SOCIOLOGY 101 exam 2

Social research often relies on using a sample of subjects from a population. In order for the study to be valid, that sample must:

Have approximate characteristics that represent the entire population

In American society, belching at the dinner table is a ________ violation, and is likely to be punished by relatively ________ sanctions.

Folkway Minor

In American society, picking one's own nose is a _________ violation, but punching someone else's nose is a ________ violation.

Folkway Mores

A woman at a supermarket cuts ahead of several other people in line at the checkout counter. Her action invites annoyed looks and negative comments from the other customers. Their reaction is an example of a:

Folkway Sanction

When research subjects alter their behavior in response to knowing that they are being observed by researchers, this is referred to as the _______ effect.

Reactivity

What does it mean to say that social research is empirical?

Research conducted mostly from observation

Why do social researchers usually report not only their findings but also their methods?

Researchers report their methods to show how they got to their findings (keeps from discrepancy)

The type of unobtrusive research that relies on data gathered earlier by someone else for some other purpose is:

Analysis of existing data

By acting on the basis of our definitions of reality, we often create the very conditions we believe exist. This is known as:

By acting on the basis of our definitions of reality, we often create the very conditions we believe exist. This is known as:

Dating and courtship in late-19th- and early-20th-century North America was based on a ritualized system known as which of the following?

Calling

Robbing a bank and killing a bank teller are examples of ______ violations, and are likely to be punished by relatively ______ sanctions.

Crime(Mores) Negative (Severe)

Sitting still, raising a hand for permission to speak, and coming to class on time are __________ that govern classroom behavior in our culture.

Cultural Expectation-norm

Habits such as whether one squats or stands when waiting for the bus, or whether one sits in a chair or on the floor when eating, are usually defined by one's:

Culture

This includes the language, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and physical artifacts of a society.

Culture

_________________ is/are a key feature in shaping a society.

Culture

Sitting still, raising a hand for permission to speak, and coming to class on time are __________ that govern classroom behavior in our culture

Culture Expectation -Norm

For us to better understand the values and practices of another culture, we need to practice:

Culture Relativism

A variable that is caused by or influenced by another variable is called a(n):

Dependent variable

In American society, belching at the dinner table is a ________ violation and is likely to be punished by relatively ________ sanctions.

Folkway Minor

In Western culture, sadness at funerals and happiness at weddings are examples of

Emotional Display Norms

Americans often refer to the United States as the “greatest country on earth,†while Germans tout the superiority of German engineering. Both are examples of

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to evaluate other cultures using the standards of one's own is referred to as:

Ethnocentrism

This mode of research allows researchers to control the relevant variables.

Experiment

This type of research is typically conducted in a laboratory setting.

Expriment

A researcher lives in the dormitory of a seminary for a semester, attends classes, and eats meals with the students. This researcher is likely conducting:

Field

In this form of research, researchers may take part in activities with the people they are observing.

Field

Which of the following research methods would best allow you to study the culture of a group of people without the fear of altering or influencing their behavior?

Field

When a researcher sits at a sidewalk café and watches how couples walking down the street interact with each other, he or she is conducting:

Field Research

In this mode of research, researchers observe people in actual social settings.

Field Study

________ is/are informal rules that we follow.

Folkway

Elements of cultures are increasingly being shared with other cultures through

Globalization, transportation, transitional media

The United States can be called a “heteronormative†culture. This means that in this culture ____________ is a norm.

Heterosexuality

In Madagascar, the famadihana is a ritual centered on which of the following

Honoring the memory of a dead relative

A testable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more variables is

Hypothesis

What are the independent and dependent variables in this hypothesis: Single people are more likely to commit suicide than married people?

IV: Suicide Rates DV: Single & Married People

Beliefs that cannot be proven wrong in the eyes of their believers, despite the presentation of contradictory evidence, are referred to as

Incorrigible prophecy

A variable that causes or influences another variable is called a(n):

Independent Variable

In the following hypothesis "race influences attitudes toward homosexuality"race is the:

Independent Variable

A characteristic that is typical of the whole population being studied is said to be

Indicator

A measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a particular concept is known as a(n)

Indicator

When a pattern of behavior becomes widely accepted in a social institution and becomes taken for granted in society, it is referred to as a(n):

Institutionalized norm

Over the past 40 years, mothers have entered the paid workforce in large numbers. Over the same period, fathers have become more involved in childcare. This demonstrates that

Institutionalized norms change when institutions change

______________ are individuals in whom physical sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous.

Intersexuals

Movies, art, and housing styles are examples of this.

Material Culture

The interstate highway system is an example of this.

Material Culture

This refers to the physical artifacts created and used by members of a society.

Material Culture

These are formalized rules that we follow; frequently they are written into law.

Mores

In traditional Navajo culture one is classified as one of three sexes: male, female, or:

Nadleeh/Hermaphrodite : and individual who demonstrates characteristics of the opposite gender

This includes shared knowledge, beliefs, and interpretations of symbols, but not physical objects.

Nonmaterial Culture

In this mode of research, researchers have no direct contact with the people they are studying.

Nonparticipant Observation

These make our interactions with others reasonably predictable.

Norm

Which of the following can have significant influence on our definitions of reality?

Politics and Economics

Research that uses non-numeric information such as phrases, symbols, and observations to describe people, actions, or events in social life is ________ research.

Qualitative

Research that relies on the statistical analysis of numeric data is _______ research.

Quantitative

Social research is of two major types: _________ research involves the statistical analysis of numerical data, while __________ research involves the analysis of non-numerical data, such as field observations or historical records.

Quantitative Qualitative

If a particular society has over 50 words that are associated with "rain," what can we assume about this culture?

Rain has a practical significance to their culture

A problem associated with certain forms of research in which the very act of intruding into people's lives may influence the phenomenon being studied is

Reactivity

A subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the entire population is a(n

Sample

Examples of these include getting a ticket when you run a red light and getting an F in a course for cheating.

Sanction

When a parent admonishes his child for taking her shoes off at the hardware store, the parent's response is intended to discourage future norm violations. The parents response is called a

Sanction

A theory is a set of

Set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life

A __________ role is based on a widely understood set of rules about how people are supposed to behave when they are ill or injured.

Sick Role

The process through which facts, knowledge, truth, and so on are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by the members of a society is called the

Social Construction of Reality

The process through which facts, knowledge, and truth are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by members of a society is called the ________________ of reality.

Social construction of reality

To say that reality is "socially constructed" means

Society has some expectation of how individuals should leads their lives, and individual's tend to lead a life that is not only beneficial (or harmful) for themselves but for society.

A false association between two variables that is actually due to the effect of some third variable is a(n)

Spurious Relationship

The transcontinental railroad that extends from coast to coast is an example of

Subculture

This is a distinguishable group within a culture.

Subculture

The disinterment of corpses in Madagascar is an example of ___________ in that culture.

Subculture Phenomenon

Course evaluations are an example of this mode of research.

Survey

In this type of research, subjects respond to a series of standardized questions

Surveys

A set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of social life is a:

Theory

Humans are able to change our reality, but:

They chose circumstances directly encouraged from their past

Research samples that are not representative of the population are problematic in that:

They will not be accurate in answering the social question about that population.

A researcher studies the financial records of several large corporations that went bankrupt during the Great Depression. This is a form of:

Unobtrusive

This mode of sociological research may involve the study of historical or official data.

Unobtrusive

When a researcher counts how many acts of violence occur during episodes of TV shows, this is a type of:

Unobtrusive

Success in education, getting a good job, and having a happy family life are _________ that govern lives in American culture.

Values

Any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that has two or more values or attributes can be used as a(n):

Variable

When would you LEAST expect to see a person follow emotional display norms?

When they have lost a contest on T.V.

Before giving a final exam, the professor announces to the class, I'm sure you'll do well, because you're the smartest group I've ever had. Their final grades turn out to be higher than their midterm grades were. This may be an example of a(n):

self-fulfilling prophecy

What we know to be true and real is most often a product of

the culture and historical period in which we exist