Sociology 160 Midterm

Facial expressions, posture, and gestures are all examples of ________.

body language

What term best applies to people who share a culture and a territory?

A society

Which of the following topics would most likely be approached based on a macrosociological analysis?

A study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans on business people

Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?

"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men."

Actions constituting violations of academic integrity include, but are not limited to...?

...All of the above

There are ______ points available in the course.

950

There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship?

A spurious relationship

Which of the following examination formats is most likely to incorporate closed-ended questions?

A multiple-choice exam

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

A part of the hidden curriculum in the U.S. schools

What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?

A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.

With respect to group dynamics, what is the defining characteristic of a small group?

All members of the group can interact directly with one another

All but _________ falls under the guidelines and etiquette for discussion boards.

Assume the worse of others in the class and expect the worst from them.

What did Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity demonstrate?

Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true.

Which groups of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society?

Conflict theorists and structural funtionalists

Dr. Zalewski expects her students to be on time for class, holds them for the entire class period, and has firm deadlines set for reports and other assignments. Sociologically, which statement best describes Dr. Zalewski's approach to teaching?

Dr. Zalewski has created a strong sense of social structure in her classroom.

The two anthropologists who studied the Hopi Indians and concluded that language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world were ________.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

Which sociologist suggested that gender inequality became more pronounced with the development of the plow, as men assumed the duties of plowing and caring for the cattle?

Elise Boulding

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior?

Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

This is a "self-paced" course

False

You may ask for a makeup quiz or quiz reset at any point, even after the quiz is due.

False

According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________.

Formal operational stage

Ferdinand Tönnies' term for the type of society he referred to as the "intimate community" was ________. The term he used to describe the type of society characterized by "impersonal association" was ________.

Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.

George Herbert Mead

The anthropologist who gathered data on hundreds of groups around the world to compare their customs, and then concluded that specific customs differed from one group to another, was ________.

George Murdock

How would an organization minimize the occurrence of groupthink?

Giving free reign to diverse opinions

Why did Mario Brajuha refuse to turn over his research notes to the authorities, even when subpoenaed?

He wanted to protect his respondents

The theorist who is sometimes referred to as "the second founder of sociology" was ________.

Herbert Spencer

An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinions on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five of the white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?

Interviewer bias

When sociologists Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla (1984, 2014) interviewed convicted rapists in prison they were concerned that the prisoners might shift their answers depending on which researcher was interviewing them because one was male and one was female. They were concerned that gender might lead to...

Interviewer bias

The plow was to the second social revolution as the ________ was to the third social revolution.

Invention of the steam engine.

What is the defining characteristic of a random sample?

It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.

While in the Peace Corps, Kristina enjoyed a delicious Cambodian dinner that included several entrees. Later that evening she was told that one of the entrees was roast dog, the same canine Kristina was playing with the day before. At this point Kristina became ill and swore she would be a vegetarian as long as she was in Cambodia. Which statement most applies to Kristina's experience?

Kristina experienced culture shock

All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT for which one?

Language is universal in terms of the meaning of particular sounds.

__________ is the use of another's words, ideas, data, or product without appropriate acknowledgement, such as copying another's work, presenting someone else's opinions and theories as one's own, or working jointly on a project and then submitting it as one's own.

Plagiarism

The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents is referred to as ________.

Rapport

The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was ________.

Robin Williams

Which of the following represents a correct sequence of steps in the research process?

Select a topic, review the literature, collect the data, share the results.

Jackie enjoys having her boyfriend Seth hold her close when they are watching television. She appreciates it when Professor Jones maintains a distance of at least two feet from her while he assists her with her tutoring. In view of this, which statement applies to the relationships that Jackie shares with Seth and with her professor?

Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at a personal distance

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.

Significant others

The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by ________.

Society

Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six stooges and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?

Solomon Asch

Because of his incredibly accelerated study program, Professor Zuchov has the unique privilege of being a 17-year-old university professor. Sociologically, this is an example of ________.

Status inconsistency

Which of the following statements best describes how stereotypes affect our interaction with others when we first meet?

Stereotypes are the assumptions we make that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Sociologists who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.

Symbolic interactionists

What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested in what holds society together?

The French Revolution

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

The ability to take the role of another

Dr. Zimbardo is examining the effect that pornographic movies have on the ways in which single men respond to the needs of women. He has one group of men watch pornographic films and another watch Three Stooges episodes. He then tests their reactions to women in need by showing them short film clips and following up with a series of questions. What research method is Dr. Zimbardo using?

The experiment

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?

The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.

If a secondary group does not satisfy one's need for intimate association, which of the following is most likely to occur?

The secondary group will break down into primary groups.

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

Based on dramaturgy, what is the definition of social setting?

The sign-vehicle where action unfolds

In America, why is Spanish, rather than English, continuously spoken from generation to generation, with greater commitment than any other non-English speaking language?

There is a constant influx of new Hispanic immigrants into the U.S.

Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?

These are examples of her ascribed statuses

There are New York Yankee fans in every state in America, throughout Canada, and in nations all over the world. Sociologically, which concept best describes these fans?

They are a category

Leo, Ryan, and Matthew regularly interact with one another and share similar values, norms, and expectations. In view of this, which concept most applies to their relationship?

They are a group

Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?

They would probably use physical punishment.

While conducting research on domestic abuse, Tanya asked workers at a battered women's shelter, "What do you think causes some men to abuse their wives?" She then permitted the workers to elaborate on their answers. What is the term used to describe such a question, one that leads to this type of answering option?

This is an example of an open ended question.

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. This classic statement is known as the ________.

Thomas theorem

It is up to the student to schedule a testing time with their preferred MCC campus testing center to take the midterm or final.

True

The instructor will not withdraw a students after the last day to withdraw without Assessment

True

Steve and Naomi are counting the empty whiskey bottles in trashcans to measure the level of whiskey consumption in town. These researchers are using a method of research referred to as ________.

Unobtrusive measures

The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP, was ________.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Failure to complete all the steps in the Start Here assignment will result in...?

being dropped from the course without prior knowledge.

Which of the following represents an achieved status?

being a high school drop-out

Despite recent confirmation of Milgram's findings, Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon has received much criticism over the years. For example Kleinfeld criticized the study by making the analogy that "we live in a world that looks a lot like ________."

a bowl of clumpy oatmeal

In any group of three members, two of the three may have a tendency to alienate the third member and dominate the decision making for the group the trio represents. When this occurs, what term best applies to the two unified members?

a coalition

The "dawn of civilization" is most associated with which social revolution?

agricultural

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs to be satisfied is the ________ stage.

amoral

A(n) ________ leadership style has the tendency to encourage either aggressive or apathetic behavior among group members with aggressive members growing increasingly hostile towards their leader.

authoritarian

Which of the following perspectives is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use?

both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation

Jane, Mark, Courtney, and Kelly are enrolled in the 8:00 a.m. sociology course at their college. After studying together for the first test, they started sitting together in class and chose to work together on group projects. During spring break, they decided to go on a trip as a group. These four students would be considered members of a(n) ________.

clique

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education.

corridor curriculum

The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to ________.

cultural diffusion

In recent years, cultures have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term "________" to describe this process.

cultural leveling

In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?

cultural relativism

Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.

culture

A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as ________.

diffusion of responsibility

As societies grow larger, they divide work among members based on some standardized characteristic such as age or sex. This is referred to as ________.

division of labor

If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data.

documents

When Harry returned from a business meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, his wife asked him what he thought of the Vietnamese people. Harry replied, "They're primitive people who eat animals from the streets, drive wildly around town on motor scooters, and talk very fast." Harry's reply best qualifies as an example of ________.

ethnocentrism

The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ________, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ________.

ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

Which of the following elements did C. Wright Mills attribute as being the one that sociologists would use to explain individual behavior?

external influence

If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.

folkway; more

Basic needs that a society must meet in order to survive, which include replacement of members, preserving order, and socializing new members, are referred to as ________.

functional requisites

Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) ________ and John would be seen as a(n) ________.

functionalist; conflict theorist

Sociologists are now developing what they call _________, which emphasizes the influence of genes on human behavior.

genetics-informed sociology

How groups influence individuals and how individuals affect groups is referred to as ________.

group dynamics

In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.

groupthink

When reading a table, a comment located just below the title that gives more detailed information on how the data was collected or how the data are presented is called a ________.

headnote

A statement that describes how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory, is known as a ________.

hypothesis

Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honors and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between ________ and ________.

ideal culture; real culture

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage.

imitation; play; team games

What are the three primary variables in determining one's social class?

income, education, occupational prestige

A leader of a group whose responsibility would be to keep the group moving towards its goal is classified as a(n) ________ leader.

instrumental

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

intimate early social interaction

Symbols can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought. This is referred to as ________.

language

Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.

language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

Sociologists have identified an emerging set of five interrelated values in American society. What are these emerging values?

leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern

A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called ________.

macrosociology

Sociologist Judith Kleinfeld felt Milgram "stacked the deck" in his "small world phenomenon" experiment because ________.

many of his targets and and starters shared a common interest

A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds, such as being a high-ranking Army officer, a college president, or a handicapped Olympian, would be considered that person's ________.

master status

Jewelry, art, hairstyles, and clothing each represent examples of ________.

material culture

The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a significant impact on social life, are called ________.

new technology

Expectations that guide our behavior are called ________.

norms

Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her ________ so others do not invade it.

personal space

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.

play

The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos is ________.

politics

Receiving the Medal of Honor and making the Dean's List are both examples of ________.

positive sanctions

Morris is 3 years old and is just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.

preoperational

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

psychoanalysis

The term "cultural lag," referring to the varying ________ among elements within cultures, was coined by sociologist ________.

rates of change; William Ogburn

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.

reasoning skills

For many college professors, their own teachers served as role models. Kody Scott looked up to older gang members as his idols. In both cases, former teachers and older gang members qualify as being ________.

reference groups

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

resocilaization

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

self

Of the five interrelated core values emerging in American society, the one that is reflected in the "human potential" movement that focuses on "self help, relating, and personal development" is ________.

self-fulfillment

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.

sensorimotor

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.

significant others

________ are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.

social networks

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

socilaization

Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________.

status symbols

Believing that all football players are academically challenged, that all African Americans are great athletes, and that all women can cook well are examples of ________.

sterotyping

Every December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of lights," during which special foods are served, rituals are practiced, and traditional activities take place that are unique to this faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent which concept?

subculture

To show ourselves as expert role players and to gain positive recognition from others, we often have additional people work with us to ensure that our role communicates to others the ideas that we want them to form about us. This is referred to as ________.

teamwork

The automobile, and the skills needed to drive it, would be an example of ________.

technology

In experimental research, the variable that is the cause of change (the independent variable) must precede that which is changed (the dependent variable). This condition is called ________.

temporal priority

What was the impetus for the first social revolution?

the domestication of plants and animals

Which of the following set the stage for the emergence of the earliest form of social inequality?

the domestication revolution

Which society is characterized as being the most egalitarian and nomadic, consisting of 25 to 40 members?

the hunting and gathering society

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

the life course

In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change.

variables

Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?

vocational choice

The difference between status and role is that ________.

we occupy a status that is a social position, but we play a role that is a social expectation

Any student that fails to turn in the quiz and paper or discussion board for two consecutive weeks with be..

withdrawn from the class without prior notice