Sociology 1113 Multiple choice Q&A

Children who have experienced long periods of isolation, such as the example of Anna, illustrate how:

"human nature" is the result of a complex relationship between nature and nurture.

In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time Warner, own slightly more than _____ percent of the media.

90

Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?

Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.

The expectation that girls play with Barbie dolls and boys play with G.I. Joe dolls is an example of:

GENDER ROLES

How was Dove's Campaign for Real Beauty a response to feminist critiques of the media's messages to girls and women?

It embraced those critiques and was among the first to feature women with cellulite and frizzy hair.

What is Jean Kilbourne's critique of an advertisement that shows a pair of women's legs with brand new, expensive shoes on them popping out of a trash can?

It promotes, even implicitly, violence against women.

Chapter 4 Socialization

Rodigo's boss asked him to work this weekend, but Rod

Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspective on deviance?

SI takes a micro or up-close look at individuals ; functionalism looks at the macro-level social systems.

Which choice represents some of the major differences between street crime and white collar crime?

Street crime usually occurs in public and offenders are more likely to be punished; white-collar crime usually occurs in private and offenders are less likely to be punished.

Which of the following best describes the difference between I and the Me in George Herbert Mead's theory?

The I is one's sense of agency; the me is how we believe others see us.

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research?

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do.

Why is it so difficult to track crime rate over time?

The way particular crimes are defined over time, and definitions can vary across different levels of government (e.g. city, county, state, and federal).

To truly understand why people act the way they do, we must understand the meanings they attach to their behaviors. Max Weber called this:

Verstehen

Imagine that sociologist is initially shocked by the practice of child marriage in Kenya. Instead of viewing the participants as objects to be examined, the sociologist tries to imagine himself in the position of the people being studied and tries to see child marriage from their perspective. Seeking to understand the insider's perspective is what Max Weber called:

Verstehen.

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University?

W. E. B. Du Bois

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will think she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has:

a double standard

Galileo's discovery that the earth revolves around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of:

a shifting ideology

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

a social institution

some factors are called moderating variables because they:

affect the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are:

agents of socialization.

Which of the following represents an ascribed status?

an American of Japanese descent

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship?

as the number of people vaccinated against measles increases, the occurrence of measles decreases.

If your professor asked you to do a breaching experiment, you might do which of the following?

ask a stranger to tie your shoes

Values are to _________ as norms are to ___________

attitudes; behavior

when one factor is said to influence another factor, it is called:

causality

Two young men are on an elevator together. After briefly acknowledging each other's presence, they politely ignore each other for the remainder of the ride. Erving Goffman would refer to this behavior as an example of:

civil inattention

Some African Americans shift between Standard American English and African American Vernacular English, depending on the situation. This practice is called:

code switching

The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Durkheim as:

collective conscience

Because they are an accessible population, undergraduate students are sometimes used in sociological research. In relation to the concept of generalizability, this tendency could represent defect in research because:

college undergraduates are not typical of the public at large.

While historians are more likely to focus on the unique case, sociologists are more likely focus on:

commonalities and/or differences across cases.

Which of the following is an example of the quantitative research project?

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

When Malcolm gets upset, he shops. Though it never delivers on the promise fully, he can't stop believing that new possessions will give him a new outlook on the upsetting situation. Malcolm's belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as:

consumerism

Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology?

cultural anthropology

During the Olympics, people often compile media quotes and images to show how female athletes are treated differently than male athletes. This strategy of using media to critique media is called:

culture jamming

One major concern with restricted ownership of major media outlets is that:

de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.

Researchers start in different places on the research cycle. Point 1 indicates a/n ________ approach to research; point 2 indicates a/n ________ approach to research.

deductive; inductive

A group of protesters blocking the entrance to the campus administration building refuse to leave. When the police begin spraying them with tear gas, Antonio Gramsci would say that the police are practicing:

domination

Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as:

dramaturgical theory

What were the four types of suicide?

egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic.

Which of the following is most difficult to do in social science research?

establish that something is the cause of something else

The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings are applicable to a larger population than was studied is known as:

generalization

Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and be on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the Capitalist system, Antonio Gramsci would call this:

hegemony

Coverage of the O.J. Simpson murder case and Hurricane Katrina exemplified which of the following?

how media reflects racist ideology

Karl Marx argued that social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber argued that:

ideas also influence society, not just economics.

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through:

imitation

Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable.

independent; dependent

Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as:

informed consent

The most significant division within the discipline of sociology exists between:

interpretive and positivist sociology

The sociological significance of roles is that they:

lay out what is expected of people

Which of Emile Durkheim's type of social solidarity characterized premodern life?

mechanical

Which of the following is the best example of an achieved status?

minister in a Pentecostal church

An example of material culture is:

money

which of Emile Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?

organic

Sharon avoids talking on the phone because ending a conversation is so awkward. How would dramaturgical theory explain why it is more difficult to end a conversation (closing) when on the phone than in person?

people cannot see our nonverbal closing gestures.

Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a:

political economy of the media.

_____________ sociology makes a prediction about homelessness rates. ____________ sociology seeks to understand the experience of homelessness.

positivist; interpretive

Native Americans may see the history of the United States differently than white Americans. Which theory would argue that there is not a unifying "grand narrative" of history because history itself is not objective, nut rather socially constructed?

postmodernism

Elizabeth would like to conduct a study to determine how women define spousal abuse and the meanings they attach to their abuse. What research method will Elizabeth most likely use?

qualitative

Interpretive sociologists examine meanings attached to behaviors. This most commonly leads them to use which of the following approaches to research?

qualitative

Positivist sociologists tend to use which of the following types of methodological approaches?

quantitative

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention (a.k.a socially constructed). Which of the following statements highlights how race is socially constructed?

racial categories on census forms have continued to change over time.

You may do a study of college wrestling and use your experience as a student-athlete to access wrestling spaces, athletes, and coaches. Considering how your past opportunities and privileges influence your study and its findings is:

reflexivity

When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?

rehabilitative

After consistently burning dinner for a month, John found out that his oven's temperature gauge was giving readings that were 50 degrees cooler than the oven's actual temperature. John's oven thermometer can be said to be:

reliable but not valid.

A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys:

rely on people's honesty and willingness to cooperate.

A sociologist finds a strong relationship between education and income. If he only assumes that the amount of education people receive directly causes them to earn a certain income, and not that a family's income can determine educational attainment, he is forgetting to consider:

reverse causality

Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):

ritualist

Rodrigo's boss asked him to work this weekend, but Rodrigo feels obligated to attend a family reunion and has to study for an exam. He is having trouble deciding which activity to let go. Rodrigo is experiencing:

role conflict

Janet has a paper due in her English class, a test in her psychology class, and field notes due in her anthropology class this week. On top of it all, she needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester. Janet is experiencing:

role strain

According to Erving Goffman, the main goal of impression management is to:

save "face."

Joaquin is a child diagnosed with ADHD. His school counselor says it is genetic; thus, Joaquin must be medicated. Psychiatrist Fadi Haddad might see social factors also at play, such as:

schools require conformity and a child's individuality might fall outside those norms.

Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as:

secondary deviance

Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that:

sex is a master status in our society

You see an advertisement on television for a new burger at McDonald's. The next day, you are riding by McDonald's and decide to drive in and give it a try. This would be called a:

short-term deliberate media effect.

The basic premise of the Chicago school was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as:

social ecology.

In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a:

social institution

Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective sees that:

social institutions are socially constructed and changeable.

The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like is known as:

socialization

The process by which a person internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms required to become a functional member of a given society is known as:

socialization

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also:

strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion.

An elementary school isn't a total institution because:

students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.

The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk, goth, electronica, or death metal, are examples of which of the following?

subcultures

In psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is on group-level dynamics and social structures above and beyond the individual. Sociology's focus is:

supra-individual

Acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that:

technology itself can generate ideas and concepts.

When Max gets dressed, he looks at himself in a mirror and considers how people will see him. He isn't thinking of a specific person's reaction but rather that of people in general. This ability to imagine how society perceives the self is what Mead refers to as X in the diagram. What is X?

the generalized other

George H. Mead described how the self internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He called this:

the generalized other.

Charles H. Cooley argued that the "self" emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this:

the looking glass self.

One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:

the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."

According to Emile Durkheim, the division of labor in a society helps to determine:

the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained.

The study of culture tells us that:

there are many ways to view the same symbol.

The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:

they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which their behavior was affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations.

Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?

time order

How could you operationalize the variable "academic achievement"?

use overall GPA as a precise measure.

An example of nonmaterial culture is:

values

In the past, a murder might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Fourcault, this is an example of what?

violence against the body