohesion Group influence and conformity

Principles of Group Work

Group Facilitator & Optimum Group Size A facilitator generally takes an active role during the initial stages of establishing the group's structure and format. At this stage, ground rules are established and group members demonstrate their level of commitment to the group. Optimum group size depends on: The age of the clients The type of group Problems/issues to be explored The needs of the members The experience level of the social worker

Social Work and Substitute Care

Group Homes Staffed group care residences accommodating generally between two and eight young people are preferable to large institutions. Three factors are important in influencing a young person's experience in a group home: Creating an extrafamilial environment Responding to pain and pain-based behaviour Developing a sense of normality

Kinds of Groups

Groups: Collectives of People Striving for Change Groups generally fall into the following five categories: Self-help groups Educational groups Support/therapeutic groups Task groups Social action groups

Harmful Reactions to Mental Illness Stigmatization is the expression of

Harmful Reactions to Mental Illness Stigmatization is the expression of negative attitudes/ behaviour to individuals who share a certain characteristic. Persons with a mental illness are often stigmatized and outcast, even though they need the same understanding and support as persons with a physical illness. People who stigmatize others cast uninformed judgements on them and form fixed ideas about their illness. Stigma worsens the suffering caused by a mental health problem. Stereotyping is often expressed through demeaning labels, such as "psycho," "insane," "addict," or "junkie." Negative words as well as negative actions inflict emotional damage.

IN FOCUS: Advocacy and Alliances - Role of Social Workers

Healing and Strengthening Relationships The TRC recommends that before entering the profession, social workers must: Gain a knowledge of the legacy of residential schools and ways in which Indigenous people continue to be subjected to unfair policies and programs Become aware of the issues facing Indigenous communities, e.g., poverty on reserves and in Inuit communities

Portrait of Canada's older adults

Health Status People age differently. Becoming a senior does not automatically mean needing the services of a social worker. Some older adults remain fit; others face problems such as health concerns, loss of mobility, inadequate income and housing, prejudice, victimization, etc. It is in these more difficult situations that social service professionals get involved. Break the stereotype https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdH8TKA0Pu0 (2 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5v3eBvDXqw (2:14 mins) Waverley Mansion's - Call Me Maybe

Heteronormativity

Heteronormativity: the belief that people fall into distinct genders with natural roles and that heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation

Heterosexism

Heterosexism: a system of oppression that assumes heterosexuality is normal and superior

Disability & Social Welfare

History of Services After WW1, disability came under medical domain Veterans returned with war injuries (War Amps) After WWII, massive expansion of the welfare state established Social security programs established for spectrum of people with disabilities Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation teams established within medical framework Modern network of services includes both medical and social services

Disability & Social Welfare

History of Services Disability Rights movement developed in Canada in the 1970's Linked to & informed by different movements Rather than labels of 'defective' or 'handicapped', people with disability seen as minority group limited by functional limitation Rights of people with disabilities enshrined in the Charter of Rights & Freedoms (1982) Shift from viewing disability as a 'personal tragedy' to defining disability in terms of rights Deinstitutionalization Freeing our people: Updates from the long road to deinstitutionalization By Natalie Spagnuolo & Kory Earle JULY 4, 2017 https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/freeing-our-people-updates-long-road-deinstitutionalization

Disability & Social Welfare

History of Services No universal support care program for peoples with disabilities at Confederation British Poor Laws were implemented in Canada Outdoor Relief (begging) was a common form of assistance The Poor Laws (1601) gave persons with disabilities (classified as 'Deserving Poor') the license to beg Outdoor Relief supplemented by Indoor Relief in private homes Institutionalization = Indoor relief By mid-20th century special residential schools for blind & deaf children/adolescents built Provincial/specialized hospitals also built

Conservative/Corporatist Welfare States

Hold basic principles of authority, tradition and resistance to change Provide income maintenance to uphold status quo Do not redistribute income between the classes Employment-linked social insurance programs are financed through employee contributions Not focused on eradicating poverty or redistributing income between classes Little support for those with tenuous employment e.g. women, immigrants & racial minorities Typified by: Germany, Austria, & France

Social Work in Long Term Care Settings

Home care services include: Assessment of client needs Development of an in-home care plan Provision of nursing, therapy, and home support services Coordination of medical supplies Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the client Respite care to assist informal caregivers Discharge planning and coordination of placement

Homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia:

Homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia: fear and hatred of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, & transgendered persons

Social Work in Long Term Care Settings

Hospice/Palliative Care Special kind of health care for individuals and families who are living with a life-threatening illness, usually at an advanced stage. The goal is to provide the best quality of life for the critically or terminally ill by ensuring their comfort and dignity.

Aging and the LGBTQ+ Population

How Do LGBTQ+ People Experience Aging? An emerging field of study is looking at how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, queer, and intersexed (LGBTQ+) people experience aging compared to mainstream groups. LGBTQ+ seniors carry the added burden of whether to disclose their sexual orientation and relationships to caregivers.

The Aftermath of Sexual Assault

How Social Workers Can Help Social workers play an important role in: sexual assault crisis centres sexual assault helplines sexual assault and domestic violence care and treatment centres sexual assault survivor centres, and shelters or transition houses. Social workers educate the public about sexual violence, advocate for women, and campaign for policy and systemic change.

Canadian Human Rights Legislation

Human Rights Codes in Canada National human rights legislation in Canada began with the passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960. Provinces soon enacted similar legislation, and by 1975 all provinces had human rights codes. In general, both federal and provincial human rights laws prohibit the dissemination of hate propaganda and discrimination. We all have human right Similar legislation Prohibit dissemination

Women's housework: Is it valued?

I do nothing... I don't work... I'm just at home... I am spending time at home... I am a full-time house wife... "For the many roles they play as housekeepers, chefs and chief executive officers, stay-at-home mothers in Canada would earn about $126,593 a year if they were on a company payroll," a Mother's Day study says.

a). Male-Breadwinner Regimes

Ideology of male privilege based on division of labour within the family Preference for marriage/heterosexual relationships Male is viewed as the "head of the household," as family providers Women's role primarily domestic (mothers, wives) Results in unequal entitlements https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcqt0QzgUFU (3 mins: Women's unpaid work)

Toward Indigenous Self-Government

Idle No More Idle No More is an ongoing protest movement founded in December 2012. The movement comprises the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples and their non-Indigenous supporters in Canada, and to a lesser extent, internationally. It began in November, 2012, when three First Nations women and one non-Native ally in Saskatchewan held the first teach-in about proposed omnibus Bill C-45. This Bill threatened protection of water and forests and proposed the leasing of First Nations territory—which protesters perceived to be related to the Northern

Immigration

Immigration In 2001, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act was reformed so that same-sex partners can be recognized as members of the family class of immigrants. Now, a common-law partner is anyone who has been in a conjugal relationship for at least one year. Refugee processes also now recognize that people have legitimate refugee claims if they fear persecution in their country of origin due to their sexual orientation.

Implications of each type of service

Implications of each type of service Residual: • Limitation on cost • Society does not pay for services if it can be afforded privately Institutional: • Universal programs limit stigma • Difficult to find fair formula to administer selective program • Selective programs have limited constituency Cutting off people who wont be able to benefit

Improving Chances for Recovery

Improving Chances for Recovery The treatment approach depends on the type and severity of an individual's issues. The individual may receive psychosocial treatments (individual or group therapy) or biological treatments (medications), or both. Depending on the severity of the substance use and the severity of the mental illness, it may be necessary to treat one issue first, rather than treating both concurrently.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Essential Freedoms

In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms superseded the Canadian Bill of Rights. It guarantees: Freedom of conscience and religion, thought, belief, opinion, and expression, Peaceful assembly and association, Democratic rights, Geographical mobility rights, Legal rights (including the right to life, liberty, and security of person), and Equality rights regardless of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability Proceeded bill of rights

The Era of Moral Reform Charity Organisation Society (COS)

In Britain, the Charity Organisation Society advanced the concept of self help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty COS created to coordinate the efforts of many different charities (up to 640 charities) COS claimed to use "scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed." Target relief where it is most needed

IN FOCUS: Canada and the Refugee Crisis The Ravages of War

In March 2011, civil war began in Syria and has not stopped. By 2016, half of the Syrian population was dependent on humanitarian aid. The federal Liberal government that was elected in October 2015 brought 25,000 Syrian refugees to Canada. The task will be to resettle the newcomers, help them rebuild their lives, and encourage them as they begin to benefit from participation in Canadian society. 2016 the were seeking aid And most were traveling as refugees

The Great Depression - The 1929 crash

In the U.S. Roosevelt introduced the "New Deal," -putting Americans back to work (in public works/projects) Social Security Act & Unemployment Insurance also introduced Southern States unwilling to extend eligibility to Blacks PM Bennett introduced Employment and Social Insurance Act, 1935 "On to Ottawa Trek" (June 1935) & Regina Riot (July 1, 1935) Tensions of the Great Depression Poverty & bad working conditions led to protests RCMP stopped trekkers at Regina & riots broke out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rmimOcLjkA (5mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tftIonuipm0 2.07

Social Work Theories and Practice Models

In this chapter, you will learn how to... define what is meant by "theory" in social work understand the dynamic interaction between social work theory and social work practice situate and make sense of various theoretical perspectives in social work distinguish between various classical practice models used in social work understand some recent and innovative practice models analyze some creative and exciting practice tools (e.g., creative arts therapy, play therapy) used by practitioners in the field of social work today

Individuals, Groups, and Communities

In this chapter, you will learn how to... explain the importance of evidence-based practice identify the three fields of direct social work practice describe important attributes of social workers in a helping relationship explain the process of reflection-action-reflection in direct social work practice with individuals and families analyze skills needed when working with individuals and families discuss the importance of critical self-reflection in social work

Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders

Inappropriate/Excessive Use of Alcohol or Drugs A substance use disorder is a physiological and/or psychological dependency on a drug to sustain a sense of well-being and to avoid withdrawal symptoms. The overarching categories of substance use disorders are: Alcohol use disorders Cannabis use disorders Stimulant use disorders Hallucinogen use disorders Opioid use disorders

Children in Poverty in Canada y

Income is the strongest predictor of health outcomes Child poverty is linked with the income of their parents/guardians Market place not providing adequate income for Canadian families Lots of "working poor" parents in Canada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbkMT2P3NeY (2.30 mins) Financial strain can lead to family breakdown & contribute to social problems (e.g. crime) Not all children who live in families with low income are on social assistance

The Late 1890s and Early 1900s

Increase In Government Involvement In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a marked increase in government involvement in child welfare. Federal and provincial legislation was enacted that allowed the state to remove children from their parents or guardians. In the 1890s, Canadian provinces began to establish commissions to inspect the working conditions for children in factories. Several important women's organizations played an important role in the development of child and family welfare in this country, as well as in improvements to the status of women.

Historical Context Historical Context of Income Security

Indigenous Peoples were initial partners in exploration & trading Military alliances as the French & English struggled for imperialistic control "Indian problem" after settlement/colonization After colonization, Government of Canada faced with the task of 'taking care' of the Indigenous population https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb9f2L2u_JQ John Lagimodiere, a Métis from Saskatoon explains the basics of this troubled relationship. 11 mins

Social Care of Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous Peoples' traditions of helping included Bringing needs to community elders, Consulting traditional helpers & healers Utilizing spiritual ceremonies Elders, healers & helpers would share their knowledge, abilities, spiritual paths & experiences through: Oral traditions/histories & story telling Role modeling Ceremonies & sharing circles Herbal medicine Cohesive society before the settlers came

Indigenous Traditional Food Sources

Indigenous Traditional Food Sources Indigenous peoples of Canada have harvested and eaten traditional food sources from the land, water, and air since the time of creation. Eating patterns depended on seasons and where people lived: Coastal peoples ate seafood Inland peoples ate game foods In other regions of Canada and the Midwest, communities relied heavily on corn, beans, and squash

Community Well-Being Index

Indigenous communities at a distinct disadvantage of all measures of well-being Community Well-being Index comprises of: Income levels Education levels Housing quantity and quality Labour Force participation

Canada before the Europeans ...Most egalitarian period in the history of care & income security in Canada occurred prior to the arrival of Europeans

Indigenous groups had complex social structure for sharing wealth and ensuring collective responsibility for the weakest Custom, not laws, dictated the responsibilities of Indigenous society members.

Contrasting Approaches

Individual vs. Structural Orientation Child-protection legislation tends to take an individualistic approach—responsibility rests with the parent(s)/guardian(s) to provide a safe and supportive environment for the child. Many researchers and practitioners argue for an approach that addresses systemic issues, such as poverty and discrimination. This perspective acknowledges the relationship between personal struggles and the degree of adequacy of social conditions (or "structural imperatives").

Evidence-Based Practice

Informed and Effective Interventions Ensuring informed and effective interventions is important in all areas of social work, especially in the field of child welfare. Evidence-based practice ensures that social work interventions have the most effective outcomes and benefit the greatest number of people. Practitioners combine the latest research with their own experiences and client preferences to help guide the delivery of their services.

The Provision of Social Welfare Institutional View

Institutional View • Social welfare is a necessary public response • Helps people attain reasonable standard of life and health • People cannot always meet needs through family and work • Helps people by means of a publicly funded system of programs and institutions • Evens out economic stratification/division Necessary public response Degree of life and health Should provide as a matter of rights Limitation of costs

What Is Social Work Theory?

Integration of Theory and Practice Social work is especially noteworthy because of the close relationship between theory and practice. Social work theories inform action (practice). The reverse is also true—theoretical knowledge is developed and enhanced through practice. Social work theory can also bring to the forefront voices and ways of knowing that have traditionally been minimized, ignored, or excluded. Bringing new understanding

Interdisciplinary Team Work

Interdisciplinary Team Work In a hospital setting, the social worker is often a member of an interdisciplinary team that includes members of other health professions, such as: general medicine, nursing, nutrition, phsyiotherapy, occupational therapy, and psychiatry. The role of social workers is becoming more central in this holistic approach to health and healing, which addresses not only the physical aspects of health, but also the social, cultural, mental, and spiritual aspects.

Suicide Risk Reduction

Internal and External Protective Factors Internal factors may include: Individuals' resilience and ability to cope with stress Their religious beliefs Their levels of tolerance for emotional distress External factors may include: A feeling of responsibility toward others (e.g., children, partner, parents, siblings, friends, co-workers, pets) Positive therapeutic relationships with mental health professionals, including social workers Various social supports, such as an affiliation with a place of worship or a self-help group

International Variations

International Variations Among 30 countries that had comparable accounting systems in the OECD in 2012, the following data emerged: Spending per person on health care remained highest in the United States (US$8,745). Canada was in the top quartile of countries in terms of per person spending on health (US$4,602). Canada's spending was similar to that of Germany (US$4,811), Denmark (US$4,698), and Luxembourg (US$4,578).

4. Policy Work and Advocacy

International social workers play an important role in national & international organizations to help with policy formation & to advocate for international causes. developing refugee policies human rights protections community & economic development.

Roles of International Social Workers

International social workers work in a variety of national, international, and humanitarian organizations: intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, religious groups and humanitarian organizations, and community organizations

Social Work and the Struggle for Women's Equality

Intersectionality This concept refers to an approach used in critical social work that takes into account the complex interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other factors that impact life experiences.

Intersexuals:

Intersexuals: individuals with indeterminate genitalia

Dementia

It Is Everyone's Problem... Rapidly rising dementia rates mean the disease will touch more and more people in the future. There are no effective drugs and no cure—and in Canada, no national strategy for a major public health issue that will only keep growing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4FUmNTsIbM (6 mins) -Sexual consent between elderly adults with dementia. Sex, Dementia & a husband on trial at the age of 78. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/health/sex-dementia-and-a-husband-henry-rayhons-on-trial-at-age-78.html

The Implications of Immigration to Canada Enriching Canadian Lives A recent increase in Canada's racialized population has had several effects:

It has enriched Canada and the lives of its citizens. Social workers face a new set of issues: they need to be sensitive to religious and cultural differences within the populations they serve. They also need to deal directly with the damaging effects of discrimination and racism on the personal well-being of their clients. Enriched canada Diversity Social workers need to be sensitive deal directly Hate crimes

IN FOCUS: Temporary Foreign Workers in Canada Pressing Issues

It is difficult for people with temporary status to complain about mistreatment because they may simply be deported. Migrant workers are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Some employers underpay them, overcharge them for substandard accommodations, and expose them to dangerous working conditions. There are even documented cases of human trafficking. Vulnerable to abuse Over charged

Child Welfare Reform

John Joseph Kelso (1864-1935) J.J. Kelso was an Irish immigrant to Toronto and a child welfare pioneer. Helped found the Toronto Humane Society in 1887, which at the time aimed to prevent cruelty to children and animals Served as Superintendent of Neglected and Dependent Children in Ontario until retiring in 1934 Helped establish Children's Aid Societies throughout Ontario—60 by 1912—and in four other provinces

Indigenous Children and Their Families

Jordan's Principle Jordan's Principle calls on all government institutions and departments to ensure that children's needs are met first and jurisdictional disputes are resolved later. This approach was named for Jordan River Anderson, a child from Norway House Cree Nation in Manitoba. Jordan remained in hospital for several years because neither the federal nor the provincial government would take responsibility for funding his at-home care. He died in 2005 at the age of five.

Social Work Terminology

Key Concepts Foundational theories Practice theories/ models Ecological theory Cognitive theory Systems theory Structural theory Critical theory Anti-oppressive theory Generalist social work Empowerment Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Mindfulness Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) Solutions-focused practice model Narrative therapy Creative arts therapy Digital storytelling Play therapy Photovoice

A Brief History of Health-Care Policy in Canada

Key Events Leading up to Canada's Health-Care Model In 1947, Saskatchewan's Hospital Services Plan came into effect under the leadership of Premier Tommy Douglas.

A Brief History of Health-Care Policy in Canada

Key Events Leading up to Canada's Health-Care Model The Hall Report of 1964 recommended a comprehensive health service patterned on the Saskatchewan model. The Medical Care Act was passed in 1968. The Canada Health Act (1984) further strengthened the universal nature of the public health-care system in Canada.

Economic Theory Approaches

Keynesian Monetary Political Economy They have different views about the role of government regarding: Employment Causes of poverty Impact on social spending in society

Punishment for poverty

King Henry VIII made begging illegal for the undeserving poor Edward IV increased the punishment Hot iron "V" on their chest "S" on their forehead -as a second offence, or enslaved forever Death sentence Why is it easy to punish the poor? Not good to be poor at any time in history

Some persistent problems:

Lack of Funding There has been much discussion about the daycare crisis in Canada. There is a lack of government funding for child care. Costs are prohibitive and spaces are limited (with the exception of Québec, which has a public child-care system in place). The parents who most need help, often single mothers, face long waiting lists and struggle to find alternatives.

The Colonialization of Indigenous Peoples

Land Treaties Land treaties generally aimed to force Indigenous peoples to surrender land to the Canadian government.

Older Women & Income Security

Largest increase in poverty in last two decades is among elderly women. Women form the majority of the Canadian senior population Many factors limit women's resources during retirement: Work in lower-paying sectors Many are single in old age (men are more likely to remarry) Part-time, sporadic work history Less access to pensions, public or private

3 Pillars of Income Security Programs

Level 1 : Basic minimum income security Old Age Security (OAS) Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), & Spouse's Allowance (SPA) Level 2 : Social Insurance benefits Canada/Quebec Pension Plan (CPP) Level 3 : Private Pensions and Savings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zzs8Q3IcznU (2.18 mins) - David Chilton, The Wealthy Barber Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) Tax Free Savings Account (TFSA) Deferred Profit Sharing Plans (DPSP)

Liberal Anglo-Saxon Welfare States

Liberal refers to classical liberalism i.e. - minimum government interference & laissez-faire economies (Not liberal as a political ideology) They employ many principles from early English Poor Laws Provide low/minimum benefits - an incentive to work Benefits are limited, needs-based and selective Benefits are residual & as a "last-resort" Emphasis is on reducing taxation and expenditures and privatization. Examples: Canada, United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Ireland

Emergence of Social Work

Life in society changed from an agrarian to capitalistic and industrial system

Social Work in Long Term Care Settings

Long-term care commonly means nursing home or rehabilitation centre care, primarily for the elderly. Care involves specialty programs for persons with developmental, physical, mental, or emotional impairments. Phases of Long-Term Care: Pre-admission phase Admission phase Residency phase Discharge, transfer, or death phase

Inequalities for Indigenous People

Lower quality of health Admitted to hospital more than twice the rate of non-Indigenous Shorter life-spans Infant mortality 60% higher Life expectancy 10 years lesser than national average Death rate 2 - 4 times higher than national average

African Canadians' Experience of Racism "Driving while Black"

Many Black persons have had experiences of being stopped and questioned by the police while engaging in normal activities, such as driving or going to a movie theatre. The expression "driving while Black" emerged to describe this pattern of the racial profiling of Black people. James et al. (2010) provide many examples of how police officers in Halifax, Toronto, and Calgary negatively view Black men. Concept Police will stop them when having a normal dive Good car they will think the car is stolen Negatively targeting black men

Employment Programs

Many unemployed people with disabilities can & want to work Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities through EI Employability program for those with little or no attachment to workplace Labour Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities (2003) Federal government provides funding to province to improve employability programs Job coaching, counselling, subsidies, assistive devices etc.

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Client-Centred Care

Medical Social Work Practice Medical social work practice includes direct casework, group work, discharge planning, family consultation, patient advocacy, counselling for terminally ill patients, training of other professionals, and policy and administration. Almost every hospital in Canada has social workers employed in its departments, including emergency services, oncology, pediatrics, surgery, intensive care, rehabilitation, gerontology, and orthopedics.

Men's Poverty and Women's Poverty

Men's Poverty and Women's Poverty Women's poverty is caused by different factors compared to men's poverty. Men's poverty is usually more directly related to low-wage employment. Women's poverty arises from additional factors, such as divorce and separation, as well as their responsibilities as mothers, homemakers, and caregivers.

Social Democratic (or New Democratic)

Middle ground between liberalism and full-fledged socialism (socialist ideology) Favours public income security and high levels of government regulation of the economy Advocates for mixed economy consisting of private and public companies Key values: Social equality, social justice, economic freedom, & cooperation

(b) Mindfulness-Based Practice

Mindfulness involves purposefully paying attention to the present with an attitude of non-judgement and acceptance. Meditation is a primary practice or skill cultivated in mindfulness interventions Techniques include transformative breathing, stream of consciousness, intuitive writing, yoga, and tai chi Social worker self-care is a growing area that benefits from mindfulness practice Growing area Do not see people that are happy Stepping back from everything and practise mindfulness Inviting problems of their client inner resources to solve their problems

IN FOCUS: Social Work with Communities

Mobilizing for Social Change Bill Lee (1999) breaks down community work into a series of phases. These overlapping phases provide an idea of the process that constitutes community work. Pre-Entry Contact and Engagement Community Analysis Action Planning and Mobilization Conflict Resolution Evaluation

Solidarity with Modern Social Movements

Modern social movements are focused on global and environmental issues. These movements collaborate with grassroots organizations to respond to the oppressive political, economic, & social contexts of our daily lives e.g. Idle No More Anti-G20 Mobilization; Occupy movements Environmental justice/global climate change movements Anti-racist movements (e.g., Black Lives Matter

Equal Pay and Employment Equity

Moving Very Slowly toward Employment Equity From the 1950s onward, increasing numbers of Canadian women entered the labour force, although rarely on equal terms with men. The industries and occupations open to women were generally less prestigious. Women's incomes were inferior to those of men in the same occupations. Women were expected to tend to their children, husband, and household affairs, as well as earn an income outside the home.

Myths about Aging and Older Adults

Myth vs. Reality Myth: "To be old is to be sick." Reality: Most seniors are relatively healthy. Three quarters of Canadian seniors report that their health is good, very good, or excellent. Myth: "Most seniors live in nursing homes." Reality: Just 5 percent of men and 9 percent of women over age 65 live in health-care institutions; most are 85 or older. And the percentages have declined.

Practice Models Used in Social Work Today (d) Narrative-Based Practice

Narrative approaches focus on the meanings that people can find by creating their own life stories. A person's beliefs, skills, principles, and knowledge can be the means to help reclaim their lives. The social worker helps clients examine, evaluate, and change their relationship to a problem by acting as an "investigative reporter." The worker poses questions that help people externalize a problem and then investigate it thoroughly and reflectively. Solve the problem from the outside E.g. anger loosing relationships How is angry interfering with your relationship Review their new story Slide 27: Creative and Arts-Based Tools The Emergence of Innovative Tools "The introduction of imaginative techniques into the daily practice of social workers in a structured and systematic manner can greatly enhance the performance of practice." (Gelfend, 1988) Creative-arts therapy Play therapy Photovoice therapy- for social action -promotes dialogue and knowledge Gies disposable pictures of what is important Analys the pictures as we talk Clients tell stories in powerful wasy Drawing painting sculpture Play therapy is used with children Playing games While you talk

Toward Indigenous Self-Government

National Organizations The resurgence of Indigenous political activism that began in the 1970s led to the development of national organizations representing and uniting distinct constituent groups: The Assembly of First Nations (AFN), which represents First Nations in Canada The Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, representing Canada's Inuit population The Métis National Council The Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, representing off- reserve Aboriginal peoples, and The Native Women's Association of Canada

Promoting Human Rights Three Types of Human Rights

Negative rights (Liberty). Rights such as liberty and political participation strive to ensure protection from torture, false imprisonment, or summary execution. Positive rights (Equality). Justice, freedom from want, and full participation in society (e.g., employment rights, housing and health care, and social security). Collective rights (Fraternity). Usually enshrined in national and international law (self-determination, economic and social development, healthy environment, cultural heritage, and sustainability).

Erosion of the Welfare State: The Late 20th Century

Neo-Liberalism characterized this period. Advocates of neo-liberalism support extensive privatization, fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade, & reductions in government spending. Led to increasing income inequality, with the rich getting richer & the poor getting poorer. In many nations, economic restructuring & cutbacks to social programs have been imposed by international agencies, such as the World Bank & the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Increased income inequalities Slide 48: Erosion... Neoliberalism & globalization are challenges to social welfare & social work practice Growing integration of international markets for goods, services & finance Free trade agreements Increasing power of multi/trans-national corporations & international organizations Growing income & wealth gaps in countries & people Income tax favouring the wealthy Governments susceptible to global standards & poor/disadvantaged people negatively affected. Slide 49: Erosion of the Welfare State: The Late 20th Century Welfare became less universal and more targeted to specific categories of individuals & families. Increased emphasis was placed on demonstrating measurable results and on justifying every public dollar spent. Scientific management techniques and tighter funding imposed new ways of thinking Clients' needs no longer necessarily the priority What's the implication of all these to social work practice?

New Health and Social Service Networks

New Health and Social Service Networks The development of the CLSCs was not without controversy. Many of the CLSCs in the various communities evolved from the grass-roots initiatives of community organizers who wanted to maintain community control. During the mid-1970s, some Québec politicians were concerned that the CLSCs had become sites of left-wing protests and "revolution." By the early part of the 1980s, the Québec Government gradually forced the CLSCs to tailor their services to the unique needs of each local community but standardize their practices and focus on priority areas such as home care and mental health.

Collaborative Approaches to Child Protection

New Thinking Today's collaborative approaches are based on developing constructive and positive working relationships between social work professionals and family members. Family Group Conference (FGC). Interested parties plan out the child's safety and well-being. Mediation. Focus is on common goals and interests and mutually acceptable solutions that benefit the child. Cultural and/or Traditional Decision Making. Following community- or culturally-based models and practices. Signs of Safety. Collaboration between family members and child-protection workers to focus on safety planning.

The Provision of Social Welfare

New approach: The Structural Approach Used to criticize the different approaches Social problems and inequalities are seen as a built-in feature of a society Destroy a system and grow a new one Social policies stereotype and discriminate against groups of people based on their social locations such as race, age, gender, sexual orientation, class, & ability • Ideology: The system should be transformed/changed.• Inequality, exploitation, & oppression should be addressed

Causes and Treatment of Concurrent Disorders

No Simple Causes for Concurrent Disorders Mental health issues and substance use disorders affect each other in several ways: Substance use may make mental health issues worse. Substance use can mask mental health issues. Individuals often turn to substance use to relieve or avoid symptoms of mental health issues. Substance use may decrease the effectiveness of medications, and/or make people forget to administer their medications. If an individual relapses with one problem, the other problem can be triggered.

Non-Monogamy/Polyamoury

Non-Monogamy/Polyamoury Our culture is deeply invested in normative practices of heterosexual monogamy. Increasingly, however, non-monogamous and polyamorous communities and individuals are defending the moral and legal aspects of their relationships. Institutionalized non-monogamy in the form of polygamy can be seen as harmful to women, children, society, and the institution of marriage. But some female polygamists, polyamourists, and researchers question why we attribute harm to certain forms of non-monogamy (e.g., polygamy) but not to others (e.g., adultery).

Normal v. Abnormal Sexuality

Normal v. Abnormal Sexuality By 1900, much of the concern around sexual normality and abnormality was focused on whether people were engaging in sex primarily for reproduction (normal) or pleasure (deviant). Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) was a pioneer in creating categories of normal and abnormal sexual behaviour. In his work Psychopathia Sexualis, the heterosexual represents normality—Krafft-Ebing implicitly defined heterosexuality as reproductive sex between a man and a woman, and homosexuality as same-sex desire.

Multicultural Canada

Not able to trace their ancestry What generation of immigrant are you What brought them to this country Apart from the Indigenous peoples, everyone in Canada is an immigrant - no matter how many generations removed What generation of immigrant are you? What's your origin? What brought you or your (grand)parents to this country?

Selective Inclusion in National Programs

Old Age Pension Act (1927) - All but Métis excluded Unemployment Insurance Act (1940) excluded most Indigenous peoples Family Allowance (1944) included them In 1948, registered Indians aged 70+ years could apply for the monthly Allowance to Aged Indians. Old Age Security Act and Old Age Assistance Act (1951) First national program to apply to all Indigenous peoples Unemployment Assistance Act (1956) Applied to all but had lower benefit rates Social Assistance Rife with struggle between federal & provincial govts. Indian relief system replaced by access to mainstream welfare state in early 1960s

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

Older Adults—A Diverse Group The population aged 65 and older is not homogeneous. Differentiated by geography, culture & other social identities Living arrangements vary 56% live as part of a couple; 25% live on their own; 12% live with members of their extended family; and 7% live in a long-term care institution

The Colonialization of Indigenous Peoples

Opposition to Indigenous Self-Government In1960, the federal government granted First Nations the right to vote in federal elections. Both enfranchised and non-enfranchised Indigenous peoples now had the right to vote in federal elections. For the first time, citizenship for Indigenous peoples was not conditional upon their assimilation into mainstream Canadian society. However, the federal government remained opposed to Indigenous self-government.

Who Are Canada's Indigenous Peoples?

Original Inhabitants: First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Indigenous peoples are the original inhabitants of the portion of the North American landmass known as Canada. "Indigenous" and "Aboriginal" are collective terms that include: the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. "Indigenous peoples" is the preferred term.

Theoretical Approaches to Social Work with Older Adults

Other Approaches and Interventions Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and problem-solving therapy (PST) are used to treat mild to moderate forms of depression and anxiety. Therapeutic reminiscence encourages clients to summon positive memories. Spirituality. One of the fastest-growing approaches involves mobilizing an older adult's spirituality. Group and family-centred methods can help alleviate stressors experienced by extended family members in caring for an aging adult.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Other Rights Affirmed by the Charter Equality of the English and French languages The rights of children to be educated in either language The rights of Canada's Indigenous peoples The fact that all these rights and freedoms are guaranteed equally to male and female persons in Canada Rights of people living in Canada

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

Over next 35 years, the percentage of persons over 65 will double By 2031, 20% of population will be senior citizen (I in 5) Canadian seniors now outnumber children for 1st time, 2016 census shows (Share of seniors in Canada's population sees biggest increase since Confederation) By Éric Grenier, CBC News Posted: May 03, 2017 8:47 AM ET Last Updated: May 07, 2017 2:27 PM ET

Cultural Genocide

Over-representation in the Canadian Justice System Indigenous people represent 4.3 percent of the Canadian population, yet in 2016 they represented 25 percent of the inmates in federal prisons.

The History of Social Work

PHASE 1: The Era of Moral Reform (The 19th century) -Pre-colonial/Colonial Period PHASE 2: The Era of Social Reform (Turn of the 20th century to the 1930's) -The Industrial Period PHASE 3: The Era of Applied Social Science (Mid-20th century) -The Welfare State Period PHASE 4: Erosion of the Welfare State (The late 20th century) -The Era of Erosion PHASE 5: What Lies Ahead? (The 21st century)

Social Workers - Part of Response

Part of Response

Patriarchy

Patriarchy literally means "rule by the father," but in a broader sense, it has come to mean the domination of society by men and male interests.

The Concerns of Seniors

Pension Reform Canada's pension system needs urgent attention. Not everyone has a workplace pension—about 60% of Canadians must rely on public pension programs, supplemented by savings. Only about one third of Canadians take advantage of tax- assisted private savings through RRSPs. Almost $500 billion in unused RRSP contribution room is being carried forward.

Urbanization:

People moved from rural to urban communities and had fewer children Slums emerged & crime increased Industrialists exploited workers, including children à Children were exploited (worked at bargain-based wages), and not educated Urban charities, child welfare agencies and philanthropy became common Break in the arrangement of family Easy for big families on farms Industrialization caused people o move or men to leave to work They had fewer children and went to work Worked in the best ways

Undeserving Poor

People who were perceived to be poor because they were lazy or morally degenerate; not deserving of charity. Forced to work in the workhouses Example: Consider an individual who is unable to work. She often does not have enough to eat and in very real danger of losing her housing; is this person deserving or undeserving?

Categorization of the poor... Deserving Poor

People who were poor through no fault of their own; considered to be of good moral character E.g. women, children, elderly,

Social Work with Communities

People, Acting Together A community is a group of people who share either a geographical space, an identity, or an interest. Underlying community work is the belief that people acting together have the capacity to improve their own circumstances. Those involved have first-hand knowledge of their own situation and what is needed to change things for the better.

What Lies Ahead?: The 21st century

Policies of Conservative & Liberal governments affected by globalization & neoliberalism In 2015, PM Justin Trudeau talked about "growing the middle class" Do we have decreased inequality in Canada? Social workers still have an ethical responsibility to continue to advocate for social justice.

demographics

Population Planning Can you remember how you looked 10 years ago? ☺ Understanding a population's age composition can help policy makers plan for future social and economic challenges. Planning includes: Funding of pension plans and health-care systems Determining the number of immigrants needed to boost the labour force

British Poor Laws1536-1601

Population restored; Mass unemployment resulted First poor law passed in 1536, reiterated in 1601 Law aimed at individuals in society not engaged in labour force or "contributing to society" and considered "dependent" on others Able bodied were compelled to work and were punished for being idle and begging

Social Work Practice in Situations of Trauma

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder is a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock. PTSD typically involves disturbance of sleep, constant vivid recall of the experience, and dulled responses to others and to the outside world.

Moreover... New thinking/ideas of John Maynard Keynes started talking hold on the country Poverty and unemployment

Poverty and unemployment understood as result of economic and market-driven forces (rather than personal failing) Help for poor no longer local or family responsibility but seen as purview of government Government started taking responsibilities for the unemployable, seniors, single parents Social benefits introduced -e.g. Workers' Compensation, Mothers' Allowance, Income security for the elderly, Unemployment insurance program

From "individualism" to "social minimum" Poverty was seen as a result of personal failing or character flaw

Poverty became a social problem "Social minimum" - the notion that the community should ensure that all citizens enjoy at least a minimally decent standard of living Free public education Public library Public health Regulation of work conditions etc.

What Is Social Work Theory?

Practice Models (Practice Theories) Practice models (practice theories), which are built on foundational theories, are specific to how social work is practised in real-world contexts. Practice theories or models focus on factors that are important for practitioners in assessing a client's situation and working with a client to determine the most effective intervention. Examples include "client-centred models," "task- centred models," "strengths-based models," "cognitive behavioural therapy," "mindfulness," and "narrative therapy." Determine most effective intervention Look at what the client wasn't The task that need to be performed What are they good at How does their thinking effect their action How do they understand themselves Practising leads to action

Elder Abuse

Prevalence of Family Violence In Canada in 2013, more than 2,900 seniors (56.8 per 100,000) were the victims of family violence. The perpetrator in 43 percent of cases was an adult child of the victim; in 28 percent of cases, it was the victim's spouse. The rate of family violence toward senior females was higher than toward senior males (62.7 versus 49.7 per 100,000) (Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 2013).

The Independent Living Movement

Principles of Independent Living The Independent Living philosophy empowers consumers to make the choices that are necessary to control their community and personal resources. Independent Living is founded on the right of people with disabilities to: Live with dignity in their chosen community, Participate in all aspects of their lives, and Control and make decisions about their own lives.

Social Care of Indigenous Peoples Medicine Wheel for holistic well-being

Principles of the Medicine Wheel Wholeness Balance Connection Harmony Growth Healing Ives, Denov & Sussman (2015) Holistic well being Understand british

Pre-Industrial Child Welfare

Prior to 1890 The children of rural settler families typically worked at farming alongside other family members, and a strict division of labour was enforced. The wife and children existed as dependents of the family patriarch. By contrast, most Indigenous peoples of Canada believe that the connection of child to community is non- discretionary—it is the responsibility of everyone to meet the child's needs.

The Provision of Social Welfare

Private Welfare • Non-profit organizations - United way • Mandated to provide a service but not create profit • Registered by law • Receive funds from government and private sources • Earn money by providing services for other organizations • Governments are moving more and more towards this model to save money •receive money through government For-profit organizations • Provide services on a fee basis • May often be purchased by government on behalf of individuals • Purpose is to generate a profit for the owner of the organization Retirement home That is regulated by government

Income Security

Private and Public Plans Canada's disability income support system is based on a loose-knit set of programs. Publicly-funded disability programs. Provided by different levels of govt. Canada Pension Plan Disability, CPP-D; Employment Insurance - (EI)Sick Benefits; Disability Tax Credit, Veterans Disability Benefits; Disability Registered Retirement Savings Plan (Federal level) Family Benefits plan; ODSP; Workers' Compensation (Provincial), and General Welfare Assistance (Municipal plan).

Income Security

Private and Public Plans Privately-funded disability programs. Provided through private insurance plans or long-term disability plans as part of job benefits based on the amount of funding that the recipient has contributed directly to the plan, or funding that has been contributed to the plan on behalf of the recipient. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o30IfodtJbk (The story of Laura, 12.26) minutes)

An Overview of Health Expenditure Trends

Provincial Variations Health spending per person varies among provinces and territories. Total health spending per person is highest in Newfoundland and lowest in Québec. The amount spent per person reflects: The population of each province and territory and its health-care needs The organization of health services Personnel compensation The sharing of costs between public and private sectors

Income Security

Provincial and Territorial Disparities Canadians have a universal health-care system, but this does not extend to full support for people with disabilities. A disjointed system exists across the provinces: Similarities. There are similarities across the provinces and territories, e.g., the cost of wheelchairs, canes, eyeglasses, walkers, attendant care services, home care, and transportation. Differences. The differences are in the eligibility requirements and the amount of funding available.

The Provision of Social Welfare

Public Welfare Occurs at three levels of government: • Federal/National • Provincial/Territorial • Regional/Municipal Public welfare Funded through appeal boards Public non-government agencies: Advisory and appeal boards Members appointed from public by government Independent/Semi-independent

Social Welfare of Seniors: Sources of Seniors' Income

Public: Old Age Security (OAS) Canada or Quebec Pension Plan (C/QPP) Private: Investments, private pensions & RRSPs Employment Freedom 85: Why should you retire at 65? http://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/freedom-85-staying-in-the-workforce-1.4066767

The Advantages of a Public Health-Care System

Publicly Funded Health Care Is Desirable Public medicare has important advantages over a private health-care system: Public financing spreads the costs across society, rather than only to those who are unfortunate or sick. Financing health insurance through taxation is efficient; it does not require a separate collection process. Medicare encourages Canadians to seek preventive care services and to treat problems before they worsen. The government can cut costs, as it is largely a single buyer of health care supplies and services.

Queer Theory

Queer Theory as a Response Over the past 20 years or so, Queer theory has emerged as a way to explain sexuality and gender. Queer theory is partly a response to the realization that many people do not fit neatly into the binary oppositions of man-woman, heterosexual- homosexual, and so on.

A Brief History of Race Relations in Canada Racism

Racism is the belief that some human groups have particular (usually physical) characteristics that make them superior or inferior to others. Racist behaviour can be: Overt, such as treating some people negatively according to their race or colour, or Covert, such as when society systemically treats groups according to some form of discriminatory judgement Race relationship were not smooth in Canada Open racism because of colour And covert racism society is against them as individuals No resources Higher mortgages Selling phone to some and not all Not being in group with minority because not as smart as you

Toward Indigenous Self-Government

Reaffirmation of Indigenous Rights to Land Indigenous rights to land, rights that are inextricably linked to the principle of Indigenous self-government, is perhaps the most important reaffirmation that is needed at this time. Indigenous peoples across Canada are finding their own voice and pursuing political, financial, and moral control over their lives. A dialogue and partnership with the rest of Canada is slowly evolving. Grassroots movements, such as the Idle No More movement, are critical to this process.

Queer Activism

Reclaiming "Queer" A disparaging term once directed at gay men and lesbians, "queer" has been reclaimed by LGBTQ+ communities to celebrate all persons whose sexual and gender expressions differ from heterosexual norms. In the 1990s, queer activism popularized the term "queer" to be more inclusive of sexual minorities and other marginalized people, and reflect the belief in an identity that is more ambiguous and fluid than gay, lesbian, or homosexual.

...social democratic

Recognizes the influence of social location in accessing labour market opportunities Advocates for universal programs, full employment & citizenship engagement Believes in the common good of the people and nation through cooperation Use national income for social programs Challenges globalization Trivia: Who is the Leader of NDP?

Signs and Symptoms of Mental Illness

Recognizing the Signs Depression lasting for longer than a few weeks Confused thoughts, delusions, and/or hallucinations Extreme fears or anxiety that seem "out of proportion" to circumstances or events Lack of motivation for a prolonged period of time Persistent feelings of helplessness/hopelessness Loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed Extreme mood swings between depression and mania, sometimes with overly reckless behaviour Difficulty concentrating and/or sudden irritability Disruption in sleep patterns Talk or thoughts of suicide

What Factors Influence Recovery?

Recovery Is an Individualized Process Social workers must adapt to the diversity of persons living with mental illness. Factors that influence recovery include: Access to education and employment opportunities Quality and availability of treatment Supportive social networks Ability/willingness to participate in one's own treatment Support from family members (financial/emotional/social) Tools such as the Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP), a peer-led mental illness self-management program grounded in concepts such as hope, education, empowerment, self-advocacy, and interpersonal connection

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Indigenous Peoples

Redressing Past Injustices An Indigenous approach to social work practice should be consistent with four key principles: The recognition of a distinct Indigenous world view The development of consciousness regarding the destructive impact of colonialism on Indigenous peoples An emphasis on the importance of cultural knowledge and traditions The concept of Indigenous empowerment These principles need to be practised alongside adherence to a holistic approach, a belief in equity, Aboriginal self-control, and a respect for diversity.

"The Third World"

Refers to the underdeveloped countries of Central & South America, Africa, &Asia. These countries are also referred to as the "Global South" or the "Developing Countries." Exploited by first world countries Stealing of resources Colonialism wants to leave these countries the way they are

Challenges for Social Work Practice

Relationship building. Social workers will need more advanced relationship-building skills. Collaborative practice. Working "with" individuals, families, and communities will be increasingly important. Interdisciplinary practice. Teams (e.g., social workers, psychiatrists, family-care workers) enhance practice. Evidence-based practice. Pressure to show measurable results in relation to the interventions with their clients. Community-based practice. Mutual learning can replace the imposition of Western world views. Mobility. Information technologies make geographic boundaries meaningless.

English Poor Law Reforms of 1832

Resentment developed over aid Expensive Created dependency Ideological trends Hostility toward the poor Blaming the poor for being poor The Principle of "Less eligibility" Benefits are lower than the lowest wage Those who receive benefits should be poorer than those who worked Their goal was to make it shameful

IN FOCUS: Advocacy and Alliances

Respecting Indigenous Sovereignty Social workers can be allies? Here are just a few of the ways: Respect and support Indigenous sovereignty Learn about treaties Question racist stereotypes (including names and mascots) Learn about Indigenous peoples and their programs and organizations

Role: Promoting Human Rights What Are Human Rights?

Rights inherent to our nature, without which we cannot live as human beings: individual political, civil, collective cultural, social, and economic rights

Warning Signs

Risk Factors That Increase the Possibility of Suicide Suicidal behaviour (a history of suicide attempts or self-injury) Current/previous mental health issues Family history (history of suicide within the family) Key symptoms (e.g., anxiety/panic, insomnia, hallucinations) Precipitating factors (events that trigger feelings of humiliation, shame, or despair (financial burden, loss of a relationship) Related stressors (other medical issues can perpetuate more stress; intoxication can also be a factor) Interpersonal factors (family turmoil or chaos, history of physical or sexual abuse, or social isolation) Access to weapons and firearms

Slide 35: Social Gospel Movement - J. S. Woodsworth (1874 - 1942)

Said Canada was "leaving the country for the city" as he saw urbanization & industrialization He strongly influenced Canadian social policy. Many of the social concepts he pioneered are represented in contemporary programs such as social assistance & Medicare.

Scientific Theories of Homosexuality

Scientific Theories of Homosexuality Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), a German lawyer, was a pioneer of the gay and lesbian rights movement. He viewed homosexuality as inborn and natural, and was vocal in the fight to decriminalize sodomy. Ulrichs created categories of the Urning (a female caught in a male body) and Urningin (a male caught in a female body) to make sense of same-sex attraction.

Second-Generation Sexologists

Second-Generation Sexologists The Kinsey Report, published in 1948 as Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, found that 37% of men had had a homosexual experience. The report showed that people's sexual behaviours combined so- called perverse behaviours with those considered normal. In 1953, he published a second report, titled Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.

IN FOCUS: Theorizing Violence against Women

Seeking Answers Power theory. This theory argues that violence against women is a societal problem that occurs mainly because of the power imbalance between men and women, and more specifically because of the dominance of men and traditional male roles. This theory is consistent with a structural or feminist approach to social work. Learning theory. The main idea behind this theory is that violence is a behaviour learned in childhood. The emphasis of this theory is on changing behaviour through education and counselling. Seeking Answers Anger-control theory. This theory emphasizes that men must be held accountable for their violent behaviour. Those who hold to this theory tend to favour a criminalization and punishment- based social work approach. Cycle-of-violence theory. This theory avoids trying to explain why violence occurs; rather, it uses a three-step process to describe what happens in individual relationships.

Selection of Group Members

Selection of Group Members Selecting group members depends on factors such as: Common experiences/common problems Motivation Age, gender, and sociocultural factors Clear expectations that the group members will help solve a problem together

Combatting Oppression, Discrimination, and Stigma

Self-Acceptance Many members of LGBTQ+ communities experience internalized homophobia and struggle with self-acceptance Providing Support There are two extremes in social work counselling involving lesbians, bisexuals, transgendered or transsexual persons, and gay men: Those who exaggerate the difficulties of living in a heterosexist society Those who assume that sexual orientation and gender identity make no difference to a person's experience, attitudes, or behaviour The challenge is to find a middle path between these two extremes in order to provide balanced support to members of queer communities.

Sexism

Sexism refers to prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex—it can be blatant or subtle.

Sexual Violence

Sexual Trauma Intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and gender-based violence are of concern in the LGBTQ+ community. Social work with survivors of sexual trauma can involve: Helping them to cope with stigma and shame Helping them rebuild a sense of security and dignity Accompanying them through the medical system and/or the legal process Giving them an opportunity to speak openly about their feelings Ensuring that they have a say in decision making processes and in what their healing will look like

Sexual orientation: emotional,

Sexual orientation: emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to another person, independent of gender identity or role

Expansion of Child Welfare Legislation

Shifting Trends During the post-war period, hundreds of pieces of new child welfare legislation were introduced across the country, altering how child welfare workers can best perform their roles. There was a shift from volunteers to a more professionalized service delivery system. Provincial governments began to accept direct responsibility for the delivery of child welfare services. Social work agencies began to develop and implement risk-assessment models and standardized record-keeping methods.

The Era of Social Reform

Social Gospel, Social Work, and Social Action During this period of social reform, the social gospel movement had an influence on Canadian social work Movements for a more socially oriented church began to appear within the major Protestant churches Applied Christian ethics to social problems Using the church Problems of addiction and poverty and child labour

Social services provided through:

Social Policies The overall rules and regulations, laws, and other administrative directives that set the framework for state social welfare activity. Child welfare legislation Different polocies Policies become laws Setting framework Policies give birth to programs Social Programs Specific initiatives that implement social welfare policies. Programs are interventions for policies Hospital Safe injection sites Solves protection policies Police services Various programs to implement policies

The Era of Social Reform

Social Work & the Great Depression In 1929, American stock market crashed, leading to global economic stagnation 1930s period of mass unemployment 1933, nearly one-quarter of labor force unemployed Depression shattered idea that market forces should be left unregulated Unemployment requires national response rather than local charity response 1941 census records 1,805 Canadian social workers (65% increase over 1931)

Bio-psychosocial Assessment The major domains of assessment for older adults are physical health, competence in activities of daily living, psycho-emotional well-being, social functioning, spirituality, sexuality, and environmental safety. Following the assessment phase, the social worker must help the individual and the individual's family examine various possible courses of action.

Social Work with Older Adults

Toward Hope and Empowerment The social work profession is moving from a deficit-based approach to a strengths-based practice. Aging well, maintaining dignity, and being treated respectfully are vitally important to older people. Social workers can help to ensure dignity and respect for their older clients, and at the same time address some of the ageist attitudes in our society.

Social Work with Older Adults: Gerontology

Working with Urban Indigenous Populations

Social Work with Urban Indigenous Populations Social work with urban Indigenous populations might look very different depending on factors such as: How long someone has lived in the city, The degree to which culturally-specific services are important to individuals, Whether they speak an Indigenous language (and whether an interpreter is needed), and To what extent services for Indigenous peoples already exist

Social Inclusion Approach to Social Welfare

Social inclusion literature came out of Europe in 1980s Meant to address growing social divides Recently social policy analysts have begun to outline social welfare within a "social investment" framework The goal is social inclusion - rather than 'raising the bar' 'remove the bar' ( remove barriers to social inclusion) Recognizes multi-dimensional nature of problems consider non-economic aspects of society that lead to social exclusion (e.g. education, health care access,& political participation)

The Provision of Social Welfare

Social programs & services are delivered through: • • • Public Welfare Private Welfare - Non-Profit - For-Profit For private organizations

Social Gospel Movement - J. S. Woodsworth (1874 - 1942)

Social reformer and Methodist minister Influenced by other settlements in London (England) and the US Appointed as superintendent of ALL Peoples Mission in Winnipeg @ age 34. Don't need to know dates

IN FOCUS: Making Sense of Social Work Theories "Conventional" vs. "Progressive" Approaches

Social work professor Ben Carniol at Ryerson University suggests that social work theory can best be understood if we look at broad clusters or groupings. Two such examples are: "Conventional" approaches, e.g., ecological, cognitive, and systems approaches to social work "Progressive" approaches, e.g., structural, critical, and anti-oppressive approaches The following table summarizes this way of understanding various perspectives and approaches. Traditional approach

What Is Social Work Theory? Individual-Level vs. Structural-Level Theories

Social work theories are sometimes classified into two broad groupings: Individual-level theories, which focus on individuals and their immediate interactions with others. Emily suffering from a genetic depression, causing her to neglect her child It may be a societal problem Environment is effecting her Structural-level theories, which emphasize social structures, processes, and systems and how they shape people's experiences, both positively and negatively. Schools government businesses churches Telling what we can and cant do

International Social Work? 1. Domestic Practice with International Implications

Social workers contribute to international causes through work at home in their own country e.g. through refugee settlement and international adoption work. International adoption agencies hire social workers to link prospective parents with overseas agencies guide them through the process & ensure that the child's rights are protected.

2. International Direct Practice

Social workers join international development agencies & other agencies that contribute directly to communities around the world. disaster relief community development education

A Role for Social Workers Advocating on Behalf of New Canadians

Social workers must be able to provide the necessary information and support services to help guide immigrants through a difficult period as they enter a new country. It is necessary to advocate on behalf of such newcomers, with governments, professional associations, educational institutions, and employers. Giving support systems to help new immigrants Long time for them to fit int society

3. Professional Exchange between Nations

Social workers often travel abroad to participate in professional exchange opportunities (such as international conferences and training sessions). These activities are a growing aspect of social work that link those involved & help to improve practice and policy.

Shifting Theoretical Understandings

Society and Sexual Behaviour The second generation of sexologists suggested that our social world plays a significant role in shaping our sexual desires and behaviours; challenged heterosexism; and were influenced by the feminist movement, which challenged the notion of a woman's "natural" place in society, suggesting that the "female" gender role is defined as much by social expectations as by any innate characteristics.

(c) Solutions-Focused Practice

Solutions-focused practice models are based on the belief that people have the necessary inner resources to resolve their problems and contribute to their own growth and change. (Corcoran and Pillai, 2009; Kim et al., 2010; Lee, 2013) End result and how do you get there

Spousal Benefits

Spousal Benefits Bill C-23 passed in 2000, with the definition of "marriage" remaining as is ("the lawful union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others"), but the definition of "common- law relationship" expanded to include same-sex couples. The bill thus gives same-sex couples who have lived together for more than a year nearly all the rights and responsibilities ascribed to heterosexual married couples.

Who Are Canada's Indigenous Peoples?

Status and Non-Status Indians Status Indians are persons of Aboriginal ancestry who are registered as Indians according to the Indian Act. Non-Status Indians are not, or have lost the right to be, registered as Indians as defined by the Act, but identify with the Indian community culturally and/or linguistically.

Immigration and Disability

Structural Barriers Oppressive laws (like Eugenics in the 1800's & 1900's) http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/eugenics/ Accessibility ( Accessible housing & transportation etc.) http://london.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=305587&binId=1.1137796&playlistPageNum=4 Accessibility at a Tim Hortons (3 mins) Lack of employment opportunities Canada's immigration laws as a structural barrier for peoples with disability

2. Progressive Perspectives (a) The Structural Perspective

Structural social work considers all dimensions of personal problems, while being particularly attuned to the less "visible" structural elements, such as: Categories of difference Social class Race Gender- female- male - transgender Ability- disability Sex - sexuality age Rich or poor All about your social circumstances Effecting people on personal levels

Keeping Accurate Records Practitioners who work with abused women often find it difficult to keep accurate records because they know that these records might be entered as evidence in court proceedings. Social workers must be mindful of this possibility. Social workers are expected to keep records or written documents that detail: The client's situation The intervention(s) used, and The outcomes

Supporting Survivors of Abuse

IN FOCUS: The Health-Care System in Québec

Sweeping Changes to Health-Care Delivery With the election of a Liberal government under Jean Lesage in 1960, Québec entered what is generally referred to as the Quiet Revolution. This period was marked by a radical transformation of Québec society in which the State took over control of health and social services. Prior to the Quiet Revolution, at least for the French- speaking population of Québec, health and social services were mostly under the control of the Catholic Church.

Sweeping Changes to Health-Care Delivery

Sweeping Changes to Health-Care Delivery With the election of a Liberal government under Jean Lesage in 1960, Québec entered what is generally referred to as the Quiet Revolution. This period was marked by a radical transformation of Québec society in which the State took over control of health and social services. Prior to the Quiet Revolution, at least for the French- speaking population of Québec, health and social services were mostly under the control of the Catholic Church.

Systemic Risks

Systemic Risks The persistent over-representation of Aboriginal families in investigations of child maltreatment cannot be fully understood through the dominant individual and forensic perspectives. Over-representation is tied to low incomes and poor housing conditions in Aboriginal communities. It is exacerbated by social issues of substance use and domestic violence. Aboriginal over-representation in child abuse and neglect investigations can also be linked to historical practices, in particular, the period of the "Sixties Scoop" and the placement of First Nations children in residential schools.

Social Work in French Canada The Duplessis Era

The 1940s and 1950s in Québec were designated as "la grande noirceur—the great darkness" (Mayer, 2002). Supported by the alliance between the Québec establishment and the Catholic Church, the Duplessis government believed that the responsibility for the poor rested with municipalities and parishes, and not with the provincial government (Mayer, 2002).

The Rise of Community Activism

The 1950s In the 1950s, the psychiatric profession considered homosexuality to be a mental disorder. The profession's response included administering drugs to people, performing lobotomies, and subjecting gay men and lesbians to electroshock treatment. Some lesbians also endured hysterectomies and estrogen injections.

Social Work in French Canada The More Recent Period in Québec

The 1960s and 1970s were characterized by an interventionist policy in health and social services. The decades since have seen a complete reorganization of the "welfare state" involving major cutbacks in services. This was followed by a reduction of state-sponsored programs, a bureaucratization of the profession, and an off-loading of services to the private sector.

Welfare program expansion

The 1966 Canada Assistance Plan Family Allowance Act,1944 The Old Age Security Act, 1951 The Unemployed Assistance Act, 1956 The Canada/Quebec Pension Plan, 1965 The Unemployment Insurance Act, 1971

Era of Applied Social Science:

The 20th Century -The welfare state period Public acceptance of government intervention & the consolidation of Keynesian economic principles Beveridge Report in the UK & Marsh Report in Canada (1943)

The Advantageous Role of Community Health Centres

The Advantageous Role of Community Health Centres There is growing interest in the CHC model across the country, to cut costs and as a community-based approach. Focus is on prevention, education, community development, social action, and health promotion CHCs address four main determinants of health: living and working conditions, available social support, individual behaviour, and genetic makeup Social workers are central to the provision of both direct care and community development in the CHC model of health-care delivery

Generalist Social Work Practice

The Aim of Generalist Social Work Practice The basic goal of generalist social work practice is to facilitate the social well-being and social functioning of the person in his or her environment. Generalist social workers: Rise above personal preferences to advance the social well-being of others through their practice Constantly monitor and evaluate personal and professional influences that affect how they work with clients to bring about change Understand where they are coming from and how you effect them How to fix when you are seen as the oppressor Code of ethics needs to be followed. Good standard of practise Integrate the relevant codes of conduct and adhere at all times to explicit standard-of-care tenets

IN FOCUS: The Health-Care System in Québec

The Castonguay-Nepveu Report In 1966, Premier Jean Lesage mandated Claude Castonguay and Gérard Nepveu to chair a commission of inquiry into health and welfare (Commission d'enquête sur la santé et le bienêtre social, CESBES). The report, known as the Castonguay-Nepveu Report, was published in 1970 and provided a blueprint for the reorganization of health and social services in Québec.

The Central Role of Social Workers

The Central Role of Social Workers The goals of social workers in interdisciplinary teams might include helping a client: Cope with a new diagnosis, such as diabetes or cancer Face and cope with a diagnosis of a terminal illness Enter a parenting role successfully Interface with providers of long-term care Adjust to being discharged from hospital and benefit from appropriate post-discharge supports for recovery

The Components of Feminist Social Work Practice

The Components of Feminist Social Work Practice A core belief is that social structures and gender stereotypes perpetuate women's subordination. Many feminist principles and concepts are similar to those of social work practice, such as empowerment and examining society through a critical lens. In her 1995 book Feminist Practice in the 21st Century, Helen Land, an accomplished feminist clinical practitioner & professor, outlines 13 components of feminist social work practice.

IN FOCUS: The Social Determinants of Health

The Components of Well-Being The primary factors that shape the health of Canadians are not medical treatments or lifestyle choices but rather the living conditions we experience. These conditions are known as the social determinants of health. "A health care system—even the best health care system in the world—will be only one of the ingredients that determine whether your life will be long or short, healthy or sick, full of fulfillment, or empty with despair." The Honourable Roy Romanow, 2004

4. Erosion of the Welfare State: The Late 20th Century

The Dismantling of the Welfare State Following the 1980s, advanced capitalist countries such as Canada systematically began to dismantle the welfare state. From institutional to residual perspective of social welfare Responsibility for the well-being of citizens shifted from the community to individuals and families. Much of the social welfare foundation established in Canada after World War II began to unravel.

A Brief History of Health-Care Policy in Canada

The Fight for Universal Health Care Prior to the late 1940s, access to health care was based solely on one's ability to pay. According to the British North America Act of 1867, the federal government exerts a strong influence on Canadian health policy, but the provinces manage health care. Provinces moved slowly toward universal public health care only under pressure from non- governmental groups.

A Brief History of Health-Care Policy in Canada

The Fight for Universal Health Care The Marsh Report of 1943—which detailed the need for comprehensive, universal social programs, including health care—is a critical event in the history of social welfare. Canadian historian Michael Bliss described the Marsh Report as "the most important single document in the history of the Welfare State in Canada." By 1966, most of Marsh's recommendations had become law in Canada.

The Four Waves of the Feminist Movement

The Four Waves of the Feminist Movement First Wave (1840s-1920s). Included the temperance movement, women's missionary and charitable activities, and the suffragette movement. Second Wave (1960s-1980s). Had a profound impact through the creation of consciousness-raising groups that questioned gender roles and traditional power relations. Third Wave (1980s-2000s). Focused more attention on the idea of intersectionality, calling for a recognition that gender, ability, age, race, sexuality, class, and nationality intersect in shaping women's experiences. Fourth Wave (emerging). Embraces digital technologies, including social media, as tools in women's advancement.

A Treasure Trove of Practice Models

The Functional Practice Model in Social Work (Jessie Taft & Virginia Robinson, 1930's) The Client-Centred Practice Model (Carl Rogers, 1950's) The Rational-Emotive Practice Model (Albert Ellis, 1950's) The Task-Centred Practice Model Achieving desired outcomes (Reid & Epstein, 1977) The Strengths-Based Practice Model Positive asset search (Dennis Saleeby & colleagues: Charles Rapp & Ann Weick) Making change in their lives Client empowerment Change clients current state of mind What happened in the past in the present Selection point of view of what works for you and the client How to set goals What is the focus that you need

The Post-World War II Period

The Growth of Scientific Knowledge The post-World War II period saw an expansion of research and of empirical knowledge related to child welfare and child maltreatment in particular. For example: Battered-child syndrome. American pediatrician Dr. C. Henry Kempe identified child abuse as a regular and recurring aspect in many households rather than a sensational exception. The Badgley Report. In 1984, the Badgley Report revealed that: 1 out of 2 females and 1 out of 3 males had at some point been the victim of unwanted sexual acts 4 out of 5 of these acts took place during childhood or adolescence.

The Health Gap

The Health Gap The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) points out that the health gap between First Nations people and the general population is widening. Sixty-two percent of adult Canadians over the age of 15 reported their health as being excellent or very good. However, only 58 percent of Métis, 53 percent of First Nations people living off reserve, and 50 percent of Inuit adults identify their health as excellent or very good (Canadian Community Health Survey, 2005; Aboriginal People's Survey, 2006).

Social Work with Individuals and Families

The Helping Relationship Most social workers spend their time with clients in private or public agencies or in private practice. Social work with individuals aims to help people resolve problems or change their situations on a one-to-one basis. A social worker works collaboratively with the client, not for the client, in a helping relationship. Three important attributes in the client-practitioner relationship are warmth, empathy, and genuineness. The helping relationship is central to social work when working with a couple, a child and a parent, or entire families.

The Heterosexual Is Invented

The Heterosexual Is Invented In 1892, American doctor James Kiernan was the first to use the terms "heterosexual" and "homosexual" (though differently than we use the terms today). Heterosexual: people who were seen as deviant because they had sex primarily for pleasure, not procreation, and who were erotically attracted to people of both sexes. Homosexual: people whom we would now think of as transgendered—people who bend or cross conventional gender roles. The beginning of the 20th century marked a shift in how people made sense of these desires and behaviours.

The Independent Living Movement

The ILM's Philosophy The philosophy of the Independent Living Movement is to encourage and assist persons with disabilities achieve self-direction over the personal and community services needed to attain their own independent living. The ILM can be traced to the Cowell Residence Program at the University of California, Berkeley in the 1960s. In 2015, a total of 25 ILRCs were operating across Canada.

The Importance of Destigmatization in Mental Health

The Importance of Destigmatization in Mental Health Stigma affects everyone. To support individuals who are struggling with a mental illness, it is important for social workers to recognize the various forms that stigma can take, the many negative ways in which it can affect individuals, and some effective strategies to decrease stigmatization. Developing awareness of how stigma and stereotypes affect others and questioning our own attitudes and feelings are ways to decrease stigma on an individual basis. This is especially important for social workers to understand and practise.

The Innovative Nature of the CLSCs

The Innovative Nature of the CLSCs The most innovative of the new structures was the CLSCs. Described as being in the forefront in terms of the development of community health centres in Canada, Québec created the CLSCs to provide a multi-service "one-stop" agency for the provision of basic health and social services throughout the province.

Who Are Canada's Indigenous Peoples?

The Inuit The Inuit are Aboriginal peoples of Canada that have traditionally used and occupied, and currently use and occupy, the lands and waters ranging from the Yukon and Northwest Territories to northern Québec (Nunavik) and Labrador (Nunatsiavut). April 1, 1999, marked the creation of Nunavut, a new territory formed from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories. The agreement between the Inuit of Nunavut and the federal government recognizes that the Inuit are best able to define who is an Inuk (or member of the Inuit peoples) according to their own understanding of themselves.

Portraits of Canada's Older Adults

The LGBTQ+ Population Current research estimates suggest that up to 7 percent of the senior population is openly LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer). That number is expected to double by 2030 (Sheldon, 2014; Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2011).

Indigenous Children and Their Families

The Legacy of Colonialism The impoverished conditions of Indigenous peoples are rooted in a legacy of colonialism and policies that for decades separated children from their families. Research confirms that the average child poverty rate for Indigenous children is 40 percent, in contrast to the average child poverty rate for all children in Canada, which is 17 percent. One in two (50 percent) of Status First Nations children lives in poverty in a First Nations community. First Nations child-welfare agencies are chronically underfunded.

The MHCC's Main Objectives

The MHCC's Main Objectives The MHCC was tasked originally with three major objectives: To develop a national mental health strategy To oversee the development and implementation of an anti-stigma and anti-discrimination campaign To create a Knowledge Exchange Centre, with the aim of mobilizing evidence-based knowledge to improve best practices and increase dialogue about mental health issues across Canada

Distinguishing Mental Wellness from Mental Illness

The Mental Health Continuum All of us lie somewhere on the mental health continuum, depending on our unique genetic makeup, environmental factors, family dynamics, and stressors in our lives. Mental wellness. At one end of the continuum is "mental wellness." Mental wellness exists when there is a reasonable balance in all aspects of one's life—physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and spiritual. Mental illness. At the other end is "mental illness," a term referring to a range of emotional and mental health problems that may be long-lasting and that may interfere with family, school, social, or work-related activities.

IN FOCUS: Alzheimer's Disease

The Most Common Form of Dementia Alzheimer's, the most common form of dementia, slowly destroys nerve cells in the brain. It is considered an illness and not a normal part of aging. There are no drugs that cure Alzheimer's, but there are medications that can help relieve some of the symptoms.

Who Are Canada's Indigenous Peoples?

The Métis The Métis are descendants of the historic Métis—those whose origin can be traced back to the Red River in the early 1800s. Located mainly in the prairies and the north They formed a language and culture that was a unique blend of Indian and European cultures. On April 14, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that both non-Status Indians and Métis are now considered "Indians" under the Constitution.

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

The Nature and Extent of the Disability To be able to cope effectively, family members must be treated with dignity and respect, and they need to be involved in all aspects of treatment. The onset of disability can lead to many new relationships between family members and professionals (especially medical professionals). Uncertainty, use of medical jargon, and lack of information can create tension and frustration for family members.

Pre-Industrial Child Welfare

The Period from 1867 to 1890 The period from 1867 to 1890 saw new laws that began to change the exalted position of husbands and fathers, but times remained difficult for children and women. The legislative right of men to inflict arbitrary and severe punishment on their wives and children was beginning to be challenged. This period also saw the beginning of a campaign to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream Canadian society. The Indian Act (1876) exemplified the colonizers' patronizing views toward First Nations and their children.

Emerging Approaches to Child Welfare

The Period from 1990 to the Present The 1990s saw heightened media attention paid to the deaths of children known to child protection authorities. By 2002, eight Canadian provinces had adopted some form of risk-assessment tool (Swift, 2011: 52). http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/documents/childrensaid/Child-Protection-Tools-Manual-2016.pdf Ministry of Children & Youth Services (2016). Ontario Child Protection Tools Manual. See pages 23-25.

Poor Relief

The Poor Laws signaled an important progression from private charity to public welfare, where the care and supervision of the poor was the responsibility of each town, village, or hamlet. Private charities to social welfare

The Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS)

The Prevalence of Disability The Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) population consisted of all persons who answered "yes" to either of the long-form census questions on activity limitations. The Conservative government discontinued the long-form census in 2010, and PALS was discontinued even though this was an authoritative source of data on disability across Canada. One of the first initiatives of the new Liberal government that came into office at the end of 2015 was to reinstate the long-form census.

The Colonialization of Indigenous Peoples

The Reserve System and Other Paternalistic Systems Once land was ceded and Canadian settlements had been established, Aboriginal peoples were shunted aside onto reserves—small parcels of land largely devoid of any economic potential. The scrip system was intended to extinguish the Aboriginal title of the Métis by awarding a certificate redeemable for land or money, depending on their age and status. Another example of paternalistic state intervention is the disc list system. As bureaucrats could not, or perhaps would not, acknowledge Inuktitut names, the disc list system assigned a numbered disc to each Inuk.

Cultural Genocide

The Residential Schools System The residential schools were established in the mid-1800s by Indian Affairs in conjunction with several Christian churches. The schools sought to fulfill the assimilationist policies of the federal government. Indigenous children were denied their language, spiritual rituals, and access to their families. The children were regularly subjected to emotional and physical abuse, and many were also victims of sexual abuse. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=hqPIh-267fg&feature=endscreen (5.18 mins)

The Health of Canada's Indigenous Peoples

The Residual Impacts of Colonization As a result of the Indian Act, the federal government has self- appointed jurisdiction over Indigenous peoples' health care. The health status of some Indigenous peoples lags far behind that of other Canadians. Some communuities are healthy and thriving, but others face many challenges, often stemming from the residual impacts of colonization.

Child Welfare Laws in Québec

The Role of the Catholic Church Québec was the last province in Canada to develop child welfare legislation. French Civil Law, the governing tradition in Québec, gave the Church the power to step in when parents failed. As a consequence, Québec did not initiate child protection as a separate provincial service until 1933 the Church's influence on child welfare was strong up until the early 1960s.

Social Work with Older Adults

The Role of the Social Worker Social workers focus largely on the life stage and the assets of the older persons they serve. The task is to help the families of people with aging- related issues—as well as the individuals themselves— develop an understanding about the situation that enables them to act. This can help the family gain a sense of direction in the midst of what might otherwise appear to be a daunting situation.

: A Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care

The Romanow Report (2002) The Romanow Report has been the backdrop for the major debates over health care in recent years. The report's recommendations had three main themes: Strong leadership is needed to maintain medicare, The system should become efficient and responsive, and Both short-term and long-term strategies are needed to maintain universal health care The Commission's report also addressed Aboriginal health, access to health care, and the impact of globalization and applied research. Does not cover the pharma care wher you do not have to pay for prescriptions

Cultural Genocide

The Sixties Scoop In 1951, the Indian Act was amended such that provincial laws like child welfare legislation, applied to reserves. One result is what is known as the Sixties Scoop. In the 1960s, massive numbers of children were removed from their communities and placed in non-Indigenous foster and adoptive homes. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, 1 in 7 Status Indian children was not in the care of his or her parents, and as many as 1 in 4 Status Indian children was spending at least some time away from the parental home Has the scoop ended?

Skills for Working with Individuals and Families

The Skill Set Used in Direct Intervention Social work practice with individuals and families involves a set of skills that can be continually improved: Active listening Validating feelings Interviewing or dialoguing Paraphrasing Clarifying Summarizing Giving information Interpreting Building consensus

Supporting Survivors of Abuse

The Social Worker's Role The role of social workers in helping women who are survivors of abuse may include: Intervening directly in a crisis Facilitating an empowerment approach Listening to the woman and empathetically responding Sharing personal experiences if appropriate Connecting the woman to a support group Making appropriate referrals Advising on legal rights and link to legal resources Mobilizing safety, legal, and community resources Providing full follow-up and counselling

IN FOCUS: Temporary Foreign Workers in Canada 3. TFWs—The Benefits and Shortcomings

The Temporary Foreign Worker program brings in both high- skilled and low-skilled workers to Canada. High-skilled workers enjoy certain privileges (such as the right to be accompanied by family). They are usually recruited with a clear path to permanent residence. Low-skilled workers are recruited on a temporary basis to work in food services, in greenhouses, or on farms. They have limited rights and usually no chance of obtaining permanent status. Ask worker the right ot be accompanied by their family Working on farms

IN FOCUS: Reconciliation in Child Welfare Services

The Touchstones of Hope In 2005, Indigenous and non-Indigenous leaders came together and developed principles to guide the re-visioning of child welfare services for Indigenous children in Canada, Australia, and the United States. Their principles are captured in the Touchstones of Hope. Aboriginal Child Welfare Agencies adopted placement protocols with preferences: Extended family Indigenous member of the same community Alternative Indigenous caregiver Non-Indigenous caregiver

Attempts to Address Historic Trauma

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) The Truth and Reconciliation Commission spent six years travelling across Canada hearing from Indigenous persons who had been taken from their families as children and placed in residential schools. The TRC's final report was released in December 2015.

Toward a More Inclusive Definition of Disability

The United Nations' Definition Usage has shifted to reflect a more inclusive view linking an individual with impairments to social, political, cultural, and environmental contexts. "Disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments, conditions, or illnesses and the environmental and attitudinal barriers they face. Such impairments, conditions, or illnesses may be permanent, temporary, intermittent, and include those that are physical, sensory, psychosocial, neurological, medical, or intellectual."

Toward a More Inclusive Definition of Disability

The WHO's Definition According to the World Health Organization (WHO), persons with disabilities include those with: "impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions." An impairment is a problem in body function or structure An activity limitation is a difficulty in executing a task or action A participation restriction is a problem in involvement in life situations.

1. Conventional Perspectives (b) The Cognitive Perspective

The cognitive perspective refers to a range of potentially effective intervention strategies, e.g., psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and mindfulness. The roots of this perspective lie in the psychodynamic theories most often identified with Sigmund Freud. It focuses on the complexity of the human mind and early life experiences. Historically, this approach represented a move toward therapeutic interventions with clients, rather than simply telling them how to live "moral" lives. Ways of thinking and understanding that effect the way that they will behave

1. Conventional Perspectives (a) The Ecological Perspective

The ecological perspective views the individual as functioning within a series of interdependent relationships. Based on the concept of an "ecosystem" in nature Every organism is affected by and influences other organisms within the system. This perspective is a reaction to simplistic approaches that locate the cause of problems solely within the individual (psychology) or solely within the structures of the wider society (sociology). Where organism lives and how it influences Environment effects individuals and individuals effect their environment Person in environment perspective Work with clients to find solution Get out of envirorment where they are to gain perspective

African Canadians' Experience of Racism (Anti-Black Racism)

The existence of anti-Black racism should not be minimized. Canada practised slavery until the nineteenth century. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/17/slavery-canada-history_n_16806804.html The Black Loyalists who entered Canada as free persons were subject to racist policies. It was not until 1953-1954 that Canada got rid of laws denying Black citizens the right to pursue formal education, respectable jobs, welfare assistance, and civil and humanitarian rights. Many reports point to the fact that the continuation of anti-Black racism today is a serious systemic issue. Black contribution to Canada mainly overlooked http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iu2Qs7R-g8&feature=related Their experience in Canada is overlooked africville Living with the mic mac people Under ground rail road Practised till 19th century Solver introduced in 1800s Segregation Right to pursue education heath and jobs Racist policy Loyalist loyal to liberal empire They were promised many a things that were not given Some were caught and resold Racist policies Reputation is not as clean

Slide 51: Social Work in French Canada Marguerite Bourgeoys—Canada's First Social Worker

The first services provided to French settlers were developed Marguerite Bourgeoys (1620-1700), who was a native of Troyes, France. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-avx3r1CU4U (7 mins) In 1640, she joined an organization of women tasked with educating poor girls whose families could not afford to send them to live with and be educated by the nuns at the monastery

Generalist Social Work Practice Person in Environment

The focus of generalist social work practice is on empowerment—the enhancement of personal power that enables individuals to take action to improve their situations. It serves to: Enhance interactions between individuals and society Promote social justice Ensure equality of access and participation (Kirst-Ashman and Hull, 2009; Miley et al., 2013)

Generalist Social Work Practice Components of Generalist Social Work Practice Generalist social work is first and foremost tailored to the needs of the client.

The generalist intervention model also takes into account how differences in the personal backgrounds of the worker and the client may affect treatment outcomes.

Settlement House

The most famous social worker associated with the settlement house movement was Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago in 1889. Inspired by Toynbee Hall (Cannon Bernett) England. The first Canadian settlement house: the Young Women's Settlement, was opened in 1899, in Toronto by Sara Libby Carson. In 1902, the name changed to Evangelia. Most large Canadian cities had at least one settlement house by WW1 Early schools of social work were connected to the SH Worked to win the ovte for women Created in Toronto One settlement house sinece the first world war Shelter for abused animals Mary Richmond Forefront of social diagnosis

Slide 30: Family Reunification Lots of back logs 2. Backlogs and Delays

The processing for family reunification is slow and can be stressful for all concerned. Long delays increase the risk to family members in conflict zones or refugee camps. Living conditions may endanger the health of family members and affect children's education. Many children wait over two years before reuniting with their parents.

Promoting Human Rights

The recognition of universal human rights was finally consolidated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. All the major countries of the world are now signatories to this declaration. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a non-binding document, it is a foundation document and is often invoked by national and other judiciaries around the world.

Comprehensive Social Services for Children and Youth

The services that social workers provide for children and youth can be either "in-home" or "out-of-home." In-home services. Provided to help family members live together harmoniously in a secure and safe environment (family counselling, parenting supports, and family educational services). Inside the home Out-of-home services. Implemented when the home situation becomes unsuitable for the child (kinship care, residential care, reunification services, and transition programs). Adoption Guardianship Foster care

: Foreign Education and Skills Recognition 1. Skills Recognition

The skills of new immigrants to Canada are often neither recognized nor valued. There can be an automatic assumption, not based on fact, that all foreign credentials are not up to Canadian standards and that immigrant professionals must upgrade. Many newcomers must accept lower-skilled, lower-paying jobs, meaning that many qualified newcomers cannot contribute fully to the Canadian economy and society.

: Social Work - Context

The social work profession promotes: *social change, *problem solving in human relationships & *the empowerment & liberation of people *to enhance well-being. That is the definition

The Spiral

The spiral is used as a symbol of the Cree interconnected world view and the relationship between all beings. Combination of a lot of things Spiraling from the individual.

1. Conventional Perspectives (c) The Systems Perspective

The systems perspective underlines the notion that systems comprise interrelated parts and that each part influences otherFamily Church School System Interrelated parties effect each other and other systems E.g. abusive father effects the family's, if he changes behaviour it effects the family E.g. boy is bullied at school effects school work at home and in school and then parents take away more privileges Intervention with parents, students and teachers Each person is nested in a system that is effected by the system Some are effected, some are nested Systems effect people around you You can connect systems

Life Course Theory Life course theory does not view old age as any less satisfying than other periods of life, such as early parenthood. This approach is unique in that it discusses issues in terms of life events rather than age. This theory has great potential with respect to informing effective social work practice. It has the advantage of addressing both the individual and the broader contextual issues surrounding aging.

Theoretical Approaches to Social Work with Older Adults

Strengths-Based and Solutions-Focused Approaches A strengths-based approach focuses on individuals' potential and capabilities rather than on their limitations. Traditional medical models of care impose a passive role upon clients. The strengths-based model, by contrast, elicits an active role for clients—they interact with their social worker to achieve a positive outcome.

Theoretical Approaches to Social Work with Older Adults

What Is Social Work Theory?

Theoretical Knowledge, Professional Judgement, and Creativity To be effective in their roles, practitioners need to learn about, understand, and apply a wide array of social work theories and practice models. Each client and each situation is unique. There is no "one solution" that fits all situations. Social workers combine their theoretical knowledge with professional judgement and creativity. Each client is unique Two people could come with the same problem it wouldn't be treated the same way

What Do Social Workers Do?

There are three levels of social work practice: • Micro: direct practice with individuals Private practice Direct social work Case work As part of social service agency Care for people Listen and understand Communicate Non judgmental Compassion Concern of care Analyze Defend the right of our clients • Mezzo: working with groups and communities Direct social work • Macro: working with organizations and communities to improve or change laws or policies Indirect social work

Roles of International Social Workers Working with IGOs and NGOs Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

These are organizations, such as the United Nations, composed primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states), or other intergovernmental organizations Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) These are organizations that are neither part of a government nor conventional for-profit businesses (but may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private donors)

Gender-Based Approaches

They believe that welfare state regimes are flawed. Because they only consider state-market dimension & subsume women within the family Canvassed for the need to recognize gender concerns and unpaid (household) work of women The need to connect family life, labour market & state responsibilities for a complete understanding of welfare social system The need to include gender relationships and notions of caring into policy e.g. Male breadwinner model Individual earner-carer model

Social Democratic Welfare States

They create optimum conditions for their citizens as a right Provide universal and comprehensive benefits They adopt the institutional approach i.e. aims for full employment, elimination of poverty, access to high-quality health care, jobs, and decent retirement Expensive: Requires high level of personal and corporate taxation Citizens are more "decommodified" as compared to citizens in other capitalist nations Most successful examples: Sweden, Finland, & Norway

Thirteen Components of Feminist Social Work Practice These 13 components offer a framework for understanding women's experiences. They help social workers support women through difficult times and challenge wider structures and policies that foster gender inequality. The 13 principles are becoming an accepted part of standard social work practice.

Thirteen Components of Feminist Social Work Practice

Thirteen Components of Feminist Social Work Practice

Thirteen Components of Feminist Social Work Practice 1. Validating the social context. 2. Re-valuing positions enacted by women. 3. Recognizing differences in men's and women's experiences. 4. Readjusting perceptions of normality and deviance. 5. Taking an inclusive stance. 6. Heeding power dynamics in the client-worker relationship. Thirteen Components of Feminist Social Work Practice 7. Recognizing how "the personal is political." 8. Taking a deconstructive stance. 9. Taking a partnering stance. 10. Fostering inclusive scholarship. 11. Challenging reductionist models. 12. Adopting empowerment practice. 13. Countering the myth of neutral psychotherapy.

Skills that bring you here does not sustain you

Those jobs that are not valued All foreign conventuals are not of Canadian standards Should not devaluate their skills Low playing jobs Canada lost

Categories of Contingencies

Threat to economic survival Unemployment Los of income Threat to integrity of the person Addiction Illnesses Whatever doesn't make you whole threatens integrity Threaten the family Discrimination Divorce Disability Death

A Private vs. a Public Health-Care System

Threats to Canada's Public Health-Care System Several trends indicate increased privatization in our system: The "de-listing" of specific services covered by medicare The transfer of care out of areas covered by medicare (e.g., acute care in hospitals) to areas that are not covered (e.g., home care) The contracting out of "non-core" medical services (e.g., laboratories, ambulances, and rehabilitation services) to private, for-profit firms

Rothman's Model of Community Work

Three Approaches to Community Work In the 1960s, Jack Rothman summarized community work as fitting into three distinct types: Locality development: focuses on issues relevant to a particular neighbourhood or geographic space Social planning: an expert-driven approach to community work, often found in social planning councils and city planning departments Social action: often uses social protest to challenge injustices (e.g., the anti-globalization movement, the feminist movement, and the anti-racist movement)

Settlement House Movement "Settling in" :

To bring educated middle-class youth to live among & help urban residents A worker would live in the homes of the poor. ... to bridge the gap that industrialism was creating between rich and poor to reduce the mutual suspicion and ignorance of one class for the other to do something more than give charity... they would make their settlement an outpost of education and culture Settling in Break the gap between rich and poor Settle in among poor people teaching them how to live

Traditional Indigenous Approaches to Health and Healing As one of 94 calls to action, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015) has urged the federal government to establish mechanisms to narrow the health-care gap between Aboriginal peoples and other Canadians. These mechanisms include: Building Aboriginal healing practices into the health-care system, and Spending more on Aboriginal healing centres

Traditional Indigenous Approaches to Health and Healing

The Era of Social Reform The Rise of Trained Social Workers

Training shifted from agency-based volunteer to worker with university-based education 1914 - University of Toronto opens Department of Social Services 1918 - McGill University opens School of Social Study & Training 1928 -UBC Social work program 1947 - The first MSW degree was offered at the University of Toronto 1964- University of Windsor, first BSW program

Transgender/Transsexual Rights

Transgender/Transsexual Rights In 2013, the House of Commons passed Bill C-279 to include the rights of trans persons in the Canadian Human Rights Code. Trans persons in 8 provinces can now receive funding for gender-confirming surgeries. However, those on the lengthy surgical wait lists are at a higher risk of suicide than any other known population. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/ontario-transgender-woman-fights-to-have-decision-to-deny-genital-surgery-costs-overturned/article25108161/ Amanda Pearson https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTLUG3cHtz0 Jessica Yaniv

Transgender:

Transgender: includes those who identify as bigender and transsexuals

Transmisogyny: negative attitudes

Transmisogyny: negative attitudes toward trans women and toward trans and gender non-conforming people on the feminine end of the gender spectrum

Transsexuals: individuals whose gender identity does not coincide with their physical sex (their anatomy)

Transsexuals:

The Historical Context

Two Major Developments Over the past 50 years, two major developments have helped to shape our thinking about gender and sexuality: Sexology—a field of study that attempted to classify sexual desire and gender identity. Community activism—a creative and focused movement that evolved in response to a history of oppression and marginalization shared by persons embracing sexual and gender diversity. Community activism has led to growing recognition of sexual and gender rights in Canada.

Two-spirited: First Nations term

Two-spirited: First Nations term that recognizes gender as a continuum and that includes sexual or gender identity, sexual orientation, and social values

Understanding Disability

Types of Disabilities There are many types: Mobility Visual & hearing Developmental Mental health Cognitive & learning Health-related .

Two Theoretical Approaches Currently, two broad approaches characterize social work involvement with persons with disabilities: Medical model. Views disability as an "impairment" and a "personal tragedy" and emphasizes the need of the individual to adapt within mainstream society. Political rights model. Concerned with the social and political context and the need for society to adapt. British disability advocate/theorist Michael Oliver coined the terms "personal tragedy theory" and "social oppression theory" to capture the differences in the two approaches. Disability is part of the human experience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwW6mYdJ7Xc (3 mins)

Understanding Disability

Unequal Labour Markets

Unequal Labour Markets The problems Canadian women face in (and out) of the labour market are still widespread and persistent: Under-representation in management roles Large proportion of part-time workforce Inadequate maternity and parental leave Primary caregiver roles Low-wage employment Inadequate pensions Vulnerability during economic recessions Ineligibility for employment insurance

Role: Promoting Human Rights What Are Human Rights?

Universal- all humans Inalienable- not taken away Indivisible- cant pick or choose Inabrogable- not surrendered or transferred. Natural and inherent

The Financial Realities of Living Longer

Unprepared for Long-Term Care Costs "People tell me they worry more about money than they worry about cancer." Without private coverage, Canadians can expect to spend an average of $5,391 a year on out-of-pocket medical costs after age 65 (BMO, 2014). ¾ of Canadians have no long-term financial plan for long-term care if they need it. And if an individual requires a drug not covered under a drug program, a senior could be on the hook for thousands of dollars a year.

Working with Urban Indigenous Populations

Urban Peoples and Cultural Identities The issue of cultural identity is important for all Indigenous peoples, but it may be further complicated when Indigenous individuals live in an urban environment. Peters (2011) identified four main themes that impact urban Indigenous identities: Settler racism Municipal settler colonialism The onus to search out opportunities to remain culturally connected, and The cultural heterogeneity of cities http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doukokf9cEo 'Winnipeg's Most' Documentary on CBC Television! (13 mins)

PROBLEM SOLVING

Use problem-solving techniques to identify problem • Explores person's concerns/needs, barriers to needs, and plans of action • Inclusion of client at each stage • Teach client problem-solving skills

The Concerns of Seniors

Victimization by Perpetrators of Fraud Seniors are the leading targets of fraudulent crimes— fake investment opportunities, phony contests, and false fundraising campaigns. In some cases, seniors have lost their life savings. Inactivity Accidents Mandatory Retirement Disability: Physical, cognitive etc. Social loss

IN FOCUS: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

Violence Reflects Systemic Problems Indigenous women in Canada are about 7 times more likely than non-Indigenous women to be slain by serial killers. Indigenous women are also at a far higher risk of violent victimization, according to Statistics Canada. Aboriginal women had a rate of 115 sexual assaults per 1,000 women in 2014, more than triple the rate of non-Aboriginal women. Homicide data (2014) show Aboriginal people are over- represented as victims and persons accused of homicide. The elevated rates of violence reflect complex and longstanding systemic problems that include poverty, racism, and discrimination in the justice system.

Vulnerable Groups

Vulnerable Groups Single mothers. The children of single mothers are almost 4 times more likely to be poor than in two-parent families. Visible minority women. 28% of women belonging to visible minority groups live in poverty. Aboriginal women. 37% of Aboriginal women in Canada live in poverty. Women with disabilities. 33% of women living in poverty have a disability. Older women. The OECD reported that in 2013, "the biggest increase in old-age poverty occurred among older women, especially those who were divorced or separated" (OECD, 2013).

Social Work, Social Welfare & You!

We are all part of the Canadian social welfare system • We fund social welfare through our taxes • We benefit from its programs and services (from roads and safe food to OSAP to OHIP) • We shape and define it through voting for public officials who legislate it • Social work is part of the response to social welfare issues in society. Why we should care! • We all have a vested interest in understanding the "system" • Personally as beneficiaries of (and potential constructors of) that system • Professionally as future social workers who will be advocating for a fair and equitable system of services for our clients

Combatting Hate Crimes in Canada

What Are Hate Crimes? Hate crimes are prejudice-motivated crimes that are often violent and that occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her: Ethnicity Disability Language Nationality Physical appearance Religion Gender identity, or Sexual orientation Crimes by prejudice Based on social identity Target social identity Islamophobia

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

What Social Workers can do: Building on strengths & accessing resources Build on strengths and help individuals and family members apply these skills to the new situation. Help individuals and family members find resources and supports—financial, medical, and otherwise. The life cycle stage of the individual who has become disabled will influence how the family copes. The social worker is one member of a broader multidisciplinary team of professional supports.

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

What Social Workers can do: Focus on support for families All parts of the family unit are interrelated, Each member affects and is affected by other members of the unit, and No single part of the family system can be understood in isolation from other parts. What is the status of the person with disability in the family? Who will the disability affect?

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

What social workers can do: Building on family supports These include "internal supports," such as relationships between family members, spouses'/partners' stability, and strong parent-child bonds, as well as the effective problem-solving skills of family members. They also include "external supports," such as extended family members, friends, peer support, self-help groups, community resources, and supportive outside environments, such as the school or workplace.

IN FOCUS: Social Work and Disabilities

What social workers can do: Promote emotional coping & functioning skills: The intensity and impact of disability on an individual or a family may be influenced by their experiences with previous life crises. People who have dealt effectively with previous crises may have acquired problem-solving and coping skills that can be used again to help them deal with the onset of disability.

IN FOCUS: Social Work with Groups

When Groups Come Together to Get Results Groups do not proceed systematically or linearly through stages but typically move back and forth between stages: Forming: Planning the group and getting it started Storming: Occurs when conflict emerges in the group Norming: Group expectations, standards, or common practices and roles are defined; members establish a sense of trust with each other. Performing: Group members work toward achieving the outlined goals. Adjourning: The group moves toward termination.

Understanding Disability

Who are these people? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6EEy-sAfeM&feature=youtu.be (2 mins) Thomas Edison Britney Spears Abraham Lincoln Ben Stiller Jim Carrey Sir Isaac Newton Danny Glover Albert Einstein Tom Cruise Whoopi Goldberg Walt Disney Jay Leno Jessica Alba Michael Jackson Justin Timberlake

Essential Questions

Who should we (as society) help through our social welfare systems? Why & under what circumstances should we help them? Do individuals have a right to help? • If so, are there limits to this right? What is the best way to provide help? WHO GETS TO DECIDE?????

Saul Alinsky's Approach to Community Activism

Winning Battles for Marginalized Communities Alinsky did not believe that capitalism itself needed to be challenged, but that creating confrontation could redistribute resources within that system. Building community organizations is instrumental for community work Community work needs to be fun Tactics must be within the experience of the community members and outside the experience of those you are organizing against The element of surprise is effective for communities who challenge power holders

Feminist and Women-Centred Community Work

Women as Keys to Their Communities This style of organizing was developed by working-class women, Black women activists, lesbian activists, and middle-class white women. Meeting women's needs impacts positively on families and the community more broadly Tends to rely on consensus decision making, shared leadership, and a process orientation Focuses on creating concrete changes in the experiences of women and communities Feminist-based community work believes that gender oppression is inextricably linked to social and economic justice A feminist framework challenges systemic oppressions e.g. patriarchy

Campaign 2000

Working to End Child Poverty in Canada Campaign 2000 arose as a non-partisan, cross-Canada, public education movement to build awareness and support for an all-party House of Commons resolution. Poverty is the leading structural risk associated with the removal of children, especially Indigenous children. Over the past 25 years, child and family poverty has actually increased to 1,331,530 children (19.1 percent) from 1,066,150 children (15.8 percent) in 1989, according to taxfiler data.

Slide 36: Era of Social Reform

World War I & Its Aftermath World War I (1914-1918) produced profound changes in the social and economic structure of Canada. The federal government began to assume a role in moulding social and economic resources to help those in need, such as soldiers returning from the front.

"social gospel"

concerning justice and social action. Service to human being was considered a form of service to God. Churches still do that in contemporary times Social gospel wings of the churches eventually started many of the settlement houses in Canada. Provide health care

Social Work and the Health of Canadians explain the general contributions made by social workers to Canada's community-based health-care system

describe several important roles performed by social work health practitioners (e.g., in hospitals or in palliative care settings) identify the principles of effective social work practice related to the health of Canadians

Statute of labours -

froze wages of people Forcing them to go back to masters or a new master No charity allowed Statue of Labourers (1351) ...workers had to return to their former masters wherever possible and to take whatever employment others offered them if their master had died During this period No one had the right to refuse/avoid work irrespective of wages and working conditions Provision of alms to those who were capable of working was a legal offence punishable by imprisonment

: Settlement House Workers' Values on Poverty The Settlement House

movement focused on the cause of poverty as a social phenomenon rather than as a fault of individuals. College students as advocates for the poor often staffed the house 24/7 They worked to reshape neighborhoods and expand opportunities for the working class through education and community action. NB: The attitudes of social workers are different in different contexts Social phenomenon Going to the same places Walking with the homeless is not the same as walking with CAS

Multiculturalism in Canada The Multiculturalism Act In 1971, Canada became the first country to adopt

multiculturalism as an official policy. In 1988, the Multiculturalism Act restated and reinforced the 1971 policy, mandating that federal departments ensure equal employment opportunities for ethnic and racial groups. To implement the policy, the Canadian government created the Multicultural Directorate, which developed a range of programs designed to fulfill the policy's objectives. Problematic racism in Canada Puting together through polices Give groups public recognitions 1988 Multi limited Not denied job based on marriage only skills Not a perfect policy Showing cultural celebrations Saying their Italian Canadian etc.

Era of Moral Reform The pre-industrial phase

of the development of social work French & English Europeans settled in Canada Coincided with the colonial period in the history of social welfare Private charities associated with religious organizations predominated in "poor relief" provision. Offering material relief Offering lessons in moral ethics Churches are still associated with heping the poor

In 1531, Parliament decreed that delegated officials seek out paupers (the poor) & register them,

permitting them to carry a document authorizing them to beg or solicit charitable assistance Will you do this as part of your work? So the can beg They will be punished otherwaise if unauthorized

3. Era of Applied Social Science: The 20th Century This period saw a large

scale expansion of the welfare state. During World War II (1939-1945), the Canadian federal and provincial governments began to realize that social services were not a luxury, but a vital part of a smoothly functioning economy. In the 1960s, the social work profession renewed its interest in poverty as a result of anti-poverty measures instituted by the federal government. Slide 43: Era of Applied Social Science: The 20th Century Career opportunities & education for social workers opened up Social science disciplines started influencing the social work profession A range of new models of social work practice also appeared in the 1960s and 1970s Slide 44: Era of Applied Social Science: The 20th Century Psychology and Social Work Theories of Sigmund Freud played an important role Freud provided insight into the inner workings of the individual Social work shifted from a concern with the societal context to a concern with a person's psychological make-up Social work moved from an active role to a more passive role for the worker

The Era of Social Reform Social Casework Modern casework

systematic methods of investigation, assessment and decision making in social work practice (strongly influenced by Mary Richmond) Mary Richmond wrote a 1917 text, Social Diagnosis, which was used in the training of workers Strongly influenced by the 'medical model'

Unauthorized beggars

would be barred from receiving alms from local parishes Those who continued to beg without authorization would be subject to severe penalties

2 types of social work

• Direct social work Face to face interactions • involves providing services (individual counselling, group work, and community development) • Social workers work for public/publicly funded social service agencies and institutions • Some social workers work in private practice Indirect social work Has to be supervised When there is no face to face it is not engaging with the client • Concerned with governments and non-governmental agencies • Formulate, analyze, develop, and evaluate social policies and programs • Work with social service agencies, advocacy or research groups e.g. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, National Anti- Poverty Organization

Defining Social Work Social Change/Social Justice Mandate

• Means working in solidarity with disadvantaged • Forefront of promoting policies and legislation ] Makes difference for those disadvantaged • Promote equal opportunity for all • Seek ways to redress social imbalances • Reduce need for welfare services Helps people so they don't need as much help How they can be of help Using problem solving skills

Types of Income Security Programs

• Minimum Income : Monetary assistance for those without income e.g. Ontario Works Those without income • Income Supplementation: Addition to earned income e.g. Guaranteed Income Supplement Supplement with income • Social Insurance programs: follow the principle of shared risk. Those who contribute are eligible e.g. E.I. Shared risk Giving money from past pay checks Draw from each when needed • Demogrants: flat-rate payments to individuals or households based on demographic characteristics like number of children or age of recipients e.g. Universal Child Care Benefits. Those under the age of 6 Earn money less OAS

social welfare overview

• Overview of Canada's social work & social welfare system • Evolution of the social work & social welfare institutions • Theoretical perspectives & frameworks that inform both social work & social welfare • Understand & connect personal problems to public issues

Areas of practice

• Schools • Child welfare • Family services • Health/Mental health • Community/Community Development • Youth programs • Corrections • Gerontology • Addictions • Welfare administration • Government services • Research • Private practice etc. • Social work masters can diagnose vs. social service working by what a disciplinary team has given them • Social worker salary/unionization • Code of ethics (next slide) • Self-care-awareness of self - who are you relatives to your client • Awareness • Balance/boundaries • Consultation & connection

Social Services & Income Security

• Social services provides personal or community services to help people improve their well being - child care, child protection agencies (Children's Aid), women's shelters and counselling, etc. non monetary assistance Counseling Support groups Addiction centers • Income security provides monetary assistance to supplement income or maintain minimum income level • 4 types of income security Monetary assistance Adding to something Minimum income level Social services in a combination

The Provision of Social Welfare Residual View

• Social welfare is temporary response to human need • Implemented only when all else fails • Individual's needs are met through family and market economy • Government plays limited role • Provides benefits at low level to discourage use When everything has failed Last resort Money through family and jobs before government will step in Discouraging use Colouring the way you look

The Welfare State

• The Welfare State is the range of programs and services available to Canadian citizens • The key elements are: • Use of state power to provide essential social services to citizens • Use of grants, taxes, pensions, and minimum- income programs to provide income security • Social services + income security = The welfare state. Combination needed Helps to build and rebuild your life Helps to address the threat

Categories of social programs

• Universal programs. Available to everyone in a specific category (such as people aged 65 and over, people with disabilities, or children) on the same terms and as a right of citizenship. Available to everyone • Selective programs. Target those found to be in need or eligible, based on a means (or income) test or a needs test. For those in need through means test. Universal become selective when you put in criteria • The benefit is reduced according to income level. • While some programs include aspects of universality, there are no income security programs remaining that can be defined exactly as universal.

Social Work - Context

• Utilizing theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. • Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work (International Federation of Social Workers, 2000) Social systems

The Canadian Welfare State

• What is social welfare & how is it provided? • What are the approaches to social welfare? • What is social work practice? • What is social policy? • What is the connection of social welfare to social work, social policy, & social programs?

Social Work and the New Economy

• What is social welfare? • Who does it benefit? • Why do we need a social safety net? For those that have fallen on hard times • What will it take for you to be this person? • http://youtu.be/THxtcWNw3QA Falling on hard times (1.23mins) • Categories of contingencies (next)