Sociology 170: Population Problems
Undercount
when certain sub-populations are more likely to be left out of the census count than other groups
Natural Increase
when the number of births is larger than the number of deaths CRNI [0,T]= CBR - CDR
Age Composition
(age distribution) the proportionate numbers of people in successive age categories in a given population -Americans 70+ more highly concentration in popular retirement areas and states
Fundamental Causes of Health
-Threats to good health change over time -The means of improving health change over time -When this happens, who faces these threats and who has access to these means will continue to widen disparities -income and education level
Bucharest Conference
1 of 3 world conferences convened by the United Nations on population World Action Plan included: 1) the formulation and implementation of population policies are a sovereign right of each nation 2) population and development are interrelated
Natural Decrease
30% of US countries have experience this -due to the greater number of deaths than births - most prominent in Maine, the Appalachian region, the Great Plains, and the Midwest -demographers expect this phenomenon to expand geographically
Population Growth
An increase in population over a period of time.
Crude Birth Rate
CBR [0,T]= # of births [0,T]/Person-years [0,T] number of birth per thousand people
Crude Death Rate
CDR [0,T]= # of deaths [0,T]/Person-years [0,T] number of deaths per thousand people
Growth Balance Equation
CGR [0,T]=CBR [0,T]-CDR [0,T]+ CRIM [0,T]+ CROM [0,T] Population = birth - deaths + immigration - outmigration
Count
absolute number of a population or any demographic event in a specified area in a specified time period
Neo-Malthusian
advocating control of population growth (as by contraception)
Preston Curve
an empirical cross-sectional relationship between life expectancy and real per capita income.
Population
collection of items (statistician); collection of persons alive at a specified point in time who meet certain criteria (demographers)
Social Gradients of Health
generally as level socioeconomic status and education increases so does health - Latinos are an exception with high health despite low socioeconomic status generally
Compression of Mortality
reduction over time in the variance or variability, of age-at-death, leading to progressively more "rectangular survival functions" mortality= refers to death
US Fertility Differentials
1990 --> 2.1 children per woman 2018 --> 1.73 children per woman - still higher than other developed countries
Human Lifespan
79 years average lifetime of a human from birth to death
Census
A complete enumeration of a population. constitutional mandate to count everyone in the United States to use for the purpose of representation and allocation
Mexico City Policy
A policy first approved by the Reagan administration prohibiting U.S. economic assistance to foreign family-planning agencies that offer abortion counseling or services. -blocked US federal funding for non-governmental organization that provided abortion counseling or referrals, advocated to decriminalize abortion or expanded abortion services.
Which of the following statements best describes the relative income hypothesis?
At any given level of income, an individual's health will depend on their rank within the income distribution
What was the key finding of the Pritchett study?
Desired family size explained 90% of the variation in actual fertility
Which of the following is not an official use of Census data?
Determination of tax rates
Which of the following is not a reason for low fertility mentioned by Gietel-Basten?
Devaluation of children
Which of the following causes did NOT contribute to the rising mid-life mortality documented by Case and Deaton
Diabetes
What is the diversity gap?
Differences between age groups in their racial and ethnic composition
What is a health inequity?
Differences in health that are deemed unfair or stem from some form of injustice
What issue is the largest environmental challenge identified by Hans Rosling in "The magic washing machine"?
Economic Growth
Helms Amendment
Enacted in 1973, prohibits the use of US foreign assistance funds to pay for "abortion as a method of family planning"
What are health reversals?
Factors that prevent mortality levels from decreasing or lead to increased mortality at the population level
True or False: Demographers are primarily concerned with the consequences of individual-level behavior for individuals.
False
True or False: Low levels of unmet need indicate the success of family planning programs.
False
True or False: Socioeconomic gradients in health are the same across all racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
False
True or False: Thomas Malthus believed that poverty was the greatest threat to the environment.
False
IPAT/GW=PATB equations
IPAT Equation I= human Impact on the environment P= Population size A= Affluence (per capita consumption/wealth) T= Technology --> can offset changes because it can make consumption more efficient
According to the United Nations (UN)'s projections, the size of the world population living in low elevation coastal zones is expected to....
Increase
What is the compression of morbidity hypothesis?
Increased life expectancy will be accompanied by a shortening of the length of time spent in poor health
Subsistence
Malthus -> absolute Marx -> relative - agree needs can be created which implies that the meaning of subsistence cannot be established - defined internally to a mode of production and changes over time
Social Security
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program (OASDI) federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people - the protection that a society provides to individuals and household to ensure access to health care and to guarantee income security - for retirees this often means pensions and healthcare is provided by the government
What is morbidity?
Poor health, including the processes of disease onset, loss of function, and frailty
Why did Caroline Sten Hartnett describe US fertility rates as "unusually high"?
Since 1990, US fertility rates have been higher than the rates in most comparable European countries
Which of the following is NOT consistent with the technological critique of Malthus?
Social inequality interferes with the implementation of technological innovations
Low Fertility
TFR at or below 2.1 present in countries like Russia, Italy, South Korea, Japan, and Denmark
Which of the following statements about life expectancy is false?
The biologically maximum life expectancy has been reached.
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. CRNM [0,T] = CRIM - CROM
How is excess mortality calculated?
The historic average number of deaths in a calendar period is compared to the observed number of deaths in a specific year
What is population momentum?
The number of births may continue to increase—even if fertility levels are lower—if the number of reproductive-aged adults continues to grow
What is the elderly support ratio?
The number of people aged 18 to 64 relative to the number of people aged 65 or older
What is a cohort?
The population sub-unit that experiences a demographic event during a specific time interval
What is the unmet need for family planning?
The proportion of women who want to delay or stop childbearing but are not currently using contraception
Which of the Following is a Ratio?
The relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup
What was the primary concern about adding a citizenship question to the 2020 U.S. Census?
There were concerns that immigrant families--with and without documentation--would avoid the Census or respond inaccurately.
True or False: On average, Social Security provides one-third of the income for Americans aged 65 and older.
True
True or False: Recent increases in life expectancy have depended on increased survival among the older adult population.
True
True or False: The proportion of Americans aged 65 or older is increasing.
True
True or false: If the economy improves, young people who delay having children in the US today are likely to make up many of these births later in their lives.
True
In many high income countries with low fertility, what is the norm for the number of children that couples want to have?
Two
Which of the following is NOT an example of a health reversal identified by Horiuchi?
Unmet need for family planning
What is an undercount?
When certain sub-populations are more likely to be left out of the Census count than other groups
Cohort
a group of people from a given time period and experience common events across their lifetime -cohort measure: a statistic that measures events occurring to a cohort who are observed through time
Centenarian
a person who is one hundred or more years old - becoming more common place
Alcohol-attributable Mortality
alcoholic beverage and cigarettes produced in large amounts led to them being widely distributed and affordable. This means that excessive drinking and smoking habits followed - leads to liver disease and cirrhosis
Thomas Malthus
argued that unless checked in some way population growth tends to continue until it runs up against environmental limits, causing poverty, hunger, misery, and resource scarcity -result = population crash -"Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798)
Diversity Gap
behind average health figures, noticeable differences based on income, education, genetics, and lifestyle - differences in age groups in their racial and ethnic composition
"two-child norm"
common around much of the world - having 2 children per woman better than 3 because women bear the burden of childcare
Bogaarts Model
culturally and economically to similar to Kenya, Uganda with weaker family planning program so their fertility remained high -other country comparisons also bolster the case for family planning
Social Statistics Infrastructure
data often used to describe things that are invisible or intangible
Demographic Critique
demographic transition stage 1: increased births and mortality stage 2: increased births and decreased mortality stage 3: decreased births and decreased mortality -population growth eventually levels off on its own accord
Health Inequality
differences or variations in the health achievements of individuals and groups - value of neutral recognition of difference between groups
Population Pyramid
displays a country's population by age and sex composition
What is the most likely explanation for why the US fertility rate declined over the past decade?
economic conditions
Period Effects
effects every person in a moment in time (i.e. earthquake, tsunami) in a similar fashion -period measure: a statistic that measures events occurring to all or part of a population during one time period.
Health Reversals
factors that prevent mortality levels from decreasing or lead to increase mortality at the population level 5: 1) the early industrial revolution 2) unhealthy lifestyles 3) the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases 4) pollution 5) social alienation
Direct Estimate of Mortality
for a death to be attributed to a disaster, the name, and type of the disaster must be listed on the death certificate -determined using death certificates
Rate
frequency of demographic events in a population during a specified time period divided by the population "at risk" of the vent occurring during that time period -how common it is for a given event to occur
Human Life Expectancy
how long people are expected to live for; longest expectation of life is 85 years by Japanese women - has been a 4 decade increase in life expectancy that is extraordinarily linear that suggests reductions in mortality should not be disconnected sequence of unrepeatable revolutions but stream of continuing processes
Compression of Morbidity
increased life expectancy will be accompanied by a shortening of the length of time spent in poor health -gain additional years of health life morbidity= poor health, including processes of disease onset, loss of function, and frailty - may increase the risk of mortality
Mid-life Mortality
increased mortality rates and feeling of pain increased as well -this may be a "lost generation" whose future is less bright than those who preceded them
(Re)emerging Infectious Diseases
increasing episodes of sudden and unexpected new infectious diseases (ex. AIDs, Lyme disease, Ebola, Legionnaire's disease) - reemergence of old infectious disease becoming more virulent, prevalent, or less controllable 1) resistance to drugs 2) quicker spread 3) increase rates of transmission --> evolve into virulent forms 4) ecological disruptions
Scarcity
inextricably social and cultural in origin - presupposes certain social ends and lack of natural means - necessary to the survival of the capitalist mode of product
"Unmet Need for Contraception"-by Mills
it is a dynamic indicator that changes from low level sin countries in which fertility preferences have not started to decline to higher levels during the transitional period between high and low fertility
Population Aging
life expectancy increases and fertility rates decrease - the baby boom cohort ended in 1968 and as the baby boom ages, the nation has as well - economic doomsayers have warned of aging positive in industrial and post industrial countries --> demographic time bomb: bad because fewer people work and more people collect pensions
Resources
materials available "in nature" that are capable of being transformed into things of utility to man - defined with respect to technical, cultural, and historical stage of development
Excess Mortality
measured by the historic average number of deaths in a calendar period compared to the observed number of deaths in a specific year
Postponement Transition
men and women postponing childbearing or eschewing it altogether because finding decent, secure employment is difficult, the double "burden of work and care
Lowest-Low Fertility
period TFR at or below 1.3 characteristic of some Eastern European, Southern European, and East Asian countries - in 2001 this was more than half of the population of Europe lived in these countries
Family Planning Programs
planning information, education, and communication campaigns (IEC) and behavioral change communication (BCC) program - artificial contraception and education - to help reduce fertility rates - the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial contraception or voluntary sterilization
Technological Critique
population pressure encourages agricultural productivity and the intensification of food production a larger population means more people and labor to workout technological solutions to resource scarcity
Inequality Critique
rather poverty and hunger that cause environmental decline and population growth as poor struggle to gain their living
Ratio
relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup
Indirect Estimate of Mortality
result from unsafe or unhealthy condition which could result in premature deaths -use official death certificates or estimated using excess deaths
Population-driven threats to the environment
scarce resources influence prices and demand degradation of the environment due to increased uses of natural resources and energy consumption due to a growing population
Population Policies
set of measures taken by a stat to modify the way its population is changing, either b promoting large families or immigration to increase its size, or by encouraging limitation of births to decrease it i.e. China's one-child policy
Social Construction of Scarcity
social organizations cause scarcity by withholding resources from certain individuals
Massimo Livi-Bacci, a respected demographer, argues that Malthus was correct in the sense that...
space on the planet is finite, or, has a limit
Demographic Transition
stage 1: increased births and deaths stage 2: increased births and decreased deaths stage 3: decreased births and deaths stage 4: decrease in births surpasses deaths resulting in a natural decrease
Health Inequity
subgroup of health inequalities; identified as differences in health that are deemed unfair or that stem from some form of injustice -involve a value judgement related to origin of differences
Relative Income Hypothesis
suggests an individual's health is determined by their own income relative to the income of others in society
Absolute Income Hypothesis
suggests that an individual's health is influenced by their own income level and is independent of the overall income distribution
"Deaths of Despair"
suicide, drug overdoses, liver disease, cirrhosis, and poisonings
Second Demographic Transition
sustained sub-replacement fertility; a multitude of living arrangements other than marriage, the disconnection between marriage and procreation, and no stationary population
"Washing Machine Line"
technology will uplift those under the poverty line and help the to contribute to the finding of green technology
Population Momentum
the demographic phenomenon where past demographic outcomes continue to influence future demographic outcomes The number of births may continue to increase-even if fertility levels are lower-if the number of reproductive-aged adults continues to grow
Aging in Place
the phenomenon in which people are less likely to move as they age - between 1990-200 baby boomers flocked from metro areas to amenity-laden retirement and pre-retirement areas - any population movement/ demographic change is largely driven by Millennials and Generation X
Unmet Need
the population of currently married women who do not want any more children but are not using any form of family planning or currently married women who want to postpone their next birth for two ears but are not using any form of family planning -dynamic indicator
Elderly Support Ratio
the proportion of the population over 64, relative to the working age population (15-64) -measures the number of working age adults 18 to 64 for every person 65+ - if one assumes that old people are unproductive consumers, as the ESR increase then economic growth decreases
Contraceptive Prevalence
the proportion of women of reproductive age who are using a contraceptive method at a given point in time - sources of contraceptive supplies and the reasons for not using contraceptive supplies
Parity
the state or condition of being equal, especially regarding status or pay
Preventative Check
things that control population growth by reducing fertility rates i.e. birth control, celibacy
Positive Check
things that may shorten the average lifespan i.e. disease, warfare, famine, and poor living and working environments
Drug Overdoses
tighter controls on opioid prescription brought substitution of heroin -pain prevalence may be exacerbated by long-term opioid use -preceded the financial crisis, ties to economic insecurity