Sociology 1301 Mid Term Chapter 10.2b

Neckerman and Torche's 3 Consequences of Poverty

1. "the sedimentation of global inequality," relates to the fact that once poverty becomes entrenched in an area, it is typically very difficult to reverse. a. poverty exists in a cycle where the consequences and causes are intertwined. 2. The effect on physical and mental health. a. Poor people face physical health challenges, including malnutrition and high infant mortality rates. b. Mental health is also detrimentally affected by the emotional stresses of poverty, with relative deprivation carrying the most robust effect. c. the effects of poverty on mental and physical health become more entrenched as time goes on. 3. third consequence of poverty is the prevalence of crime. a. Cross-nationally, crime rates are higher, particularly for violent crime, in countries with higher levels of income inequality

Forms of Slavery

1. Chattel slavery 2. debt bondage

Global Feminization of Poverty

1. The expansion in the number of female-headed households 2. The persistence and consequences of intra-household inequalities and biases against women 3. The implementation of neoliberal economic policies around the world

Africa

1. The majority of the poorest countries in the world are in Africa. 2. Much of the continent's poverty can be traced to the availability of land, especially arable land 3. Centuries of struggle over land ownership have meant that much useable land has been ruined or left unfarmed, while many countries with inadequate rainfall have never set up an infrastructure to irrigate 4. Many of Africa's natural resources were long ago taken by colonial forces, leaving little agricultural and mineral wealth on the continent. 5. African poverty is worsened by civil wars and inadequate governance that are the result of a continent re-imagined with artificial colonial borders and leaders.

Anti-Slavery International recognizes other forms of slavery

1. human trafficking (in which people are moved away from their communities and forced to work against their will), 2. child domestic work and child labor, 3. and certain forms of servile marriage, in which women are little more than chattel slaves

Slavery

1. modern day slavery goes hand-in-hand with global inequality. 2. lavery refers to any situation in which people are sold, treated as property, or forced to work for little or no pay.

MENA The Middle East and North Africa region

1. oil-rich countries in the Gulf, such as Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait, 2. countries that are relatively resource-poor in relationship to their populations, such as Morocco and Yemen. 3. predominately Islamic.

debt bondage

1. or bonded labor, 2. the poor pledge themselves as servants in exchange for the cost of basic necessities like transportation, room, and board. 3. In this scenario, people are paid less than they are charged for room and board. 4. When travel is required, they can arrive in debt for their travel expenses and be unable to work their way free, since their wages do not allow them to ever get ahead.

Asia

1. the majority of the world's poorest people are in Asia. 2. Asia finds itself with disparity in the distribution of poverty 3. most poverty is concentrated in South Asia 4. China's success in recent times has much to do with its draconian population control rules 5. China's market-oriented reforms have contributed to its significant reduction of poverty and the speed at which it has experienced an increase in income levels

The International Labour Organization

1. tracks the way income inequality influences social unrest. 2. The two regions with the highest risk of social unrest are Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region 3. Increasing unemployment and high socioeconomic inequality in MENA were major factors in the Arab Spring 4. toppled dictatorships throughout the Middle East in favor of democratically elected government; unemployment and income inequalities are still being blamed on immigrants, foreign nationals, and ethnic/religious minorities.

Who Are the Impoverished?

The poorest people in the world are women and those in peripheral and semi-peripheral nations.

Chattel slavery

the form of slavery once practiced in the American South, occurs when one person owns another as property. Child slavery, which may include child prostitution