Sociology 101
Which of the following is the best example of how globalization might impact the culture in the United States?
A South Korean music video is widely seen in the United States.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a kind of social movement?
A changing social institution
Which of the following would be the best example of a stigma?
A child who is extremely obese
What does gender have to do with socialization?
A child's gender may determine how they are treated and essentially affect how they perceive themselves.
There are generally three causes for cultural change. Which scenario best exemplifies one of those three reasons?
A civil rights campaign
What would a desire to eat be considered?
A drive
Given the information above, what is a likely profile of a female criminal? (Given that all of the following could be the profile of an individual criminal.)
A female sex worker living with her two children committed a robbery.
Which is an example of how a sociologist would understand how health varies?
A frail feminine body might be seen as healthy in one culture but diseased in another.
Which of the following is purely an instinct?
A gardener almost steps on a snake he knows to be harmless and screams.
Which of the following would NOT be an example of applied sociology?
A graduate student running a research project to see if including certain words into a passage volunteers read evokes greater feelings of patriotism in them as measured by a survey.
Which of the following describes one of the three functions Durkheim ascribes to deviance?
A homosexual lifestyle was identified as a deviant lifestyle. Self-identified members of this deviant group successfully fought for greater equal rights.
The functionalist approach has traditionally considered the function of gender to be what?
A husband and wife should take on separate roles to meet the family's internal and external needs.
What is the definition of argot?
A language unique to a subculture
Which of the following is the best example of movement from a coercive organization to a voluntary organization?
A person gets out of prison and joins AA to help him deal with his drug addiction.
Which of the following is an action that might be considered a crime but not deviant?
A person jaywalks across a street instead of using the crosswalk.
Which of the following is the best example of descriptive research?
A project that records the language young Caucasians in a certain metro region use to describe people of African-American heritage.
Which of the following is the best example of a conflict of interest?
A researcher does academic research on people's attitudes towards products that are made by a company she consults for.
Which is an example of ethnocentrism?
A shopkeeper is offended when a foreign tourist tries to negotiate a price in the store, and the shopkeeper tells him to either buy the item or leave it.
What would a sociologist say to someone who argued that drives control a lot of human behavior since we all need to eat, drink, and sleep?
A sociologist would argue that humans vary widely in how they express and fulfill those drives.
How would a sociologist regard a print dictionary?
A sociologist would say that because language is always changing, the dictionary would not have the most up-to-date information.
Which of the following is the best example of a situation in which the sociological imagination would have some insight?
A student recognizes that she may be avoiding studying because her peers make her feel unaccepted when she gets a good grade.
When might a researcher choose to take a sample rather than measuring the entire population?
When the population is too large for every member to be measured.
Aaron has a close family. He identifies strongly as a member of his family. Which of the following statements is true relative to Aaron's situation?
Aaron's family is both his primary group and his in-group.
Which of the following BEST illustrates the difference between absolute and relative poverty?
Absolute poverty is a fixed definition of how poor one is; relative poverty fluctuates depending on the standard of living.
Why did laws requiring that students attend school until 8th grade in the United States come into effect?
America was becoming more industrial and workers needed skills.
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
An American finds it rude when a Chinese person burps loudly at dinner.
Which of the following statements about implicit bias is NOT true?
An implicit bias will never be against an in-group.
According to George Henry Mead, the game phase is characterized by:
An understanding of rules and structure
What is the first step of the sociological research process?
Ask a question.
What is the difference between a retreatist and a rebel, according to Robert Merton's five-part typology of deviance?
Both a retreatist and a rebel reject the socially acceptable goals and means; a rebel creates a new set of goals and means.
What do structural strain theory and the conflict perspective have in common, as they relate to deviance?
Both believe deviance occurs when there is an imbalance of resources in society.
How does the work of both Karl Marx and Max Weber set the field of sociology apart from anthropology?
Both deal with modern rather than pre-modern societies.
How are bureaucracies different from other formal organizations?
Bureaucracies are more highly developed organizations.
How did the Green Revolution avert the population bomb scenario?
By increasing crop yields, the Green Revolution enabled more people to be fed, thereby avoiding mass starvation and social unrest.
What is the term for a rigid system of social stratification that offers little to no social mobility?
Caste system
Social stratification is the ______.
Categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy
Which religious organization is known for having trained clergy members?
Church
What is the "criminalization" of homelessness?
Cities have outlawed sleeping in public, essentially making homeless people criminals for living on the streets.
______ describes an intimate and serious relationship between two people who are living together but are not married.
Cohabitation
What is the difference between companionate and expressive relationships?
Companionate relationships prioritize amorous love while expressive relationships value mutual betterment and goal achievement.
How did Auguste Comte's original conception of sociology differ from previous studies of society?
Comte applied scientific observations to the study of society in hopes of improving it.
A feminist perspective is closest to which other major sociological perspective?
Conflict perspective
Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social inequalities that exist in capitalist societies?
Conflict perspective
According to Wallerstein, what is the relationship between core, semiperiphery, and periphery nations?
Core nations dominate periphery and semiperiphery nations since they control world wealth, dominating and exploiting other nations for their own benefit.
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means that one variable causes the other.
What is a latent function of educational institutions, such as schools and colleges?
Creating relationships among people of the same social class
Pierre Bourdieu is best known for his ideas involving what kind of resources?
Cultural capital
How might sociologists interpret a movement to restrict immigration that occurred largely among people whose wages were declining?
Declining privilege theory
Which of the following is an example of a subculture?
Dedicated birdwatchers who often meet, share common goals, and use a specialize language to talk about their experiences
Historic laws that denied slaves the right to vote are an example of how a society creates racist values by ________.
Defining the behavior of the groups
What is a conflict perspective on deviance?
Deviance is defined by the people who are in control in society.
Which of the following is an example of medicalization?
Doctors now pay attention when patients tell them they feel depressed in winter and are more likely to identify that emotion as Seasonal Affective Disorder, whereas previously they might have attributed the depression to individual temperament.
Which of the following is a sociological theory about why boys (on average) get lower grades than girls (on average)?
Doing poorly in school is a gender norm for boys among their peers.
Which of the following is the best example of the medicalization of a condition?
Drug addiction used to be considered a moral flaw, but is now treated with medication.
Which of the following is an example of how cultural capital might perpetuate inequality?
During a job interview, Clara mentions her love for a new play that has just opened in town. The CEO of the company interviewing her immediately feels a connection because he read a review of the play on his way to work.
Which of the following is the clearest example of a master status?
During class, a physics teacher chats with the star quarterback of the high school football team about strategies for the upcoming game.
What three factors does a marriage commonly contain?
Economic cooperation, a sexual relationship, and child rearing.
Which of the following is an example of role strain?
Emmanuel is a manager at a company. He needs to get a project done soon. One of his most valuable employees is available but dislikes the work that needs to be done. Emmanuel struggles between the risk of missing the deadline or alienating the employee.
What practice do employers use to decrease the ability of low-wage workers to negotiate their wages?
Employers keep a reserve army of workers they can hire if current employees misbehave.
About 90 percent of the world's wealth is contained in
Europe, North America and rich Asian and Pacific countries
Sweden spends about half the amount the U.S. does on each resident's healthcare and has an infant mortality rate about half that of the United States. What are two key aspects of the Swedish healthcare system?
Every Swedish resident's major healthcare costs are covered, and the Swedish system is decentralized with local communities providing the healthcare.
In large high schools, students often break themselves up into cliques on the basis of shared interests or values. What is the sociological term for this kind of group?
Factions
Which of the following agents of socialization has a profound effect on an individual because of its influence during younger, developmental years?
Family
Which of the following is the best example of self-concept?
Felix knows he is a good student.
How can folkways and mores be compared?
Folkways are traditional ways of doing something, while mores concern moral values.
How might a functionalist classify the popularity and prominence of football in American society?
Football is almost a religious institution that uses rituals to reinforce common American values, such as competition, and it serves as an outlet for aggression in order to help maintain social cohesion.
Labeling theory can explain which societal problem?
Former convicts relapsing into criminal activity
Where do most Americans buy their health insurance?
From their employer
Which perspective is centered around the balance of a society, which relies on all of the contributing parts working together?
Functionalism
Which of the following is not a form of property crime?
Gambling
Which term is queer closest to in meaning?
Gay
A four-year-old girl goes out trick or treating in a nurse's outfit she chose at a local department store. Throughout the evening, she receives a lot of positive attention. She is told she is cute and asked what patients she is taking care of. What aspect(s) of gender does this reinforce?
Gender role and gender identity
What did Margaret Mead's research on the gender roles of the Arapesh, the Mundugumor (now called Biwat), and the Tchambuli (now called Chambri) suggest?
Gender roles are learned and not universal.
What do the Navajo concepts of nádleeh í and dilbaa suggest about sex and gender?
Gender roles are learned and not universal.
Rebecca has continued to reach and exceed her quota of signed LOAs (letters of agreement) at her job. Though she is performing better than most, she believes she won't likely get promoted to Sales Manager. Which of the following describes the problem Rebecca might be facing?
Glass ceiling
Imagine a study in which a sociologist wants to see how long different employees in an office take to eat lunch, since he believes they probably take longer than their allotted half hour. He goes to the office, makes the reason for his study known, and observes the employees for a month. No one takes longer than 20 minutes to eat. What is the name for a possible explanation of why this is?
Hawthorne effect
What is one potential criticism of Talcott Parsons' functionalist study of families?
He overlooked nontraditional family forms.
In what way was Kinsey innovative in his treatment of sexual identity?
He saw heterosexuality and homosexuality as a continuum.
A clinical sociologist would most likely be found in what area?
Health care
Which of the following agents of socialization would most influence a high school girl attempting to fit in at high school?
Her peers
What was Karl Marx's contribution to the field of sociology?
His writings formed the basis of the conflict perspective in sociology.
A law is passed requiring that girls' sports be given the same resources as boys' sports. This law leads to universities awarding valuable scholarships, which encourages parents to invest in girls' sports. Stronger female athletes attract more viewers to women's professional sports, which leads to a shift in how the culture views and values women. What sociological concept is this an example of?
Holism
Which of the following suggests that homelessness is strongly stigmatized in our society?
Homelessness is a master status.
A few employees feel uncomfortable at their office because, when their supervisor isn't around, their co-workers tell sexual jokes. Which of the following describes this?
Hostile work environment harassment
What is a conundrum that sociologists have noted?
If women receive more college degrees, why do they earn less than men?
Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime?
Illegal drug use
When does an emergent norm occur?
In a crowd
What is the difference between pluralism and assimilation?
In pluralism, subcultures keep their distinctive attributes, while in assimilation they take on the features of the dominant culture.
The "stop and frisk" policy is an example of a policy that can perpetuate racial injustice through ________.
Incarceration
The conflict perspective argues which of the following about gender?
Inequality in society stems from the gender roles assigned to and expected from men and women.
An estimated 40% of people contacted for family violence surveys refuse to answer questions about violence in their homes. What is one possible result of this refusal as it relates to family violence statistics?
Instances of intimate terrorism go unreported.
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between institutional racism and systemic racism?
Institutional racism is instilled in written policies; systemic racism is found in attitudes and beliefs.
Which of the following agents of socialization strongly influences respect for authority and appropriate interaction with others?
Institutions
Which of the following does NOT contribute to a person's ethnic identity?
Intellect
Which of the following ensures that a bureaucracy can still perform if one individual worker is unable to perform his or her job?
Interchangeability
Why could the functionalist perspective on deviance be considered counterintuitive?
It asserts that deviance contributes to the stability of society.
Which of the following is an advantage of field research?
It can offer a lot of detail about a topic.
How does modernization change a society's culture?
It changes culture by putting more people in contact with one another and by changing the technological conditions of life.
What is a sick role?
It confers the responsibility of taking care of yourself and the right to temporarily avoid certain obligations.
A sociologist has a theory that greater social interaction would help older adults retain mental capacity. What might research do to help her theory?
It could provide evidence to support her theory by comparing the social interactions of mentally sharp older adults to the interactions of those who have average mental capacity.
How does differential association theory differ from functionalism and the conflict perspective?
It focuses on the relationships between people on a micro level, rather than examining society on a whole.
How have people's preferences for the number of children in their families changed over the last forty years?
It has decreased.
Why is creating an operational definition important?
It is needed to allow a hypothesis to be tested.
What do sociologists think about ethnocentrism?
It is useful insofar as it gives people a sense of belonging, but it can prevent them from learning about other cultures.
What is the quality of health care in the United States?
It is worse than that of many core nations.
Which of the following statements best describes the sociological imagination?
It looks at personal issues from a wider, more general perspective.
What does it mean for results to be statistically significant?
It means the results have probably not occurred by chance.
What does the marriage gap refer to?
It refers both to the fact that higher socioeconomic classes have higher marriage rates and to a mismatch between highly educated never-married women and less well-educated never-married men.
What does "doing gender" refer to?
It refers to everyday interactions that evoke and reinforce gender differences.
Which of the following is the best example of normative social influence? (Read all the answer choices carefully first.)
Jake moves into a new apartment building and joins a group of guys he meets there at a local bar. The guys talk about the physical attractiveness of various women living in the apartment complex. Although Jake feels uncomfortable with the topic of conversation, he adds his own opinions to fit in with the group.
Which theorist co-founded the Chicago Hull House.
Jane Addams
Which of the following groups of people share their ethnicity by circumstance?
Jewish people
Jumil is a man who cares about his appearance, is sensitive, and dislikes sports. What is probably true of Jumil?
Jumil's behavior likely does not conform to gender norms.
Who explored the importance of conflict within a society?
Karl Marx
Who would most likely say that the modern economic system perpetuates inequality among people?
Karl Marx
Whose ideas are the basis for the conflict perspective?
Karl Marx
In the United States, it is generally considered acceptable for a teenager to work a part-time job that is not related to her career choice. Many people, however, assume that by their early 30s they will be working a job that will be their career. What is the sociological explanation for these preconceived ideas about childhood and adulthood.
Life course approach
Which of the following is NOT directly a factor that leads both men and women to commit crimes at greater rates?
Living in economically deprived neighborhoods
Which of the following best represents how a sociologist would view marriage?
Marriage provides a way of publicly signaling love and commitment, but it is always changing.
Rationalization was introduced by which thinker?
Max Weber
What is one reason that medical outcomes are stratified by age?
Medical research uses human subjects who are primarily middle aged, not children or older adults.
In Western culture, nursing is seen as a primarily "feminine" career. Which of the following likely results from this fact?
Members of the profession probably earn less than comparably trained members of another, male-dominated profession.
Which theory of global stratification most closely resembles functionalism?
Modernization theory
How do cultural norms differ from mores?
Mores are norms; however, mores govern a society's notion of right and wrong.
What are the effects of divorce on children?
Most children experience intense emotional upset at first.
Which category is the smallest racial minority officially recognized in the United States?
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
Generally speaking, which sociologists believed in the madness of the crowd? Hint
Nineteenth-century sociologists
What is the best summary of George Herbert Mead's theory of social interactions?
No one is born knowing how to communicate with one another, and people have to learn what symbols mean and how to use them.
How can life course expectations be detrimental?
Older adults face discrimination in the job market because they are assumed to be less capable than their younger peers.
How would a sociologist working from the symbolic interactionist perspective describe a convict's return to criminal behavior after being released from prison?
Once labeled as deviant, the convict internalizes the label and therefore continues to commit deviant acts.
What demonstrates that people are not collecting welfare benefits rather than working?
Only 25 percent of working-age people receiving government assistance are not employed full-time or caring for others.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of a person experiencing a liminal state?
Parth works at a coffee shop after school in order to pay for some household expenses, but his parents still impose a curfew on him.
Which of the following is an example of belonging to a category?
People born and raised in Annapolis, Maryland
Which of the following is true about a subculture?
People in subcultures share distinctive aspects that set them apart as a group.
According to Merton, what creates the conditions for social strain?
People lack legitimate means to achieve a socially-sanctioned goal.
What are some of the limitations of a survey as a research tool?
People may not accurately report their own experiences, and the questions themselves may shape the responses gathered.
What is a disadvantage of using an experiment to gather data in sociological research?
People may not act the way they would in real life.
Tajfel and other sociologists have found which to be true about group formation?
People think about the world in terms of "us" versus "them" groups readily with little prompting.
A person's physical features, or ________, are the physical expression of their biological genes.
Phenotype
Which of the following examples is a folkway?
Placing your napkin on your lap at dinner
Which is an example of systemic racism?
Police officers in the United States, on average, operating under the "stop and frisk" policy, stop disproportionately more citizens of color.
How are pollution and climate change different?
Pollution is the act of making aspects of the environment dirty or unsafe; climate change refers to the change in weather patterns due to the increasing temperature of the Earths' surface.
Some denominations of Hinduism worship a pantheon of numerous deities. What type of religion would these be classified as?
Polytheism
______ refers to the worship of or belief in multiple gods.
Polytheism
How does prejudice differ from discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a treatment.
Max Weber identified all the following factors as integral contributors to a person's position in society EXCEPT ________.
Race
Which of the following best describes the distinction between race and ethnicity?
Race is a social category based on a person's physical traits; ethnicity comes from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and national identity.
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is a social category while ethnicity is a shared ancestry and heritage.
A _________ is a group of people a person compares him or herself to.
Reference group
The rationalization of society describes the shift in what held groups together from _________ to _________.
Relationships; goals
John's family owns a car, and his parents each have cell phones, but they struggle to pay their bills each month and cannot afford some of the luxuries, such as electronics, vacations, and outings that John's classmates enjoy. What is this called?
Relative poverty
The United States spends $80 million per year housing criminals. What is one danger in reducing the prison population?
Released prisoners will commit new crimes.
How is data for domestic violence usually collected?
Reporting from public agencies, such as police departments and hospitals and random sample surveys
What recent study found evidence that disease is socially constructed?
Researchers found that Black children were more likely to receive a diagnosis of asthma than White children, even with the same symptoms.
Which of the following is NOT an unethical aspect of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
Researchers infected the men with syphilis.
Which is the most ambitious type of social movement in the changes it wants to create?
Revolutionary
Which of the following examples is not an ascribed status?
Ross works hard in law school and graduates at the top of his class.
Which is an example of a dysfunction of bureaucracy?
Sanjay has been fairly unmotivated at work recently. He is on a large team of people, each responsible for a specific piece of a long process. His job is simple, repetitive, and no one looks over his shoulder.
What is social integration?
Schools teaching cultural knowledge such as Thanksgiving traditions
Which religious organization originates from within a dominant religion but emphasizes its opposition to the dominant religion?
Sect
Eli generally feels comfortable around new people and confident about navigating social interactions. One day, he finds himself feeling insecure as he talks to some new Chinese clients. He wonders if they understand his jokes or if he's doing something culturally inappropriate. What different versions of the self (respectively) is the scenario an example of?
Self-concept and self-image
Which of the following is illegal, but is still exists in most parts of the world?
Slavery
What is the difference between social groups and formal organizations?
Social groups are created often casually around relationships in daily life; formal organizations are created to achieve goals.
In what way does education in the Soviet Union reflect that country's culture?
Social sciences are de-emphasized in favor of the hard sciences.
Which of the following is an example of a female-dominated profession?
Social worker
____ is the process by which people discover where they fit in relation to society and how to function as a member of that society.
Socialization
Which of the following offers the best example of quid pro quo harassment?
Someone from HR hints that if an employee spends the night with him, she will receive a higher performance review.
How would a functionalist view stratification?
Stratification motivates people to work harder.
Which of the following examples is the most common way that schools serve as agents of socialization?
Students learn to respect authority figures.
What is the difference between subcultures and countercultures?
Subcultures have their own distinctive language, values, and behaviors, while countercultures are oriented against what they perceive to be flaws in the dominant culture.
Peter is studying how co-workers respond when a female speaks up at a meeting. Peter is most likely working from the perspective of...
Symbolic interactionism
Which perspective focuses on communication between individuals influencing the way a society operates?
Symbolic interactionism
With which of the main schools of sociological thought do Mead's ideas about socialization and role-taking most closely align?
Symbolic interactionism
Which of the following sociological perspectives posits that iconography is key for communication among religious communities?
Symbolic interactionism perspective
Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social significance of rituals like handshakes, hugs, or high fives?
Symbolic interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective studies the role-taking processes of family members?
Symbolic interactionist perspective
According to the World Bank (2012), Haiti has a Gini coefficient of 60.8, and Slovenia has a Gini coefficient of 25.6. What does this mean?
That the income is more evenly distributed among the population in Slovenia than it is in Haiti.
How did the educational system of Soviet Russia reflect the culture of the country?
The Communist Party expanded the system to make it accessible to all members of society.
What is cultural relativism?
The belief that the set of cultural practices and beliefs of one group is no better than those of other groups
How do particular others help socialize a child?
The child imitates the actions or behaviors of these characters in order to learn about the social expectations for a particular role.
Wealth is usually calculated by totaling what a person owns minus _____.
The debt they owe
Which of the following is an example of how religion reinforces social inequality?
The divine right of kings means that God has divinely chosen a monarch to rule.
The Gadsden flag originated as a symbol of American opposition to British oppression in the Revolutionary War. It was later taken by the Tea Party movement to symbolize government overreach. What does flying this flag do for the Tea Party?
The flag helps people inside the group feel an emotional identification with the movement through an implicit connection to the American Revolution.
The difference between women's average earnings and men's average earnings over their lifetimes is known as _________.
The gender wage gap
What is the primary difference between health care in the United States now and health care in the United States in the nineteenth century?
The healthcare system in the nineteenth century was less professional than it is now.
What is the "population bomb"?
The idea that the population is increasing past the point where it outstrips food production
Why can't "people with blue eyes" be categorized as an aggregate?
The members of this group are not necessarily united in time and space.
A website says that women are just as likely to be violent towards their partners as men. Based on the information presented in this course, why might the website information be flawed?
The news outlet is using data from surveys that might have a large non-response bias.
Which of the following is the best example of a mass?
The people throughout the nation who use a certain app
What is one important effect of in-group/out-group dynamics?
The perception that all members of the out-group are the same
How would a functionalist explain the place of incarceration in society?
The presence of prisons provides a deterrence from crime and rehabilitates criminals.
Which of the following studies would a sociologist from the symbolic interactionist perspective conduct?
Which of a set of factors triggers a change in recycling behavior
Functionalists believe that the function of imprisonment is to deter crime through a negative sanction. What is a sanction?
The reward or punishment people in society give an individual in order to enforce social norms.
How would conflict theorists interpret the rise in drug prices?
The rise is going to shareholders and increasing the drugmakers' profits at the expense of sick people.
A person who is not of African heritage nevertheless looks African-American. Sociologists predict that people will treat her as an African American because of what principle?
The salience principle
If Arvo is wondering how his co-workers are judging the new outfit he wore to work, he is at which stage of the looking-glass self?
The second stage
Which of the following examples best exhibits how a school socializes a student?
The student learns to pay attention and follow the instructions of someone in a position of authority.
Not realizing that many colleges offer financial aid to students from lower-income families, William's mother, who dropped out of high school, assumes she can't pay for college and encourages William to get a job straight out of high school, even though he was an excellent high school student. According to sociologists, this is an example of?
The way stratification is perpetuated by the education system
What is the main reason that sociologists struggle with defining certain parts of society as subcultures?
The word inherently implies a place within the hierarchy of society.
Which of the following is one important change in American families?
There are more people who have never been married.
According to a report released by the Department of Education in 2014, which of the following is true about predominantly Black and Latinx schools?
These schools were more likely to have poorer quality facilities and insufficient resources for students.
What is one result of the bullying and stigmatization of LGBTQIA youth?
They are more likely to commit suicide than heterosexual youth.
Which of the following is one aspect of a new social movement?
They are often organized through social media.
Which of the following is one reason why boys might not succeed in school at the rate girls do?
They are socialized more by peers than by parents.
Which of the following do race and ethnicity have in common?
They both contribute to an individual's sense of identity.
Which is true of lifestyle factors in health?
They lead to preventable conditions and diseases.
Why are operational definitions of variables necessary for research?
Variables need established operational definitions so that they can be measured and the data can be analyzed.
Which author suggested that Black people are able to see more deeply into White mainstream society as a result of being pushed outside of it?
W.E.B. DuBois
Who introduced the idea of double consciousness?
W.E.B. DuBois
What are the three stages of Cooley's looking-glass self?
We imagine how others see us, we imagine how they judge us, we respond to their perceived judgment.
The home and front yard of a gay couple is vandalized with garbage and spray paint. Which of the following would this crime likely be considered?
hate crime
If you are working on a group project with your classmates, which of the following is NOT helpful for reducing social loafing?
having management emphasize the importance of the task
Gillian has her heart set on marrying a man who enjoys the same things she does. Which of the following is this idea reflective of?
homogamy
Which of the following types of households has the highest poverty rate in the United States?
households headed by single females
While psychology might consider whether stress leads people to smoke at a higher rate, sociology would most likely ask...
how the prevalence of smoking in a peer group affects the decision to start smoking.
It is important to separate nature and nurture when studying socialization _________
in order to better understand what aspects of humans can be socialized
What is the central argument of modernization theory as it pertains to global stratification?
increased technology in developed countries will eventually lead to more prosperity worldwide
The requirement that all participants in a study be aware of potential risks is known as __________.
informed consent
Kevin wants to make a lot of money but because he struggles to get a job, he holds up a sign asking for money. Merton would characterize Kevin's response as:
innovation
Behavior that is preprogrammed is known as _____, which animals — as opposed to humans — are primarily equipped with.
instincts
Racism that is expressed via policies and laws is known as _____________.
institutional racism
When the head of Academic Affairs in a university retires, he or she is simply replaced by another capable employee. What characteristic of bureaucracies is this an example of?
interchangeability
Why is the play stage important for a child's socialization?
it allows the child to practice another role
Which of the following describes a connection that can be made through ancestry, marriage, or adoption?
kinship
What are two contributions of the symbolic interactionist perspective on deviance?
labeling theory and differential association theory
Which is not a racial group in the United States?
latinx
Enculturation is the process of ______.
learning, acquiring, and internalizing cultural patterns and practices
What are ethnic enclaves?
locations with a high concentration of people of a certain ethnicity and related cultural norms
How could one reduce social loafing?
make sure each individual's work is reviewed, and that he or she is given praise or criticism
Which of the following statements about the gender wage gap is false?
men are paid less than women in the same profession
What is one difference social historians would point to between most modern marriages and marriages before the Industrial Revolution?
modern marriage are expressive, while marriages before the industrial revolution were institutional.
The increasing popularity of meeting via webcam is an example of the _________ of world culture.
modernization
Governs a society's understanding of right and wrong
more
Represents what is acceptable within a society but does not necessarily dictate what is moral
norm
Each culture has certain _______, or culturally accepted ways of doing things that apply to everyday life.
norms
Running a prostitution ring and engaging in drug trafficking are both examples of what type of crime?
organized crime
In which area is there a gender gap in which girls are disadvantaged?
participation in STEM fields
A common marriage practice that includes living with or near the parents of the husband is known as _____.
patrilocal
How does the medicalization of deviance benefit certain members of society?
people are less likely to be blamed for their condition if it is considered a disease rather than deviant behavior.
Practitioners of Hinduism believe that other faiths can peacefully coexist with theirs. What is this attitude called?
pluralism
Auguste Comte employed which of the following philosophical systems which studied society through a scientific lens?
positivism
Which of the following statements is true of race?
race as a category is based on physical characteristics
How would Robert Merton describe an individual who rejected the socially acceptable goals of society, as well as the means to achieve these goals, and subsequently created new goals and means?
rebel
New dancers who recently joined Ben's dance team are extremely talented. Ben then decides to spend additional time after practice perfecting his technique. Which of the following social groups is Ben responding to in his behavior?
reference group
Women noticed that they are not getting the same opportunities and treatment in higher education and they agitate for law that would protect them against discrimination. What theory might explain this social movement?
relative deprivation theory
Which of the following is NOT a function of religion, according to functionalists such as Durkheim?
religion clarifies social divisions
Surveys, experiments, field research, content analysis, and secondary analysis are all examples of ________.
research methods for collecting data
Practices such as performing prayers and meditating are considered ______.
rituals
A woman has a child, and she is torn between taking more time off to spend with her newborn or going back to work. She knows that if she misses too much work, she will miss out on potential advancement opportunities, but she also wants to focus her attention on her child. This is an example of ___________.
role conflict
Punishments and rewards that are used to enforce social norms
sanction
Which is NOT a theory that has been proposed to explain the origins of prejudice?
segregation theory
Yolanda thinks of herself as spontaneous and outgoing. At a party, she will introduce herself to strangers; in a class, she is likely to strike up a conversation with her classmates. Sociologists call this aspect of personality, _____.
self-concept
Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm and the cultural value that explains it in the United States?
shaking hands when you meet someone and making sure to meet as many new people as possible at a party
Which characteristic would most likely be used to categorize a person according to the salience principle?
skin color
What social institution led to the "one drop" rule?
slavery, since the law that said that a child was a slave if his or her mother was, which eventually led to the idea that a single Black ancestor makes a person Black
The practice of homogamy in marriage is most visible in which factor?
social class
The ability to recognize the societal forces that influence individual behavior and attitude is known as __________.
sociological imagination
Which of the following choices provides the best example of the sociological imagination? "The sociological imagination is recognizing that...
someone's choice to ask for a raise at work might be influenced by her sense of what is appropriate behavior for women."
Which provides the best example of conflicting agents of socialization in someone's life?
someone's parents teach her to respect her elders, but her peers do not respect authority.
Which of the following statements about stratification is NOT true?
stratification starts when societies adopt capitalist economic practices
Robert Merton believed that __________ contributes to deviance and crime.
structural strain
If you wanted to compare the attitudes of Virginia residents towards gun control with the attitudes of Oregon residents, which research method would you choose?
survey
Including a facial expression or object emoticon in a text message or email exemplifies the _____________.
symbolic interactionist perspective
The _____________ places emphasis on symbols and how they influence social interactions and, in turn, society.
symbolic interactionist perspective
A _____ is an action that is forbidden or sacred depending on strong cultural beliefs.
taboo
A violation considered too horrible to mention
taboo
Which quality is required to be members of a primary group?
that the relationship endure regardless of whether a functional reason to interact exists
A young child has a tea party with her dolls and pretends to be the mother. What is this an example of?
the "play" phase
What is sociology?
the academic study of social behavior
Which is the best way to describe groupthink?
the conformity that groups exhibit during a decision-making process
Why is it difficult for sociologists to define an action or behavior as absolutely deviant?
the definition of deviance can change depending on the circumstances
Which of the following is a false statement about sex and gender in the workplace?
the employment non-discrimination act (enda) is in place to protect lgbtqia employees from discrimination at work
Recognizing the "generalized other" accompanies which stage of a child's life:
the game stage
In a certain culture, it is considered acceptable for someone in his early 20s to try out multiple jobs in order to figure out what he wants to do for his career, but the same behavior is considered inappropriate for a person in his 40s who needs to support his family. This is an example of which sociological approach to socialization?
the life course
A twenty-year-old woman subconsciously compares her weight to those of women she sees in magazines and is constantly dieting to lose weight. What is this an example of?
the mass media as an agent of socialization
People used to consider alcoholics morally blameworthy; now they are considered to have an illness. What is this an example of?
the medicalization of deviance
What is the salience principle?
the principle that states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable about them
Social placement in education refers to_.
the process by which students are sorted into professions that best suit their abilities
When it comes to family violence, sociologists look to understand:
the relationship between violence and social organization
According to Saperstein's 2014 study, what is a strange social byproduct of an individual's time in prison?
they are more likely to categorize themselves as Black, and they are more likely to be categorized by others as Black
Why are sociologists interested in cultural symbols?
they give clues to outsiders about the values and norms of a culture, they allow people in a culture to communicate, and they are a method for people to express themselves.
What is one of the main characteristics that distinguishes churches from sects and cults?
they have a central governing body
How do out-groups primarily aid in socialization?
they help an individual define what they are and are not.
At birth, Alex's sex was assigned as "male," but Alex later underwent surgery at 28 years old to transition to a female body. Alex would be considered a _______.
transsexual
Which type of organization maintains membership by paying members?
utilitarian
How would a conflict theorist explain the low rates of arrest and incarceration for white-collar crimes?
white-collar crime is often perpetuated by wealthy individuals who have the resources necessary to avoid encounters with the law.
Why are there discrepancies between reported numbers of men and women who commit domestic violence?
women are just as likely as men to commit situational violence, while men are more likely to commit intimate terrorism
You are thinking about shaving your head, and you consider how others will react to this choice. What occurs in the second stage of the looking-glass self, according to Charles Cooley?
you begin to imagine how others will judge your hairstyle
How are aggregates and categories similar?
you probably do not know people in either your aggregate or your category
________ believed religion was a fundamental social structure that held communities together and provided people with necessary moral guidance.
Émile Durkheim
What is the difference between transsexual and intersex?
While intersex refers to someone who is born with sexual characteristics from both sexes, transsexual refers to someone who has chosen to assume some sexual characteristics associated with the opposite sex.
Sarah is a White mother. Which of the following is true about those attributes?
White is an ascribed status; mother is an achieved status.
Which of the following is an example of a slavery law in 17th-century Virginia?
White masters could punish and kill their slaves without being charged with felony.
How does white-collar crime illustrate the conflict approach to deviance?
White-collar criminals are often wealthy and powerful, so they have more resources available to cover up their deviant actions.
Which of the following is the best example of scapegoat theory?
Whites suffering from an economic downturn in a town where a factory has just closed identify recent immigrants from Somalia as a problem in their community.
Which aspect of eating would a sociologist be most likely to study?
Whom a person chooses to eat with
What is a likely criticism feminists bring against heterosexual marriage?
Within the family, women do more of the housework and child rearing than men.
The rate of poverty for male single-parent households is half of the poverty rate for female single-parent households. What factors contribute to that difference?
Women earn less than men overall and are often given more childcare responsibility.
A study found that nearly half of highly successful women do not have children, whereas less than 20 percent of highly successful men do not have children. What is one explanation for this?
Women often feel pressured to choose between their careers and having a family.
What does the "motherhood penalty" refer to?
Women with children earn less than comparable childless men, childless women, and fathers.
What is one important change that has occurred worldwide in families?
Women's and children's rights have grown.
Which class makes up about 30-40 percent of the population and holds careers primarily in the trades?
Working class
What sociological observations have led to the term "second shift?"
Working women pick up more of the housework than working men.
Brian wakes up with a fever and decides not to go into work. He informs his boss and spends the day lying in bed, watching TV. According to sociologists studying health, is Brian behaving appropriately? Why or why not?
Yes, Brian is conforming to the sick role that says people have the responsibility to try to get better, and they have the right to neglect their regular responsibilities.
How does your secondary group differ from an aggregate?
Your secondary group is composed of people you interact with on a regular basis, while an aggregate is a group of people that happen to be in the same place as you for a certain period of time.
Which is an example of role conflict?
Your sister starts working at your company, adding a new status of "coworker."
Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between a role and status?
Zach has the status of manager at a company. In his role as a manager, he occasionally asks his subordinates to redo their work so that it conforms to his expectations.
In countries like India and Greece, a matrilocal practice is common. What does that mean?
a couple lives with or near the parents of the wife
What is a credential in terms of education?
a degree or certificate
An in-group is _______.
a group to which an individual belongs
Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime?
a man getting drunk in public
What is a theory?
a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and sometimes predict social events
Which of the following studies would be following the life course approach?
a study that considers whether people who were entering college during the Vietnam era are more politically active than those who were younger or older during the Vietnam war.
Which of the following describes a sect?
a subdivision of a larger religious group made up of members who share somewhat different beliefs from those of the dominant group
What is a hypothesis?
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more concepts
In what kind of settings can sociology be used?
academics, policy research, criminal justice
Jim steps into a building's elevator with many other random people. How would you describe this collection of humans?
aggregate
Which of the following is not a system of stratification?
agrarian system
The anti-obesity movement spearheaded by Michelle Obama would be considered ______.
alternative
A sociologist works for a children's television program and advises about the social implications of what children will learn from the program. What is this an example of?
applied sociology
An exchange student from China studying in Massachusetts adopts an English name, eats only American foods, and joins an intramural football team at his college. Which of the following concepts is this student exemplifying?
assimilation
What step in the research process comes before constructing a hypothesis?
background research
Which of the following would be considered an act of deviance in the United States?
being rude and disruptive in class
From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization?
blood type
Social stratification is the ______.
categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a hierarchy
Philosopher Karl Marx was a proponent of the _____________.
conflict perspective
The _____________ believes that social classes and social inequality will inevitably lead to struggles for power.
conflict perspective
Solomon Asch performed a famous experiment in 1956 that demonstrated which sociological phenomenon?
conformity
A sociologist analyzing the language of job ads from the early twentieth century looking for gender bias would be an example of which type of research?
content analysis
A researcher tests a sample of elementary school children in the United States on their reading abilities and also counts the number of books in their homes. He finds that those children who have books in their home have better reading skills. What is this an example of?
correlation
Radicals or anarchists would be considered members of a ______.
counterculture
Which of the following is a likely explanation for why people are getting married at a later age?
couples are cohabiting instead of getting married
Roberto is applying for a job as a night watchman, but his employer is looking for someone with a high school diploma. What aspect of the U.S. educational system does this show?
credential society
A sociologist is studying the culture of Afghanistan, where the mistreatment and subjugation of women has been standard for many years. If she sets aside her moral judgments to better understand the culture's reasoning for this norm, what is this called?
cultural relativism
What was the first nation to grant legal partnerships to same-sex couples?
denmark
Lutheranism is a branch of Protestant Christianity based on the teachings of German professor Martin Luther. Which of the following would Lutheranism be considered?
denomination
Minorities are told about fewer available homes, denied appointments to see homes, and shown fewer units than equally qualified White candidates. This means that their housing search is longer, more expensive, and that they have fewer available options to choose from (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2009). This is an example of _______.
discrimination
Which of the following behaviors might be defined as deviant by sociologists?
drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, living in a cabin without running water or electricity, and getting multiple facial piercings
Which of the following is not a major sociological perspective?
drive perspective
What would symbolic interactionists think would be a good way to positively impact the environment?
educate people about the climate dangers and socialize them to change their behavior
New members of a sorority learn the appropriate behavior and dress at a chapter meeting through _______.
enculturation
When people take their own culture as the standard for judging others, they are _____.
ethnocentric
What is the research method called when a person observes and records in-depth detailed information about a group of people?
ethnography
Luciana is a sociologist who studies the experience of first-generation Latinx families in St. Louis. She is asked by a non-profit to consult on how to decrease the stigmatization faced by prisoners upon their release from prison. What ethical issue does Luciana potentially face?
expertise
A sociologist conducts a study of a city where a high number of people become famous musicians, in order to understand the reasons for this phenomenon. What is this an example of?
explanatory research
Which of the following is usually the earliest agent of socialization in a person's life?
family
Protestors march outside of an organization that has acknowledged giving higher salaries to White males than those who work alongside them. Which of the following perspectives do these protestors most likely subscribe to?
feminist theory
A traditional way of doing something
folkway
Social placement, the idea that schools sort children by their capabilities, giving them the jobs they are most suited for, belongs to which sociological perspective?
functionalism
Which of the following perspectives holds that groups such as political parties and Alcoholics Anonymous provide a function similar to that of religion?
functionalism
The _____________ studies two different sorts of outcomes: one is intended by the institution or social group; the other is unintended or unrecognized.
functionalist perspective
The negative impact that dysfunction has on the balance of a society is related to the _____________.
functionalist perspective
Because Mary is a girl, she presumes that when she's in high school, she will wear makeup, shop for shoes, and try out for the cheerleading squad. Which of the following do all these characteristics that Mary believes she must employ fall into?
gender roles
Equal pay for women and men is an issue currently being fought for in the United States. Which one of the following names the issue equal pay will fix?
gender wage gap
Both Dominic, a man, and Alice, a woman, were hired as receptionists in July by a large advertising agency. After eight months, Dominic was promoted to account coordinator. Alice was not promoted until 13 months after being hired. What phenomenon best describes this circumstance?
glass escalator
___________ can lead to cultural change, because it allows new and different ideas to be exchanged between cultures that they might not have had access to previously.
globalization
Which is not a characteristic of bureaucracy as defined by Weber?
government regulation
