Social Work Policy Final

Common mental disorders in the USA

Approximately 20.9 million American adults, or about 9.5 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year, have a mood disorder.1,2 In 2006, 2006, 33,300 (approximately 11 per 100,000 people died by suicide in the U.S. Approximately 2.4 million American adults, or about 1.1 percent of the population age 18 and older in a given year,11, 2 have schizophrenia. Approximately 40 million American adults ages 18 and older, or about 18.1 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have an anxiety disorder.1,2 Approximately 6 million American adults ages 18 and older, or about 2.7 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have panic disorder.1, 2 Approximately 2.2 million American adults age 18 and older, or about 1.0 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have OCD.1, 2 Approximately 7.7 million American adults age 18 and older, or about 3.5 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have PTSD.1, 2 Approximately 6.8 million American adults or about 3.1 percent of people age 18 and over, have GAD in a given year.1, 2 Approximately 15 million American adults age 18 and over, or about 6.8 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have social phobia.1 Approximately 1.8 million American adults age 18 and over, or about 0.8 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder.1, 2 Approximately 19.2 million American adults age 18 and over, or about 8.7 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have some type of specific phobia.1, 2 In their lifetime, an estimated 0.6 percent of the adult population in the U.S. will suffer from anorexia, 1.0 percent from bulimia, and 2.8 percent from a binge eating disorder. 14 Estimating the prevalence of autism is difficult and controversial due to differences in the ways that cases are identified and defined, differences in study methods, and changes in diagnostic criteria. A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported the prevalence of autism among 8 year-olds to be about 1 in 110.16

Period of Moral Treatment for mentally ill

Beginning of transition from cruelty in treatment of mentally ill to kindness. Key factors were kindness and humane handling of patients in Europe. Three names associated with new philosophy Vineenzo Chiarugi, Phillipe Pinel and William Tuke. Focus now was on firm guidance with kindness. Benjamin Rush introduced this ideology in the USA, Penn State Hospital in 1783. Dorothea Dix: famous woman advocate of prison and mental health reform. An unintended consequence of her approach was the increasing recognition that mental illness is incurable. This led to the growth of the large state hospitals (asylums) and custodial treatment becoming more dominant and moral treatment declining. Callicutt 2000). 'Unquestionably, Dorothea Dix's work had a profound impact on mental health policy in the United States, with the effects and implications continuing today'. (Callicutt, 2000:260)

Benefits of CHIP

Choice of Doctors Regular Checkups & Doctor's Office Visits Prescription Drugs and Medical Supplies (Hearing Aids, Wheel Chairs) Eye Exams and Glasses Care by Medical Specialists X-rays and Lab Tests Dental Care Mental Health Care (includes substance abuse, therapy) Children with Special Health Care Needs Shots & Immunizations All Pre-Existing Conditions Hospital Care and Services - Surgical (outpatient)

1998 Parity for Mental Health Care

Companies with over 50 employees must provide equal coverage for mental and physical health Employers used strategic ploys to avoid this extra drain on their budgets Check out SAMHSA website on parity. http://www.samhsa.gov/centers/cmhs/cmhs.html

CHIP Texas Children's Health Insurance program

Connects Families with Affordable Insurance Begun in the spring of 2000 Goal: to offer health insurance to families with uninsured children at a cost that fits their budgets Offered through several programs: 1. Medicaid 2. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) 3. the Texas Healthy Kids Corporation (THKC) 4. Private individual insurance

Mental Health Act of 1946 (P.L. 79-487).

Established National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Nationwide study of mental health needs.

Bush era faith based movement

Faith based services promoted by President George W Bush come in to the category of voluntary non-profit organizations. They have provided social services separate from church worship and organization, the faith based movement of the Bush era promoted social service provision by local churches with government funding.

1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act.

Focus on mentally ill persons be treated in least restricted environment.

Early 20th century mental health services

Growth in mental hospitals. Parallel growth in immigrant population, shutting down almshouses, led to overcrowding of mental hospitals. Move from private funding to government funding. Evolution of the NMHA (National Mental health Association)- a large citizen advocacy organization. 1920 Child Guidance Clinics established. Another cognitive shift from the ideology that protecting children from mental illness would prevent adult pathology. From cure to prevention. Progressive movement in Mental Health. Changes from putting away the incurable to attempts to cure or prevent. In 1920s, 1930s while services for the mentally ill were limited, a movement for sterilization of mentally ill took force, on the ground that mental deficiency was hereditary. In late '30s Oliver Wendell Holmes of the Supreme Court validated the practice.

1987 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act(P.L. 100-77).

Help to be given in transition from homelessness to community based services

Mental Health

It is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community'.

Current issues in mental health service delivery

Lack of funding from federal and regional sources. Restricted treatment ¬¬¬¬options. Lack of public and private priority in encouraging a continuum of care services that provide adequate transition between various service systems such as partial institutional, hospital, inpatient/outpatient, etc. The restricted nature of services, (i.e. lack of bilingual counselors) speak to issues of social justice. "isms" (e.g. racism, ageism, sexism) result in biased treatment.

Mental health services: Colonial Period in America: 16th & 17th Century

Mentally disturbed were viewed from a supernatural perspective and seen as "possessed." Physical torture was used to instill reasoning and cleanse them of the devil. Pennsylvania Hospital, completed 1756, was a General hospital but took in the mentally ill. 1773 first state hospital was opened for mentally ill. This was followed by the development of hospitals throughout the USA.

Cost sharing

Native American families are exempt from cost sharing All fees and premiums are assessed on a per-family basis There are no co-payments for preventative services such as well baby and well child check-ups, or shots and immunizations

Summary: The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State to 1968

President Roosevelt established the foundation of the American Welfare state during the New Deal There was a hiatus during and after WW2 when military spending became a priority. President Kennedy (1960-1963 ) began a reform agenda which was continued by President Johnson's administration. Johnson (1963-1968) expanded its scope in the 'War on Poverty' by including in the policy role of the federal government funding of medical, nutritional, preschool, educational, legal, civil rights and programs for seniors. 1960s - Reform was inspired by an ideology of human and civil rights and liberation awakening in oppressed groups and the nation in general. The trend towards welfare reforms also led to racial animosity between whites and people of color. In short, while a welfare state was clearly developing, it was in an atmosphere of ambivalence and reluctance.

social programs maintained in the 1950s

Social Security expanded in the 1950s to include benefits to disabled and spouses, widows, dependent children and survivors of Social Security beneficiaries. Eisenhower agreed with the democrats in return for their support for his foreign policy, that the social programs of the New Deal be allowed to remain, though they were not developed further. Eisenhower's era (1950s) saw little progress in social reform or race relations.

Social problems of 1960s

Social security provided an insufficient safety net Extremes in medical care, dependent on state, since no federal programs existed. Elderly suffered medical care deprivation - many existed below poverty level. Women in low paying jobs, no day care assistance, many unemployed as men returned from the war. Blue collar - hazardous working conditions due to chemicals, but no adequate regulations. Rights of mentally ill and people with disabilities poorly monitored. Homosexuality classified as mental illness.

State matching requirements

States are required to provide matching funds in order to receive their state allocations The federal government will match State funds at a level 30% higher than the State's Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) The FMAP determines the portion of Medicaid expenses the federal government contributes/covers The maximum federal match is 85% The law places several restrictions on how states finance their matching fund requirements. States cannot use as matching funds, any federal funds, provider taxes or cost sharing with enrollees States cannot use SCHIP funds to meet their federal matching requirements for the Medicaid program

SCHIP federal perspective

To enable States to initiate and expand child health assistance to uninsured low-income children Provided through either • a program to obtain health insurance coverage and/or • expanding eligibility for children under the State's Medicaid program Must comply with Section 2103 requirements regarding amount, duration, and scope of benefits Must be approved by the Secretary for a State Child Health Plan Capped Entitlement

Minorities and mental health systems

have less access to, and availability of, mental health services. are less likely to receive needed mental health services. often receive a poorer quality of mental health care. are underrepresented in mental health research.

Children at risk from caregivers

" Health Status: ...when resources are scarce and child survival tenuous parents...are more likely to invest in those children more likely to survive" p.13 "Deformed Children...are regarded as a burden, an ill-omen, or non-human, thus falling outside the usual protection afforded children"p.13 Gender...insocieties with a strong son preference...girls may be subject to infanticide, and poorer feeding, medical care. Birth... children born under unusual, stigmatized or difficult circumstances. Excess or unwanted children...children who tax family resources or children whose mothers have failed to obtain an abortion. Behavior: in some cultures children who display anger are highly disvalued. Diminished Social Supports..children such as illegitimate children, orphans, children from broken homes or inter-tribal unions are more likely to be malnourished Children in situations of rapid socio-economic change...children may acquire new knowledge more quickly than parents and become less obediant and compliant e.g. immigrants or urban rural migration.

Proximate

"...child abuse involves actions of immediate caretakers and those in the child's immediate environment that result directly in harm to the child...e.g. violence, sexual acts on the child, deprivation of immediate needs..."

Finkelhor and Korbin definition of child abuse

"Child abuse is the portion of harm to children that results from human action that is proscribed, proximate, and preventable" "Not all human action that causes harm is child abuse. e.g. a surgical mistake is not child abuse... ...it is the negative valuation of the action - its deviance, its harmful intent, its violations of legal codes or social expectations- that renders the action child abuse... This takes on paricular importance in a cross-cultural perspective on child abuse because proscribed behaviors vary from society to society"

how and why do children become involved in armed conflict

"Children most likely to become soldiers are from impoverished and marginalized backgrounds or separated from their families." "They are recruited by: kidnapping; press-gangs; seizure from streets; orphanages and schools." "Parents may offer children for service in return for wages." "Children become soldiers to survive: a military unit offers regular meals, clothing, medical attention, and a surrogate family."

Defining child abuse from an international perspective

"In many nations, traditional themes of the sanctity of the family, prerogatives of parents and children viewed as parental property have protected abusive families from inspection and intervention by society" " Cross-cultural differences in Child rearing practices make it clear that there can be no universal standards of what is optimal child care or what constitutes abuse and neglect." Segal U.A., & Ashtekar, A. Detection of Intrafamilial Child Abuse: Children at Intake at a Children's Observation Home in India. Child Abuse &Neglect. 18. 11. 957-967.1994. "Child abuse arose primarily as a social issue in the developed countries of the western world......there has been increasing recognition that it exists in some form virtually everywhere."

Preventable

"Inherent in the notion of child abuse is the idea that some alternative course of human action was potentially avaialable that would have avoided the harm." e.g. if the parents of a child with meningitis helplessly stand by and watch the death in a developing country it is different from the same action in a country where medical resources are accessible

proscribed

"Not all human action that causes harm is child abuse. e.g. a surgical mistake is not child abuse... ...it is the negative valuation of the action - its deviance, its harmful intent, its violations of legal codes or social expectations- that renders the action child abuse... This takes on paricular importance in a cross-cultural perspective on child abuse because proscribed behaviors vary from society to society"

Concentrated poverty

'A variation of collective poverty in which the equivalent of economic ghettos are created in neighborhoods, cities, or regions that are bypassed by agriculture or industry. Concentrated poverty is closely associated with unemployment, under-employment and social exclusion.'

Richard Titmus

'Father of Social Policy'. He lived from 1907-1973 and was a Professor at the University of London, England, in the London School of Economics (LSE). He was very influential in the development of the welfare state in England, and for studies evaluating and advocating for the welfare state.

Absolute poverty

'Refers to the income level below which a minimum diet and essential non-food requirements are not affordable...reflects the inability of people...to live life with dignity'

Conservative

'Strict constitutionalist, traditional or classical conservatives believe strongly in the separation of church and state. They see prayer and religion as personal choices in which government has not constitutional right to intervene.' (Karger and Stoez, 2010: 16) (See page 16 for more information on Classical Conservatives)

Income poverty

'The amount of money below which individuals are unable to purchase the goods and services needed to sustain life with dignity' Income poverty is often expressed as a percentage of the median income earned by a country's population. (usually set as 40%-60% of median income)

Case poverty

'The inability of individuals, families, households, and other economic units to satisfy their basic needs even in economic situations of general prosperity.' Explained by 1) the absence of some needed attribute due to mental illness, old age, or handicap. 2) the failures in 'social adaptability'- laziness, inability to manage money, unwillingness to control fertility.

Relative poverty

'The inability to satisfy needs at a level that is consistent with the prevailing norms of one's community or reference group- whether or not these norms exceed the requirements for human survival.'

Subjective poverty

'The perception of being poor relative to others.'

Democratic socialism

'The pursuit of profit and self interest should be replaced by pursuit of the common good'. (Karger & Stoesz, 2010; 12-13).

1986 State Comprehensive Mental Health Services Act.

). Focused on people with severe mental illness, and dealt with Federal-State relationships.

Disability

. People may become in need of assistance for many reasons which are beyond their control: changes in society and the family structure where children may no longer take responsibility for aging parents; people live longer than they used to because of medical advances and better diet hygiene and public health, but may also be dependent longer in old age; disability through accidents, including industrial accident or hazard, such as emphysema from coal-mining or asbestos exposure; disability thorough drugs in pregnancy e.g. thalidomide. Today's dependency may have origins in past policies. In many cases there is an inability to assign fault.

If a state chooses to implement a state children's health insurance program, it can choose the benefits package from among 5 basic options:

1. Blue Cross/Blue Shield preferred provider option offered to federal employees under the FEHBP 2. State employee health plan 3. HMO with the largest insured commercial, non-Medicaid enrollment in the state 4. Coverage that is actuarial equivalent to one of the above 5. Another benefit package approved by the Secretary of Health and

Popple and Leighninger

1. Delineation and overview of the policy under analysis 2. Historical Analysis 3. Economic Analysis 4. Political Analysis 5. Policy program Evaluation 6. Current proposals for policy reform

Van Wormer Model based on anti-oppressive policy analysis

1. Description of the condition/problem 2. Historical analysis 3. Policy formulation overview 4. The Global Context 5. Economic Analysis 6. Political Analysis

Social development Systems

1. social investment 2. economic participation 3. political empowerment 4. human investment

women and children subjected to commercial sexual exploitation

100,000 in the Philippines400,000 in India100,000 in Taiwan200,000 in Thailand244,000-325,000 in the United States100,000 in Brazil35,000 in West Africa175,000 in Eastern & Central Europe

The world's children 2010

149 million children in developing countries still suffer from malnutrition More than 10 million children under five die each year from preventable causes. More than half a billion children live on less than $1 a day. More than 100 million children are out of school because of poverty, discrimination, or lack of resources. Of the more than 100 million out-of-school youth, 60 million are girls.

Aid to education in the Johnson Era

1965 - Elementary and Secondary Education Act Federal aid to public schools with high concentration of low income children Allowed private schools to share materials published by public school system. Johnson arranged for subsidies for low income junior college students and during this period (1960s) the numbers of African Americans in secondary and college level education appreciably expanded. However despite these reforms and some success, there still remained a big disparity between middle and lower income groups in educational achievement.

Global improvement on child welfare

1990 12.5 million deaths under 5 2008 9 million deaths under 5 2000-2007 child deaths from measles fell by 74% globally and 89% in Africa 1990-2010 1.6 billion people gained access to improved drinking water sources

US Laws and policies against FGM

1991 American Medical Association adopted policy condemning the practice of female genital mutilation 1995 INS Gender Guidelines recognize female genital mutilation as a form of persecution 1996 Fauziya Kassindja is granted asylum in the United States 1993 Legislation on female genital mutilation was first introduced to Congress by Representative Patricia Schroeder 1996 Congress passed legislation to criminalize female genital mutilation 15 states have passed laws criminalizing female genital mutilation

TANF failures

40% of the 2.5 million families who no longer receive cash assistance were unable to find work. • The average wage for recipients who do find a job is only $6.75 per hour. • Since 1996, single parent families below 70% of the poverty line fell 7.85% deeper into poverty. • About 1/3 of people leaving TANF say they have had to cut the size of meals or skip meals because they did not have food.

Green Party

A European political group that promotes 'ecological awareness, social justice, grassroots democracy and nonviolence'. (Karger & Stoesz, 2010 :18)

Activity and Work

A high value is placed on work. Sometimes lottery winners continue to work. Work is now an important part of welfare philosophy.

Fee for service

A method of reimbursement based on payment for services rendered. Payment may be made by an insurance company, the patient, or a government program such as Medicare or Medicaid.

Self-reliance School

A relatively new school of political-economy advocating low technology and local solutions to social problems.

ideology

A set of socially sanctioned assumptions, usually unexamined, explaining how the world works and encompassing a society's general methods of addressing social problems

Individuality

A very high value is placed on the dignity and worth of the individual. Social welfare involves collective action for the poor and so goes against the notion of individualism.

Moral Orientation

A world view which emphasizes right/wrong, good/bad, ethical/unethical. People on welfare and single mothers are sometimes condemned . Compare the Poor Law approach to public welfare of the worthy and unworthy poor.

Williams list of dominant American values

Achievement and success, activity and work, moral orientation, humanitarian mores, efficiency and practicality, progress, material comfort, equality freedom, conformity, nationalism, democracy, individuality

Political empowerment

Advocacy Social justice Empowerment Citizenship rights Equal access to resources Participatory planning & decision making

child labor save the children projects

Africa: Improving conditions on farms; investigating harsh conditions faced by child domestic workers; Asia: night schools for child workers; credit savings schemes; raising awareness about the rights of working children. Latin America: promoting shorter working hours and better conditions. Improving education. United Kingdom: researching children's views on work; educating international corporations about child labor.

Common poverty myths

All poor are long term. Most are not. All welfare recipients are long-term. The average period of welfare for a recipient is 3 years. Most poverty is found in our nation's inner cities. Although poverty is often severe in these neighborhoods, many more of the nation's poor live outside of these neighborhoods. Most people in poverty are unemployed. Most children in poverty are the children of working parents.

1967 welfare amendments

All women who did not have children under 6 were required to work. However, clauses allowing for exceptions took the sting out of the legislation.

SCHIP program structure

Allows States to choose the way they spend their money either through : Expand Medicaid Create or expand a State program A combination of both

Era of denial

Americans were stunned by the economic catastrophe of the stock market crash.

Human Services Market

An array of for-profit companies providing health care, child care, corrections, and financial services

economic exploitation through sexual exploitation of children

An estimated 1 million girls annually are lured into prostitution Poverty-stricken rural village families "bond" children into servitude in city factories, homes, brothels to pay off loansharks girl-child domestics, besides physical abuse, malnutrition and enslavement, are sexually abused by employers the tradition of gender discrimination, and low worth of girls disregards sexual violence to them. girl-child prostitution industry in Asia and South America is supported by tourists children in factories are coerced into sexual exploitation by bosses high incidence of respiratory, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases female infanticide is seen as a way for the family to escape the potential shame which a female child would bring

The World Bank has assigned the following poverty thresholds to individuals:

Asia and Africa- $1/day Latin America-$2/day Central and eastern Europe and the U.S.-$14/day OECD countries-$15/day

Franklin D. Roosevelt entered office in January 1933. He was faced with a number of policy options, should he:

Assist destitute people or Improve economic system? What kind of help should be given? Funds? Goods? Jobs? vs. Some combination of each? Should the focus be on Emergency relief or Permanent programs? Should assistance programs be at the level of Federal intervention or State or local initiatives?

Nationalism/patriotism

At one level, this is an important binding factor in a country with such diverse peoples. The flag becomes an important universal cross-cultural symbol within US society. A belief that this country has the very best of everything is assumed in this value. This influences policy in many ways, from not seeking external input and collaborations, to thinking that we have the best health care system in the world, without having compared other systems.

Four values that seem to underlie much of the debate about poverty and welfare

Autonomy of the individual, Virtue of work, primacy of the family, and desire for and sense of community

FGM implications for social workers

Be aware when working with immigrant families from countries which practice FGM Be as informed as you can Use culturally sensitive language Tell colleagues and alert them to this practice. Be Aware of the Taboo Nature of the Topic Be Aware of Underlying Belief Systems Remain Up-to-Date on Child Protection practice, policies and laws Do not condone: the practice is illegal in the US

Liberal

Belief in a free market economy combined with universal social and health care benefits.

Virtue of work

Both the idle rich and the idle poor are disdained. The work ethic is all important.

Poverty Gap

Calculated as the average difference between the poverty line (or threshold) and actual income (or consumption) for all poor households. Poverty gap is expressed as a percent of the poverty line...it distinguishes between graduations of poverty from 'poor' to the 'poorer of the poor' and to reflect the depth of poverty in a given economy.

myth 1 about child labor

Children routinely work in all countries: it is the NATURE of the work which determines whether it is HARMFUL to the child. A study by the U.S... General Accounting Office showed a 250% increase in child labor violations from 1983 to 1990. In 1990 the US Dept. of Labor found 11,000 children working illegally. Mexican-American children in New York work in fields still wet with pesticides. In the UK between 11% & 26% of 11 year olds and 36% to 66% of 15yr. olds are working. Source: UNICEF. State of the World's Children. 1998.

Humanitarian Mores

Concern for the less fortunate is a prominent American value. Social welfare agencies often rely heavily on volunteers and on funds from donations. Approx. one third of the adult population volunteer in some capacity or another.

Forces opposing major social welfare reforms

Conservatives suspicious of FDR's rhetoric. Labor sector did not support all New Deal legislation. Adverse rulings by Supreme Court, opposing federal social legislation. Lack of fiscal and public institutions to implement reforms. FDR himself was not a radical. He preferred social insurance to public assistance programs. Congress had many conservative southerners chairing key committees. The presidency had lost power in the previous administrations.

Income gap

Contrasts the amount of total household income earned by the top 5%, 10%, etc. of income earners of a national economy with those of the bottom 5%, 10%, etc. of income earners in the same economy.'

Achievement of the new deal

Created a National Welfare State. Accomplished social and economic reform in the face of legal, social and political opposition. Restored confidence in the economy and created jobs. Established the role of Federal Government in social policy Challenged the discriminatory policies of local governments

1933 Public Works Administration (PWA)

Created in response to need for internal improvements due to natural disasters. Undertook technically complex projects by skilled workers. Harold Ickes led the program and was in competition with Hopkins. Funding often reduced as less complex projects needed immediately to employ millions of Americans in the CWA. Criticisms: tangled in politics (patronage) and lawsuits (rivals developed alternative projects); federal government competing with private business

Explanation of Poverty III Critique of Cultural Explanations

Cycle or culture of Poverty' based on work of Oscar Lewis. Research not scientifically sound. Later Research has shown e.g......... poor people do value work and education, and family life. Focuses on blaming the victim Ignores the broader socio-economic structure Cultural definitions are no different than the Poor law category of the 'undeserving poor'

Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)

Depressed prices in rural areas; millions of farmers neared bankruptcy. Farmers negotiated amounts of acreage would grow; government reimbursed farmers for NOT planting portion of land. Production curtailment expected to increase wages for farmers' crops. Criticisms: large producers used AAA to advance financial interests; lacked staff to monitor landowners and evictions

Bias of present welfare system

Despite a growth in the GNP, Poverty does not decline substantially: Median household income declined 3.6 percent in 2008 after adjusting for inflation, the largest single-year decline on record, and reached its lowest point since 1997. The poverty rate rose to 13.2 percent, its highest level since 1997. The number of people in poverty hit 39.8 million, the highest level since 1960. The official Census income data do not include capital gains income, which has risen dramatically in recent years and is concentrated among those at or near the top of the income spectrum. Recent data from the Internal Revenue Service show that after adjusting for inflation, capital gains income grew more than two-and-one-half times between 1993 and 1998, rising from $163 billion in 1993 to $427 billion in 1998. The IRS data also show that in 1998, some 72 percent of capital gains income went to the 1.7 percent of tax filers with the highest incomes, those with adjusted gross incomes exceeding $200,000.

USA Poverty Threshold 1

Developed in 1963 by Mollie Orshansky in the Social Security Administration. Based on the cheapest of four food plans provided by the Dept of Agriculture, designed for emergency or short-term use. 1969- Poverty thresholds indexed by the Consumer Price Index. Reviewed at different times by Congress- 1969, 1973, 1974, 1981, 1990, 1995. The 1995 study made recommendations for a new approach but did not propose set-of dollar figures

Summary- problems with the present welfare system

Disproportionate numbers of Female headed households, children and minorities live in poverty Increasing gap between rich and poor Insufficient recognition of the structural issues in poverty. Policy and social service responses are primarily individually based Current Programs maintain people in poverty rather than lifting them out

Poverty thresholds USA 11

Do not vary geographically. Are updated annually for inflation using the consumer price index (CPI-U). The official poverty definition counts money income before taxes and does not include capital gains and non-cash benefits (such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps). Poverty is not defined for people in military barracks, institutional group quarters, or for unrelated individuals under age 15 (such as foster children). They are excluded from the poverty universe--that is, they are considered neither as "poor" nor as "non-poor."

Child labor

Domestic Service: e.g.... children 5yrs and above given by parents as domestic servants . Forced, Bonded and Indentured Labor: e.g.... impoverished parents pledge children to factory owners in return for small loans. Commercial Sexual exploitation: e.g.... child prostitution Factory, Mining and Agricultural Work: e.g.... harsh conditions affecting physical and psychological health. Street Work: e.g.... begging, pickpocketing, scavenging, shoplifting. Work for the Family: e.g.... lack of education. Girls' Work: exploitation of female children Source: UNICEF. State of the World's Children. 1998. Hazardous and exploitative child labor violates the CRC. Labor is exploitative if it involves: full-time work at too early an age, too many hours spent working work that exerts undue physical, social and psychological stress. inadequate pay and too much responsibility work that hampers education work that undermines self-esteem & dignity work that is detrimental to full social & psychological development work and life on the streets in bad conditions.

Explanation of poverty IV- Structural

Dual labor markets: Core labor market: most Americans work in this market. Jobs are well-paid, include benefits: sick leave; Retirement; Health; Paid vacation. Large companies and corporations, federal state and local governments. Peripheral labor market: poorly paid, often minimum wage, small labor intensive and highly competitive firms. Can not afford benefits.

3 cornerstones of social development

Economic Investment Social investment socio-economic collaboration

CHIP changes effective through budget cuts 2003

Elimination of Disregards Six Month Term of Coverage (reduced from 12 months) 90 Day Enrollment Waiting Period Asset Test ($5000) for Families Greater Than 150% FPL Limits the benefit package to coverage of basic health care services Cost Sharing Eliminate Enrollment Fee / Increase Monthly Premiums Increase Co-Payments for Office Visits and Inpatient Facility Use Cost Share Caps at 6 Month Intervals / Half of Prior Amount

FDR as governor of NY

Established a philosophy for the acceptance of welfare, by arguing unemployment assistance was the same as calling for the fire brigade, or sending children to public school. All were public services. Passed the Wick's Act or Temporary Emergency Relief Act in 1931. (TERA) Passed a law awarding Old Age Pensions in New York. 1932 Roosevelt was elected President.

Poverty and mental health

Ethnic and racial minorities in the USA experience racism, discrimination, violence and poverty. People in the lowest strata of socio-economic status are two or three times more likely to experience mental disorder.

Conformity

Even though freedom is valued and individualism is celebrated, there is low tolerance for difference. Social welfare policies deal with those who do not conform or who are regarded as 'deviant'. Social Workers operate at the boundary interplay between society and those individuals who do not conform.

myth 3 about child labor

Export industries are the most visible industries to the western world: e.g... carpet weaving, football sewing and garment making. Less than 5% of child workers are employed in export sector industries. A 1995 study in Bangladesh showed that children are employed in 300+ jobs outside the export sector. Most children work on the land and in domestic work out of the sight of labor inspectors and media scrutiny.

1933 Civilian Works Administration (CWA)

FERA funds to create federal public works program. From Nov 1933 to Jan 1934, employed 16 million Americans. Local officials proposed projects (roads, walls, parks, libraries). 50% CWA enrollees from FERA relief roles. Criticisms: low wages; unfair to unemployed persons not on FERA roles.

Successful implementation of CRC

FRANCE: instituted an annual report to Parliament on the implementation of the CRC. ROMANIA: has established a National Committee for the Protection of the Child EL SALVADOR: established 12 municipal councils on child rights. TUNISIA: child protection delegates have been appointed in all 23 governerates AUSTRIA, COLUMBIA, COSTA RICA, & SPAIN: have all designated ombudsmen for children at provincial and national levels. MEXICO: adopted a National Program for Action and has made special efforts to inform children of their rights. CANADA: established the Family Support Enforcement Fund intended to help provincial governments in the field of promotion and protection of children's rights.

FDR major policy reforms after 1936

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Established minimum wages ($0.25 X hour) and maximum hours (44-hour work week); abolished child labor for children under 16. Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937: Provided low-interest loans to local authorities to build public housing. Reorganization Act of 1939: Consolidated organization of federal social welfare programs: Federal Security Agency (FSA) and Federal Works Agency.

SCHIP

Federal Program to enable States to initiate and expand child health assistance to uninsured low-income children. Plans have been approved in all 50 states, DC and 5 territories. It is funded through STATE CHILDREN'S HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM (PUBLIC LAW 105-33SUBTITLE J 1997) Chapter 1 - This law amends the Social Security Act to add a new title -Title XXI: State Children's Health Insurance Program. Allocated about $20 billion over 5 years to help states insure more children.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Federal government as catalyst to stimulate economic development of entire regions. Sold electricity to power cooperatives, manufactured and sold fertilizer, reforested and built flood-control projects. Cost to federal government minimal, due to proceeds from power and fertilizer. Criticism: Private power companies protested that federal government was competing unfairly with them

1964 civil rights act

Federal government protects the voting rights of African Americans in the south. Desegregation of public facilities Firms, institutions receiving federal grants may not show hiring discrimination. U.S. Attorney General could file suits to desegregate schools. desegregation in effect school desegregation drastically cut down

Privatization of Mental Health Treatment Centers

Following deinstitutionalization and failure of community centers to absorb the mentally ill, there was an upsurge of private psychiatric hospitals, their numbers tripling from 150 to 462 by 1990. Under corporate management, they had no obligation to any public body hence many reports of unethical mismanagement and patient neglect arose. This finally resulted in a reversal of the trend towards private treatment facilities.

Emergency reforms: Food distribution

Food stamp program for federal works who could show evidence of need. Massive Surplus Commodities Program- Distribution of agricultural produce to nation's poor

SCHIP cost sharing regulations

For families with incomes at or above 150% of the FPL, current regulations on cost sharing for adults receiving Medicaid apply. States may impose the following: Premiums: $15-$19 per family per month Deductibles: $2 per family per month Co-insurance: 5% of non-institutional costs Co-payments: range from $.50 to $3 per service Institutional care: 50% of the first day's cost

New deal main ideas

Franklin D. Roosevelt's philosophy of increased federal attention to public welfare. "Full persistent experimentation". Americans came to accept that public welfare was "community" responsibility. Four phases of relief, recovery and reform

Global failures on child welfare

Globally 25,000 children aged under 5 years die every day Half a million Mothers die in pregnancy or childbirth every year. 1 billion children still deprived of access to one or more services essential to survival

Herbert Hoover

He carried out modest tinkering with economic system; believed that social welfare belongs to localities and private sector; would not give relief to individuals, but provided some macro relief in the hope of 'trickle down'

Immigrant children and poverty

Immigrant children are twice as likely to be poor as native-born children. • Among children whose parents work full time, immigrant children are at greater risk of living in poverty than native-born children. • Among children whose parents have more than a high school education, immigrant children are twice as likely to be poor as native-born children. • Among children living in two-parent families, immigrant children are almost four times as likely to be poor as native-born children.

CRC implementations

Implementation is carried out by the International Committee on the Rights of the Child Of 52 countries reviewed for the 2010 report, 1/3 had integrated children's rights into national laws and more than 2/3 had introduced some of the provisions. Many countries have adopted children's codes that reflect the provisions of the CRC: Belarus, Romania, Guatemala ,Czech Republic Source: UNICEF The State of the World's Children 2010 p 9 onwards

Effects of armed conflict part 2

In 2001 more than 21 million people, at least half of them children, were Refugees. 45% were under 18 and 14% under 5. Refugee children suffer: war injuries through landmines, gunshot, shells; atrocities and war crimes, violence, rape, malnutrition, disease, psychological trauma,separation of families, lack of education. When families are moving long distances with no water or food, children are often the first to die. Children in at least 68 countries live amid the threat of more than 110 million unexploded landmines. 8,000- 10,000 children are killed or maimed by landmines each year,

Pros

In fiscal year 2001, 4.6 million children were covered under CHIP (an increase of 1.3 million from 2000). Fiscal year 1999 data shows more than 20 million children were enrolled in Medicaid.

Poverty in the 1960s

In the South and Southwest regions especially - minority groups lived with racial segregation and poverty and constantly experienced human rights violations.

Mental health services delivery system

In the USA, nature, quality and extent of services available for the mentally challenged are determined by Mental Health Policy.

Neo-conservative

Incorporate the market into social welfare by privatizing services. Government should legislate on moral issues: e.g. abortion, gender orientation.

Progress: the current global context for children

Increased global prosperity Increased access to information globally Reduction in major childhood diseases Recognition of violations of children's rights Reducing debt for poor countries to free resources for children

Micro level challenges for CRC

Individual & Family Level, e.g.... child physical and sexual abuse and neglect.

Explanation of family poverty- II

Individual /Familial /Cultural Sets of values, behavior patterns and beliefs. e.g........... lack of participation in political and civic groups, and societal institutions; Poorly integrated into job market; 'Social Exclusion'. Family life. e.g........... Absence of childhood as a prolonged, protected stage; early initiation to sex; high incidence of abandonment of wives and children. Individual Characteristics. e.g............... helplessness, dependency, inferiority, poor impulse control, present time orientation, no planning for future.

Mezzo level challenges fo CRC

Institutional Barriers, e.g.... economic exploitation through child labor and sexual exploitation.

myth 2 about child labor

It is often said that calls for an end to child labor are unrealistic. BUT child labor perpetuates poverty: working children grow into unskilled adults trapped in badly paid jobs. Hazardous child labor can be eliminated independently of wider measures aimed at poverty reduction. "exploitative child labor...is a moral outrage and an affront to human dignity."

Failures in implementation of CRC

Lack of Investment in Children: 1) Developing countries devoted only about 12% to 14% of national budgets to basic social services in the 1990ties. 2) Donor countries allocated only 10% to 11% of aid budgets to social services. 3) The 20/20 initiative of the World Summit for Social Development recommends 20% from developing countries, 20% from donors. Misplaced Priorities Both developing and industrialized countries spent more on defense than on health care, nutrition, water supply and sanitation Distorted Development Numbers of global poor increased by average of 10m per year in the 90ties. Global economy increased to $30tr.

Characteristics of social development

Linked to Economic Development Interdisciplinary Focus The Goals of Growth and Change are Explicit Progressive in Nature : Goal is Human Betterment Interventionist; it is the result of social and economic policies and planning

economic participation

Linking social & economic policies Micro lending Asset building IDA program development Micro enterprise initiatives Integrating labor markets Job creation

Criticism of the new deal

Maintained the status quo by weakening the rights of labor unions and bolstering the rights of industrial monopolies. Failed to address civil rights, gender equality, medical care, housing. Unsuccessful in redistributing resources from affluent to poor. Tax system not fundamentally reformed. Regressive taxes remained. Nation's economic and social inequalities as well as racism and sexism remained in public policy

Midgley's 7 pt plan for social investment

Make sure that welfare programs are cost-effective. Invest in human capital, such as education, health and nutrition. An example is using day-care centers to provide child and maternal health. Invest in social capital. One way is to refocus community development toward economic growth. Create assets among low-income people. Expand job training and placement to include not just welfare recipients but the disabled, the mentally ill and those who abuse drugs. Encourage self-employment through microenterprise loans and the creation of cooperatives. Remove barriers to economic participation by dealing with such problems as discrimination and inadequate public transportation and child care.

Managed Care - Current State of Mental Health Service

Managed care is a way of rationing services to ensure broad access to scarce services, but often has the unintended consequence of limiting treatment.

Attributes of an equitable society for children

Maximum concern for pre-natal and central importance of ECD (early childhood development). Opportunity for education for all children Opportunity for adolescents to develop their capacity and participate meaningfully in society CRC is a guide for promoting equitable societies

Consumption Poverty

Measures poverty on the basis of goods and services that are actually consumed by individuals-e.g., of food, shelter, clothing, health care, education- rather than income alone...takes into account cash benefits-other income transfer subsidies and thus lowers the number of people in poverty than income only measures.'

Health Maintenance Organizations

Membership organizations that typically provide comprehensive health care. Members usually pay a regular fee and are thus entitled to free (or minimal-cost) hospital care and physicians' services.

Voluntary agencies are also known as

NGOs

Titmus' three models of welfare: is welfare only for the poor

No, everyone benefits from welfare.

Principles of the CRC

Non -Discrimination Best interests of the child Survival and development Participation

SCHIP covers children who are

Not eligible for Medicaid Under age 19, and At or below 200% of the Federal poverty level (FPL)

Child labor fact file 2002

Of every 100 children globally 16 are child laborers. 12 are in its worst forms. 246 million child laborers - 186 million are under 15 170 million work in dangerous conditions 8 million are trapped by prostitution,forced labor, armed conflict About 61% of working children live in Asia, 32% in Africa, 7% in Latin America. Most children work because of poverty. On average, children bring in about 20-25% of family income." www. oneworld.org; www.ilo.org (2002)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

One of the most popular programs Restricted to males, 18-25 on welfare rolls Paid $1 per day and required to send half to parents Stayed in camps administered by the military 500,000 were employed by 1934 Work was mainly in national forests and parks, often great distances from the young men's homes

Medicare

Passed in 1965 as Title XVIII. Financed by a payroll tax on workers and employers. It funded selected services for acute care of elderly persons. Did not include long-term chronic care. It is not means-tested, hence no stigma. Part of the Social Security Program. Medicare funds conventional services for a population in need of innovative services. It covers a small fraction of existing elderly needs.

2000 Preventive Commitment/or Social Control?

Placing persons in danger to themselves and others in custodial care. Moot issue challenged by American Civil Liberties Union as violation of human rights.

Public Choice School economics

Policies are made in response to pressure from interest groups while everyone bears the tax burden.

Public Policy

Policies designed by government that contain a goal, a purpose, and an objective. May also incorporate a standing plan of action toward a specific goal.

Benefits of poverty for the non poor

Poverty creates a class of low-skill people who are willing to perform vital tasks that others do not wish to do: garbage collecting, yard-work, cleaning buildings, fruit and vegetable picking, clothes making in factories. The education system, by default, selects out those who will perform these functions. Poverty keeps prices down because the poor work for low wages and thus keep down production costs. Poverty creates a whole institution of middle class people who earn their living through poverty: social workers, DHS workers, benefits clerks, lawyers, judges, police officers. Others do good and feel good by volunteering to help the poor through donations of time or money or both.

Mental Health Study Act

Provided funds for the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health to produce a report published in 1961 which called for national modernization of psychiatric care.

What can be done about child labor

Reduce Poverty & Increase adults' wages so there is less need for children to work. Improve working conditions for children's health & safety. Shorten children's working hours so they can attend school. Ban hazardous & exploitative work: e.g... bonded labor; sex work; military conscription; mining and all work that exposes children to toxic substances. Make education more attractive and relevant to children's needs.

Extreme poverty

Refers to failure of human survival arising from an inability to satisfy basic needs...is associated with recurrent, long term incapacity of people (and societies) to meet the requirements for life itself, e.g., poverty associated with...famines, natural disasters...military conflict...and infectious diseases (HIV), among other causes.'

Collective Poverty

Refers to long-term, sometimes permanent, insufficiency on the part of large numbers of people in an economy to secure the means required to meet basic needs...it may characterize the average level of living in a society or it may be concentrated in relatively large groups in an otherwise prosperous society, e.g., among particular ethnic-racial-age-gender groups or people who live in particular geographic areas or regions

Neo-liberal

Retained social liberal values, but economically became more conservative with emphasis on corporate world. Support welfare to work programs.

Cultural Conservatives

Role of government should be minimal to protect people and property. Promote conservative religious approach to social issues.

The Poor Law concepts outlined in this presentation represent important values in social welfare and service delivery today:

Rugged individualism and self reliance or self sufficiency: public assistance should be a last resort Importance of the family in supporting its own members Legal residence and duration of settlement is still an issue for immigrants and refugees. The latter are given short time limited benefits on arrival which are cut off after one year when they are on their own. Fear of a powerful central government leads to de-centralization of services and great variability in programs, and benefit rates.

myth 4 about child labor

Sanctions and boycotts are effective against child labor practices.It implies that all initiative for change comes exclusively from the western world: local initiatives are not publicized. The threat of international embargoes such as the US Harkin Bill 1992 resulted in girls being summarily dismissed from garment factories in Bangladesh. A follow-up study showed that the children fell into worse situations, including prostitution. Source: UNICEF. State of the World's Children. 1998.

What can be done to end FGM

Sensitize policy makers & welfare workers to the physical mental and social consequences of FGM Oppose the medicalization of FGM; Development of legislation to ban the practice Training to professionals on complications of FGM. Develop educational materials Facilitate research relating to the practice and its complications Form alliances between traditional & modern healers Seek solution from within countries backed by international support Establish inter-agency and government co-operation

Why would a society want to give universal programs

Social progress, disability, social protection and the civil society

Macro level challenges for CRC

Societal Barriers, e.g... effect of armed conflict; socio-cultural practices such as FGM (female genital mutilation) and male child preference demonstrated through selective gender abortions and female infanticide.

Societal abuse

Societal abuse constitutes those forms of abuse that are perpetuated by society, by its cultures or values, or by its tendency to accept passively the existence of a problem" e.g. In India, child prostitution, child beggary, child marriage, and child labor, all concomitants of poverty are now recognized as abusive because they involve exploitation of children by adults deprivation of conditions for full development.

The CRC consists of 45 articles covering these general principles:

States (nations) shall ensure each child enjoys full rights without discrimination or distinctions of any kind; The child's best interests shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children...... Every child has an inherent right to life and States (nations) shall ensure, to the maximum extent possible, child survival and development. Children have the right to be heard

Social security Act: format for all three programs

States received matching or formula funds from federal government. State agencies designated to implement programs. Uniform eligibility standards established within each state. Fair hearings established to appeal eligibility decisions .

Principles associated with the poor laws

Stigma Coercion/deterrence Family Responsibility Protection of inhabitants of an area against strangers who threatened 'status quo'. Settlement or legal residence Local responsibility

Material comfort

Success and happiness are reflected in material comfort in an acquisititive society. Materialism has an important effect on welfare. A value that is practices in welfare policies is that the material level of the people receiving the highest welfare benefits should always be lower than the level of the working person with the least income.

As unemployment increases

TANF caseloads are expected to increase as well. In the first three months of 2001, TANF caseloads were increasing in one-third of the states, and by September 2001, 33 states reported higher caseloads.

Effects of armed conflict

THE TOLL OF WAR ON CHILDREN: Killed: 2 million Disabled: 4-5 million Homeless: 12 m Orphaned or separated 1 million Psychologically traumatized: 10 million. In 2002, there were 300,000 child soldiers under 16 years of age. During the decade 1987-1997, children have served in government or opposition forces in at least 25 conflict zones. Children as young as 8 are forcibly recruited. For girls, their participation often involves being forced to provide sexual services.

1963 & 1965 The Community Mental Health Centers Acts

Target was to eliminate the state mental hospitals within a generation. Concern that this would lead to 'socialized medicine' led to underfunding of the CMHC's.

Supply-side economics

Tax cuts stimulate the economy by increasing labor and output.

The poor laws in the USA

The Colonies adapted the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 and also the Act of Settlement of 1662. So the principles in those Acts became the foundation of social policies of the early settlements in N. America and became firmly ingrained in the system.

Achievement and Success

The USA is a competitive society. 'Loser' is a big insult when applied to an individual or a group. Because social welfare deals with people who may have failed in various areas: as parents, as providers, as spouses, policies designed to help these populations face challenges in gaining public acceptance because they contravene this important societal value.

Keynesian economics

The government controls the market economy through taxation policy and by altering consumption incentives.

Social protection and the civil society

The idea that there should be a safety net for all citizens in a civilized society. No-one should have to starve through the misfortune of catastrophic illness or unemployment.

Failure of Social Reform in Truman Era (1945 - 1952)

The liberal strategy was to get the federal government to control the anticipated post war recession through social reform programs, i.e. health insurance, housing and expanded social security.

Poverty in the US is a function of

The maintenance of the class structure Macroeconomic Policy The correlates of poverty: poor education, poor mental and physical health, poor employment skills, no assets for support The political and electoral process Institutionalized ethnic discrimination Institutionalized gender discrimination

limitations to social development systems model

The model is a theoretical model and is untested. The addition of a value/ideological system consistent with social work professional values could be a next step in the model development. A stronger representation of the importance of culture and ethnicity is needed. Social development is a theory which is not central to social work practice in the US. As a theory it is not always understood by clinical social workers, yet it has considerable relevance for practice in the clinical setting It is more often seen as a model having relevance to global practice while not recognizing that the global is local and local is global.

FDR's solution

The new deal

Democracy

The notion that the majority view dominates, and that everyone's perspective is represented in the democratic process is central to the American Value system. However, social welfare often has to deal with minority cultures and groups who have fallen through the cracks of the democratic process.

Primacy of the family

The nuclear family is the primary social and economic unit for raising children.

Bureaucratic rationality

The ordering of social affairs by governmental agencies

Efficiency and practicality

The phrase 'just do it' represents this pragmatic approach to getting things done. Outcomes and products are important.

Badging the poor

The poor who received relief were required to wear, a red or blue badge on their right shoulder bearing the initial of their parish and the letter P for pauper

Problem defining child abuse

The problem therefore in considering child abuse from an international perspective, is in identifying a cross-cultural definition. The distiction between severity in punishment and child abuse differs from culture to culture.

social stratification

The vertical segmentation of the population according to income, occupation, and status

Equality

There is a strong belief in equality. However it is often presented as equality of opportunity not outcome. This is a way of explaining the inequality in a society that highly values equality. Programs such as Head Start which aim at equality of opportunity are strongly supported, while others that relate to equality of outcome, such as racial and gender based hiring quotas are not supported.

Social progress

There should be recognition by society that for instance, in the transition from an industrial economy to a technological economy, there will be some victims who are no longer able to be re-trained to work in the new manufacturing sectors. This may be due to age or regional distribution. Consider the Pittsburgh steel industry and its decline and the rise of Silicon Valley in California. Should those workers who became unemployable in Pittsburgh have to fend for themselves through no fault of their own, or does society have some responsibility? Titmuss argued that the costs of social change should not be allowed to 'lie where they fall'.

Micro-enterprise and Micro-lending

These programs originally derived from the Grameen Bank that was founded in Bangladesh to help rural villagers in abject poverty. The founder was professor Mohamed Yunus who won a Nobel prize for his work. Money was lent to groups of women to start small enterprises such as rearing chickens and growing and selling produce.

Progress

Things should always get better. Children expect to do better than their parents, and usually do so. Problems are not seen as part of the natural order.

Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601`

This Act confirmed the role of the locality in the welfare of the poor and set up a taxation system to pay for it. The main objectives of the 1601 Act were: The establishment of the parish as the administrative unit responsible for poor relief, with churchwardens or parish overseers collecting poor-rates and allocating relief. The provision of materials such as flax hemp and wool to provide work for the able-bodied poor. The setting to work and apprenticeship of children The relief of the 'impotent' poor — the old, the blind, the lame... and so on. This could include the provision of 'houses of dwelling' — almshouses or poorhouses rather than workhouses'.

PWORA (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act 1996)

This act was signed by President Clinton who had promised to 'end welfare as we know it'. Welfare reform ended entitlement to assistance. Previously under AFDC, states were required to give assistance to those who qualified. PRWORA changed this requirement and under TANF no family or child is entitled to assistance. Additionally PRWORA contained large cuts in the food stamp program and excluded immigrants from benefits. Another important change was the work requirement for welfare recipients and the lifetime time limits for benefits. These will be reviewed in more detail under TANF, the major program funded by PRWORA.

Freedom

This value has many meanings. It does not necessarily mean freedom from all controls, but freedom from strong social organization such as government control. This value has a profound influence on social policies: for example, child rights and child protection approaches are seen to reduce parental freedom. The United States as you will see in a later module is one of only two countries not to ratify the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child. One of the reasons that have been attributed to the US not signing this treaty is that it is perceived as reducing parents' rights.

Older Americans Act OAA 1965

This was passed under Title III. It authorized: Network of Arc Agencies on Aging (AAAs) to co-ordinate services for the elderly. OAA subsidizes many services nutritional, homebound and staff training. Began as an advocacy agency but became predominantly a service agency.

Medicaid

Title XIX. is means tested. From 1970 its coverage was restricted to persons who earned up to 133% of a states AFDC standard. A two tier system has resulted. Middle class Americans use non-profit or for-profit private hospitals and medical facilities. Poor use public hospitals and inner city clinics.

Social investment

Transportation Infrastructure Housing stock Environment Education Child care Health

Deinsititutionalization

Underlying Principle: People can be released from hospitals to be served by facilities in their communities. In effect disaffiliation with funded facilities had detrimental effect on the mentally ill.

Alternate to means tested selective programs

Universal programs/policies

Social costs of poverty

Urban decay: violence, vandalism, unsafe streets. Poor health: poor nutrition, high cost of care. Poor mental health: depression, substance abuse. Drug economy: seek illicit means to obtain economic goals. Family violence: child abuse, spouse abuse. Crime & delinquency. Lower educational standards.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Vicious circle of bankruptcies, price slashing, curtailment of production and decreased spending power. Established set prices for products to end price slashing. Established common wage levels for specific kinds of labor to end wage slashing. Criticisms: Businesses would establish self-serving policies; NRA unconstitutional (price and wage fixing forbidden by Sherman Antitrust Act).

New deal included

Welfare FERA Job creation CCC CWA PWA Distribution of food: Government surplus Economic reform. AAA & NRA

Ineffectiveness of present welfare system

Welfare Programs in the United States make the least impact on child poverty of income-transfer programs in industrialized countries

Fiscal welfare

Welfare consists of tax exemptions and deductions, and special tax breaks for capital gains. It may also include government subsidies to industries, such as the airline industry, and to farmers to protect certain products. Here are some examples of federal subsidies to different public sectors or industries

problems with implementation of civil rights act

When it became clear that discrimination was continuing, Johnson introduced further legislation with the Civil Rights Act 1965. Through this legislation Federal government could assume discrimination in a state if less than 50% of the population of people of color voted. This helped to reduce overt discrimination in voter registration.

Problems: The current global context for children

Widening disparities between and within rich and poor countries Devastation by HIV/AIDS esp. in sub-Saharan Africa Continued exploitation of children Severe decline in international development assistance

Why is gender discrepancy in poverty so high?

Women Traditionally Work in Lower Paid Service Jobs e.g. Still Few Women Pilots, Engineers, CEO's of Major Corporations. Career pattern for most women interrupted by child bearing and child rearing. Glass Ceilings for Women are subtle but real

Era of emergency reforms. Forces promoting major social welfare reforms:

Working-class support at polls. Middle-class support, affected by depression. Americans looked for bold leadership amid rampant suffering and were ready for change. Business interests discredited due to "corporate greed".

Battered Child Syndrome

a diagnostic concept describing the persistent physical damage to children, previously unrecognized bur revealed in advances in radiology

Federal block grant

a fixed amount of money given to states by the federal government to run a program within the defined guidelines. Since TANF money is "block granted" to the states, each state is allowed to design and implement its own TANF program, including setting benefit levels and determining who receives assistance.

Political Practice

a method of social work practice by which social workers advance their priorities either by assisting those in political office or by running for office themselves

Social Development

a process of planned social change designed to promote the well-being of the population as a whole in conjunction with a dynamic process of economic development'

Public Choice School

a school of political economies that suggest that because interest group demands inevitably lead to budget deficits, government should therefore limit concessions to these groups as much as possible

Social services

a series of collective interventions that contribute to the general welfare by assigning claims from one set of people who are said to produce or earn the national income to another set of people who may merit compassion and charity

Permanency planning

a strategy for helping foster children to live in families that offer continuity of relationships and the opportunity to establish lifetime relationships

policy framework

a systematic model for examining a specific social welfare policy or a series of policies.

Charity organization society

a voluntary organization active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that attempted to coordinate private charities and promote a scientific approach to philanthropy

Welfare State

a welfare state is one in which the national government ensures essential goods, services, and opportunities to residents as a right of citizenship

Public Policy

action, intention or considered non-action of local, state or federal government which involves allocation of resources and may include legislation or written documents, codes (E.g. Texas Family Code) which implement or interpret the legislation.

predictors of poverty

age, race, gender, region

Welfare capitalism

an advanced system of social welfare existing in progressive capitalist countries

human capital in social policy

an approach which recognizes that assisting human beings should be regarded as an investment, not a handout. For example if this approach were adopted in relation to Child Welfare, we would have a national system of Day Care, recognizing that the next generation is an investment for the future and that women can be freed for work

Accountable care organizations

an entity authorized through the ACA that enrolls at least 5k consumers and receives a unified budget through which care is provided, any surplus retained by the ACO

Autonomy of the individual

anyone can do anything they set their mind to; it is the fulfillment of the American Dream and also the 'bootstraps' approach.

Poverty guidelines

are a simplified version of the thresholds for use for administrative rather than statistical purposes. They are issued by the DHHS in the Federal Register.

Sherraden's (1991) approach to asset based policies

argues that the present welfare system is based on consumption whereas wealth is based on savings, investment and asset accumulation. a new approach to welfare should involve capacity building and investment and should be compatible with the predominant social and economic values of the country MMiddle class people get tax breaks in many ways, e.g. for mortgages. Why not therefore give people close to poverty similar breaks? Individual development accounts are matched savings accounts where if the client saves $1 the program will match it say, with $2 or $3 or $4.

Social development is about

building bridges and pathways to create and enhance full participation in the economy and society, for everyone. (Doreen Elliott's definition of social development)

Stereotyping and bias in mental health

by clinical staff leads to distrust of mental health services.

Welfare policy

concerned with allocating goods, services, and opportunities to enhance social functioning

War on poverty in the 1960s

consisted of job-training, youth employment and medical services which had not been implemented during the Kennedy administration. A number of anti-poverty programs were developed. i.e: • Job Corps. • Neighborhood Youth Corps. • Legal aid for the poor. • Medical clinics in low income communities. • Community Action Agencies (CAA) were created to co-ordinate programs. • Head Start Program introduced. A comprehensive child development program. (See for present day Head start programs: http://www.cwla.org/advocacy/headstart.htm). • Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) was set up to administer programs.

Public welfare

consists of cash benefits, in kind benefits such as food stamps, and other services to the poor. For many years these have represented less than 20% of social welfare in the USA and much less than occupational welfare and fiscal welfare as defined by Titmuss.

Distorted development

development occurs when development is uneven and where everyone does not have equal opportunity to access resources. Examples: Lack of availability of low-cost housing Over 40 million people with no access to primary health care Disproportionate numbers of female headed households, children, and minorities live in poverty. For example, one in every two children under age of six who lives in a female-headed family — 50.3 percent of such children — lived in poverty last year. International comparisons indicate that the overall child poverty rate in the United States remains higher than the rate in many western European countries and Canada. United States child poverty rate is substantially higher (often 2-3 times higher) than that of most other major Western industrialized nations.

Many of the definitions of poverty given earlier indicate a structural component:

e.g. concentrated poverty collective poverty extreme poverty rural or urban poverty

Currier V. Doran

establishes liability of child welfare workers if their actions "created the danger" that harmed a child

USA stats of mental health

estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older — about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.

Legitimizing public policy: public statements and actions of government

executive orders, budgets, laws, rules and regulations, judicial decisions and interpretations

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

first major welfare program in American history. Carbon copy of New York State's Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA): gave individual income maintenance assistance Federal funds to help states with costs of sustaining unemployed Criticism: it was argued that the FERA dole held back large numbers of persons who were able and willing to work

Developmental approach

goes further than the institutional approach is having as its goal social justice, and its willingness to consider the re-structuring of social institutions. Planned prevention and human investment are very important in this approach.

Institutional conception of social welfare

governmental social programs that assure citizens of their basic needs (for food, housing, education, income, employment, and health) are essential to an advanced economy. Such programs are considered a right of citizenship.

Food stamps program develop 1968-1978

has been successful. • Allowed people on impoverished budgets purchase food in quantities, not possible before. • Its administration was easier than previous attempt to dispense with food surplus, which required massive storage and centralized distribution.

1969 Shapiro v Thompson. US Supreme Court Judgment

held that 'state durational residency requirements denied equal protection of the law under the constitution by restricting the right to interstate travel' e this decision, the concept of settlement has diminished. However, residency as a concept (as opposed to durational residency) still exists for Medicaid and SSI. SSI terminates benefits if the recipient is outside the United States for a month.

Institutional model

help is woven into or institutionalized into the fabric of society. Here needs are seen as normal in some stages of human experience and life cycle, help may be provided on a preventative basis and may be continued indefinitely, stigma should be avoided and the idea of a safety net for citizens is important.

Raymond Mayers unpublished framework for policy analysis

i) Dimensions and Boundaries of the Policy (i.e description of the Policy) ii) Issues dealt with by the policy iii) The relationship of the policy to the dominant American Values iv) The relevant actors v) Decision issues(Implementation) vi) Implications of the Policy vii) Outcomes, Evaluation and Assessment.

Karger and Stoesz framework for policy analysis

i) Historical background of the policy. ii) Problems that necessitate the policy iii) Policy description iv) Policy analysis: goals, economic, political and administrative feasibility.

Segal and Brzuzu framework

i) Social problem. (This sections asks questions about the problem the policy is intended to address.) ii) Goal. iii) Policy/legislation iv) Implementation v) Affected Populations vi) Intended impact vii) Actual impact.

Children in poverty face greater risk of

inadequate nutrition environmental toxins diminished interaction due to maternal depression trauma and abuse lower quality child care parental substance abuse

Racism and discrimination in mental health

increase stress and thus increase the risk for mental disorder.

Lobbyists

individuals who work to advance the agenda of an employer, usually a trade association, in a state or national legislature

Social investment approach in social policy

involves a developmental approach using the mechanisms described above. It involves recognizing that there are social costs to marginalizing and excluding large sections of the population from access to societal benefits and resources and opportunities. It involves recognizing that certain populations benefit from an investment approach already in, for example, tax breaks for mortgages, and a range of business expenses and that new programs need to be developed to extend these privileges to all.

Female genital mutilation

involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. Usually by traditional practitioners with crude instruments and without anaesthetic.. In more affluent classes it may be performed by medical practitioners: The medicalization of FGM is inappropriate: it is against medical ethics and it appears to legitimize a harmful practice. Between 100 and 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation Each year approximately 2 million girls are at risk of mutilation Usually performed on girls between the ages of 4 and 12 May be performed on infants, older adolescents, and even mature women Custom & tradition; religious demands; family honor; hygiene and purification; aesthetic reasons; protection of virginity and prevention of promiscuity; enhanced sexual pleasure for male; increase marriage opportunities; increasing fertility.PHYSICAL EFFECTS: severe pain; shock; hemorrhage; urine retention; ulceration; infection; HIV; cysts and abscesses; keloids; incontinence; dyspareunia; sexual dysfunction; complications in childbirth: maternal death and stillbirth. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS: loss of trust in care-givers; anxiety; depression; chronic irritability; frigidity; marital conflicts arising from painful intercourse and reduced sexual sensitivity.

The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA)

is a federal law that provides participants who already have benefits under mental health and substance use disorder (MH/SUD) coverage parity with benefits limitations under their medical/surgical coverage.' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010) https://www.cms.gov/healthinsreformforconsume/04_thementalhealthparityact.asp

Occupational welfare

is the receipt of benefits related to corporate, private or government employment. We all eventually benefit from medical insurance, social security; other benefits include veteran's benefits, railroad retirement and benefits, sick and vacation pay, low cost cafeteria meals, group life insurance, credit unions, use of company autos and airplanes, clothing allowances, use of credit cards, expense accounts, travel accounts, etc. etc. All of these and many other benefits are subsidized by the employer, and, argues Titmuss are a form of welfare. This connection to employment becomes problematic where full employment does not exist. It leaves those who are not employed without such benefits.

Many people believe poverty is caused by individual deficits such as

laziness lack of responsibility unwillingness to gain necessary work skills lack of planning for future alcohol or drug addiction family history of poverty

Clinical environments that do not accommodate the cultures of people they serve

may act as a deterrent to clients seeking services.

Disregards

monthly expenses deducted from gross income to determine CHIP net income and include: Child Care Expenses - maximum of $200 per child under maximum of $175 per child 2 or over Work Related Expenses $120 unless in school or self-employed Child Support or Alimony - full amount

In-kind benefits

non cash goods or services provided by the government that function as a proxy for cash, for example, Food Stamps, Section 8 housing vouchers, and Medicare

6. Minorities experience a greater disability burden

not because their mental illness is more severe, but because they do not receive adequate services.

1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act

now called Individuals with Disabilites Act IDEA (P.L. 94-142) guaranteed all children with disabilities a free public school education and encouraged mainstreaming and inclusion where possible.

how the census bureau measures poverty

official poverty data are collected using the current population survey (CPS) March supplement They then add in the increase from the previous year based on the Consumer Price Index. Following the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) statistical policy directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds updated annually in accordance with the Consumer Price Index, that vary by family size and composition to determine who is poor. If a family's total income is less than that family's threshold, then that family, and every individual in it, is considered poor. The Poverty Guidelines are then derived from these figures and simplified somewhat by the Department of Heath and Social Security.

Depression

one of the world's leading causes of disability with over 50 million people worldwide affected by the disease

Settlement Houses

organizations that began in the late 1800s as an attempt to bridge class differences marking american society. Based on the residence of middle-class volunteers in immigrant neighborhoods, settlement houses emphasized the provision of social services as well as reform activities

Scientific philanthropy

philanthropic giving based on a series of principles for rational and responsible giving

Need for policy or policy change may be ignited by

policy advocacy and policy proposal organizations, interest groups, government bureaucracies, state legislatures, congress, president

Think tanks

policy institutes

Residual model

problems are seen as abnormal and a crisis, people are helped only after all their resources are used up, help given is minimal and continued for as short a time as possible, and there is stigma involved. This position represents a 'bootstraps' or 'band aid' approach to social welfare.

case management

process by which all related matters of a case are managed by a single professional, often a social worker

Human Capital

productive investments that are embodied in humans. Includes education, training, skills, experience, knowledge, and health. Increases result in expenditures on education, job training, medical care

TEXCARE

program developed to raise awareness of the children's health insurance options available, and to help Texas families obtain and utilize affordable coverage for their uninsured children (ages 0-19). offers two separate children's health insurance programs with benefits packages (CHIP and Children's Medicaid) that cover a full range of services including regular checkups, immunizations, prescription drugs, lab tests, X-rays, hospital visits, and more.

FGM and the rights of the child- THE CRC

protects rights to gender equality. (Article 2). freedom from mental & physical violence and maltreatment (Article. 24.1). highest attainable standard of health (A. 24.) freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman & degrading treatment. (Article 37). requires states to take measures to abolish traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. (Article 24.3.).

1601 act empowered parish overseers to

raise money for poor relief from the inhabitants of the parish, according to their ability to pay. The poor-rate was originally a form of local income tax, but over time evolved into the rating system — a property tax based on the value of real estate. In general, the poor-rate was paid by the tenant of a property rather than its owner.

Standardize

reduce service to a common denominator in order to lower provider costs

Poverty line (threshold)

refers to the amount of income below which an individual, family, or other social unit is judged to be poor. The basis for calculation was established in the 1960'ties and they are issued by the US Census Bureau http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/papers/hptgssiv.htm

Libertarians

small but influential group that advocates more individual responsibility and a very limited role for government in social and economic affairs

Social policy

social action sanctioned by society. The formal and consistent ordering of human affairs

Human investment is linked to building

social capital and human capital

Harry Hopkins

social worker that FDR appointed to mastermind the new deal reforms

Problems with means tests

stigma, changing family circumstances, difficult to deal with urgent problem, difficult to calculate means, harks back to the poor law philosophy, creates a poverty trap with disinvites to work

Social welfare policy

subset of social policy, regulates the provision of benefits to people to meet basic life needs, such as employment, income, food, housing, health care, and relationships

Social entrepreneurship

the application of business principles to advance social welfare

IDA programs operate on

the basis of human investment

corporate social responsibility

the concept of corporations should b beheld accountable for practices and decisions that adversely affect those communities in which they do business. In addition, corporate social responsibility refers to the responsibility of corporations to promote the general well-being of society

Commercialization

the consequence of subjecting social welfare to the marketplace, including advertising for services, marketing services, and pricing services

Recovered memory

the invalid proposition that people traumatized suppress memories that can be recovered through a certain form of therapy

Market Rationality

the ordering of human affairs by corporate institutions within the marketplace

privatization

the ownership or management of social services by the proprietary corporations. Privatization of public assistance refers to attempts by individual states to have for-profit corporations manage the delivery of their public assistance benefits

Corporate Sector

the part of the mixed welfare economy consisting of large, for-profit human-service corporations

Voluntary sector

the part of the mixed welfare economy consisting of private, nonprofit agencies

Government sector

the part of the mixed welfare economy consisting of social programs administered by government, particularly the federal government Ex: TANF

The settlement Act

the principle behind this Act was not really new and had its origins in the 1388 Statute of Cambridge. The act allowed for the removal from a parish (generally back to their parish of birth) of newcomers whom local justices deemed "likely to be chargeable" to the parish poor rates'.

Collective bargaining

the process of negotiating wages and conditions of employment by an organized body of employees, usually a union or professional association

Private practice

the provision of clinical services through the marketplace by individual practitioners or small groups of practitioners

preferential selection

the selection of clients for treatment according to the organizational needs of the providers as opposed to the needs of the client; usually used to describe the practice of private providers who prefer insured clients with less severe problems

Social Capital

the sum of the structure, functioning and effectiveness of an individual's social network(s). Social capital clearly is a useful tool for empowerment in social work. Think of its applications to communities in improving neighborhoods, and its possibilities for considering online social capital in social networks. Social work has not yet incorporated this concept effectively. Future policies should focus on building social capital.

YAVIS syndrome

the tendency of clinicians to prefer clients who are young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful

If social welfare took a human investment approach rather than a 'charity' (and a reluctant charity giving) approach

then the face of social welfare policies would change. For instance, many children come into public care when their family is made homeless. Instead of spending public money keeping the child in a scarcely successful foster care system, why not take an investment approach and spend probably less money and keep the family in their home with rent subsidies till they can b assisted to build a sustainable family economy?Outcomes of an investment approach are likely more successful in keeping people out of poverty rather than just maintaining them at the poverty line.

If programs are selective

they select whether people should qualify for assistance. The way this is done is usually through a means test.

Cons

too many children remain without health care.

Social investment strategy

using investment to fund social programs, as in social investment bonds

1953 to 1969 - Earl Warren

was Chief Justice. Was very influential in the social reforms of this era.

Affluence in the 1960s

wealth due to growth in industry in the 1950s and the federal government's cheap housing loans to veterans led to housing boom.

Who receives TANF

• 72% of TANF recipients are children. • As of March 2001, there were 5,488,616 people receiving TANF benefits

Work requirements for TANF

• At the heart of the statute is the expectation that, in exchange for flexibility in designing appropriate programs and services, each State be held accountable for moving families from welfare to self-sufficiency through work. • Each State must meet two separate work participation rates that reflect how well it succeeds in engaging adults in work activities. The minimum participation rate for adults in all families (the overall rate) started at 25 percent in FY 1997, but is 40 percent in FY 2000 and rises to 50 percent in FY 2002 and thereafter. The minimum participation rate for adults in two-parent families (the two-parent rate) was 75 percent in fiscal years 1997 and 1998, but has increased to 90 percent. A State that fails to meet participation rates will be subject to a monetary penalty.

TANF Successes

• Caseloads have declined by as much as 62% since the peak in 1994. • Since 1996, an additional 25% of single mothers—a group which in the past has been the most likely to be on welfare—is working.

Key ways TANF differs from state to state

• Eligibility: States can decide who will be eligible for TANF assistance. They can determine if they will or will not impose "family caps" by refusing to increase benefits for families who have more children while on the program • Types of assistance provided: Assistance is defined as any payments directed at ongoing, basic needs. A state decides what services and assistance it will provide. • Benefit levels: Benefits vary widely from state to state. Seven states provide less than $200 per month. Seventeen states provide less than $300 per month. Fifteen states provide less than $400 per month. Six states provide less than $500 per month. Four states provide more than $500 per month • Time limits: States can impose different time limits than the federal law. Ten states have shorter lifetime limits. Many states have limits to the number of consecutive months a recipient can receive assistance. States can choose to use state funds for assistance to any household outside the federal eligibility requirements, including those who have reached time limits. • Work requirements: States are given flexibility in defining what constitutes a work requirement. In general this includes work experience, community service, some education, and child care. States are held to strict work participation requirements and are subject to financial penalty for failure to meet these rates. • Sanctions (loss of benefits): States are allowed to impose penalties on recipients who refuse to comply with work requirements. States decide what constitutes non-compliance and what the degree of penalty will be. • Transitional Services: States can use TANF funds to provide services other than cash assistance to people as they transition from welfare to work (examples include bus passes, child care). States are allowed to count state money spent on transitional services toward their MOE requirements.

TANF Program goals

• Provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for at home • End dependence on assistance by promoting job preparation and work • Prevent and reduce the incidence of out-out-wedlock pregnancies • Encourage and promote marriage

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) may reduce a state's block grant if it fails to do any of the following:

• Satisfy work requirements. A penalty of 5 percent accrues in the first year. The penalty amount increases 2 percent per year for each consecutive failure. The penalty is adjusted based on degree of failure. The maximum penalty is 21 percent. • Comply with five-year limit on assistance. Failure to comply results in a 5 percent penalty. • Meet the state's basic maintenance of effort requirements. The penalty is based on the amount of the state's under-spending. The state also loses its Welfare-to-Work funds. • Meet the State's Contingency Fund MOE requirement. The penalty is a reduction of the State's Federal TANF grant by the amount of Contingency Funds received and not remitted. • Reduce recipient grants for refusing to participate in work activities without good cause. A penalty of between 1 percent and 5 percent is assessed based on the degree of noncompliance • Submit required data reports. A penalty of 4 percent accrues. • Comply with paternity establishment and child support enforcement requirements. Failure to comply results in a penalty of up to 5 percent.

Important strides made in reform from 1950s and 1960s

• Shifts in public opinion in support of welfare reform through increased attention to poverty issues. Debate on causes of poverty. • 1955 - Policy segregation on buses rescinded, the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott was led by Martin Luther King Jr. • 1955 - Mississippi murder of Emmett Till, an African American boy visiting from Chicago, led to national awakening to gross injustices and recognition of civil rights • Increase in Civil Rights Movement outcry led Kennedy to propose in 1963, his Civil Rights Legislation: prohibiting gender and raced based job discrimination prohibiting discrimination in voter registration • 1962 - Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA). Fraught with problems, yet was the first national job-training program. • Kennedy worked for a major increase in minimum wage • 1961 to 1965 - Area Redevelopment Agency to increase employment in depressed rural areas through loans and subsidies and a better transport system. However it failed and was closed down in 1965. • 1963 - Community Mental Health Centers Act. Provided federal funding for Community Mental Health Centers for outpatient and preventive care (See MH & SW materials). • AFDC - Federal government provided 75% match to the states to provide incentive for improved services to AFDC recipients. 1963 Assassination of President John Kennedy. He died before the social reform agenda was complete. He was succeeded by President Lyndon Johnson 1963-1968 who continued the social reform agenda.

Time limits for TANF

• States have the option to extend assistance beyond the five-year limit for federally funded assistance for a maximum of 20 percent of their average monthly number of cases. Under these exceptions the State may extend assistance for a family if : 1) The family has a hardship, as defined by the State; or 2) The family includes someone who has been battered or subject to extreme cruelty. • If a State does opt to extend assistance, it may apply the extension to a particular family only once an adult in the family has received 60 cumulative months of assistance.

What is TANF

• TANF stands for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. It is the nation's safety net program for no- or low-income families with either a pregnant woman or at least one child.

How is TANF funded

• The federal contribution totals $16.5 billion annually. The amount each state currently receives is based on how much federal welfare funding the state received in the mid 1990s. • In addition to the federal money, each state is required to spend at least 75% of the amount they spent on welfare programs in fiscal year 1994. This state contribution is called Maintenance of Effort (MOE). • The monies are given to states in a Federal Block Grant to which conditions are attached.

what impeded social welfare reform after ww2

• Wealth accumulation during wartime: people now bought consumer goods and created an economic boom. They were largely oblivious to the plight of the poor. • European and Japanese markets opened up for American goods. • Cold War 1940s - 1980s. These 40 years drew attention away from domestic concerns to defense. Military spending was a priority. 75% of national budget in the 1950s was spent on the military. • Following WWII and well into 1975 - the Korean and Vietnam War Era, a long period of federal spending related to military expenses.

Most significant changes between old AFDC program and new TANF program

•Time Limits: Federal law limits the amount of time any household can receive assistance to five years (60 months) •Work Requirements: Recipients are required to be engaged in "work activities." •Sanctions: Federal law allows financial punishments for clients who fail to comply with program requirements. Furthermore, sanctions can result in permanent eligibility termination. •Devolution: Based on the principle that states know best what their people need and how best to serve them, extensive flexibility in design of assistance programs has been given in most areas of the TANF program.

Full Employment Act 1946 aimed to create:

•full employment country wide •and a new on-going body in the White House Council of Economic Advisors. But this scheme failed largely because there was no post war recession, but rather an economic boom.