Sociology Ch. 11-14
Cult vs. Church
A cult demonstrates an excessive devotion to a person, object, idea. This can be outside of religion as in a social cult, etc. A church has an organized insitution that creates a controlled environment that fosters a healthy unity and community of people.
Race strat.. Why is it significant to sociology?
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics. Biology does not categorize people into races. Race is a social phenomenon that developed by people and cataegorizes into races.
Lobbyist. Ex?
A person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and people in positions in the executive and legislative branches. Ex. Advocating for Smoking in the lobbyist movie.
Ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Status born into(wealth, poverty). Recieved at birth. involuntary at either birth or later in life.
Audience vs. Mob vs. Riot
An audience is a type of passive crowd oriented towards to responsing to a social situation(concert, lecture, sporting event, etc.) in an orderly and relatively predictable way. A mob is a type of crowd that is easily aroused and bent on aggressive action of a disruptive adn violent nature. A riot is not as spontaneous as mob action but can still involve large numbers of people and usually last longer.
Authoritarian vs. Totalitarian
Authoritarian seeks having control mostly over political systems. They typically do not want control over social aspects unless those aspects become politically relevant. There are a few social and economical instituted that are outside government control. Not everyhting in control. Mainly political. Totalitarian system wants control over EVERYTHING. Anything and everything. Social, political, economic, etc. Go beyond governmental rule and seek to change people and their ideology under their rule. Ex. hitler wanted to control what people thought and believed in and even what race people should believe was most important.
Three types of government
Authoritarian, Totalitarian, and democratic.
Charistmatic Authority
Based on extroidinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers that are associated with the leader. Power and rules of decisions rest solely on a ruler who is considered to be exceptionally sanctified, heroic, or show exceptional character. Norms and order are revealed and controlled by this person rather than already set and expected to be followed by this person. Person sets the rules and can change them whenever see fit. SUCCESS IS NOT RELIANT ON EXTERNAL NORMS AND RULES. Rules and norms are created by the individual considered above all else. People are drawn to a person's personal qualities and therefore follow the rule and social norms that the dynamic individual follows or constructs.They offer a new world and new contruct of life. A revolution. Ex. Celebrities, revollutions, and leaders of popular movements. Mohandas Ghandi. hITLER. People who led to change and new views.
List four aspects religion has been linked with.
Codes of ethics: Seeing a situation and knowing the right way to act. , personality: Persecution of groups. , historical condition(seperation from this-world and other-world to prepare for eternity), Throdicy: Belief in seamless good and bad to be for a purpose(ex. bad is to punish or challenge the individual).
A set of opinions and beliefs in a population opposed to a social movement. collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement. WHen members of a population have opinions and beliefs adn act in a way that opposes a particular social movement(______________ against the K3)
Countermovement
a fad-like devotion to a person, thing, or idea; a group of people with such a devotion. an organized group of people with an obsessive devotion to a person or set of principles.
Cult
pluralist theory, Presented by whom?
David Riesman. A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Rejected the notion that power holders can form any one group and dominate society by controlling the decision making process(government). This stems from, according to Riesman, various sectors of elite power holders having different policies and views and therefore acting as buffers against eachother in moving forward with conflicting views.
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. People's participation in who represents them(voting, dismissing, appointing, electing, etc) in government is considered a right.
Democracy
A person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and people in positions in the executive and legislative branches. Ex. Advocating for Smoking in the lobbyist movie.
Lobbysist.
Sexual orientation stratification. What are the effects of this?
People are treated differently on the basis of their sexual preferences. Can take form of criminalizing same sex unions and discrinmination in housing, occupation, and social status. This rejection can be percieved as a social condonation of discrimination against homosexuals.
The actual opinions people have about a given issue.
Public opinion.
Relative mobility
Relative mobility: One aspect changes to improve the level(strata) itself, but does not impact the relative position of the level in the entirety of the social hierarchy. Ex. An entire occupational structure is upgraded for efficiency so that only the work changes(aspect of the level/strata) but not the relative position in the social hierarchy from one generation to the next.
a subgroup of a major religious group. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination(religion).
Sect
Those people in a population with a general interest and opinion about an issue of concern to them.
The public
having to do with a government in which one person, group, or party controls EVERYTHING(Political, social, economic etc.) Outside purview of government.. referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control.
Totalitarian
is based on long-standing rules that are followed simply by conduct and historical significance. They may no longer contribue any to the current social norms or laws but are still held as unbreakable. Examples include the reign of the throne in Great Britiain.
Traditional Authority
Cult
a fad-like devotion to a person, thing, or idea; a group of people with such a devotion. an organized group of people with an obsessive devotion to a person or set of principles.
Political parties vs. Interest groups
a political party is a group of people who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine public policy, whereas an interest group is a group of people who share common goals and who actively try to influence policymakers(influence the people in power)
World religion
a religious tradition that has expanded beyond its original cultural context, to reach a global audience.
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Different people have diffrential access to rewards of society because of their position in the social hierarchy.
social movement organization
an organization to promote the goals of a social movement. Specifically created for the purpose of channeling either dissatisfaction and discontent in change, or satisfaction and contentment with tradition and the way things stand.
gender stratification
an unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. Differences in hairstyle, clothing, and occupational roles(sometimes). One gender is superior to the other.
Rational legal authority
authority and power is legitimized by an adherence and following along the lines of rules and regulations and societal constructs already set. Rulers follow legal doctrines already established. They outbreak when it seems the leader is taking actions incompatible with established legal doctrines and societal constructs. Grounded in clearly defined laws that the leader abides by and enforces. Not based on the capacity of the leader, but how well they carry out and make decisions according to the law and social norms. Ex. Police and presidency.
Ethnicity strat vs. Race strat
ethnicity: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions(culture). Latina. Something learned. Something culturally gathered by growing up in a certain ethnic group.Cultural ideas. Culturally learned not geneticaly inhereited. race: Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. What we believe to be hereditary(black, white, etc.). Primarily refers to physical characteristics(hereditary)
Totalitarian
having to do with a government in which one person, group, or party controls EVERYTHING(Political, social, economic etc.) Outside purview of government.. referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control.
structural mobility
mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society. Mobility that is inevitable due to the economy.
Interest groups. Example?
organization of people who share political, social or other goals; and agree to try to influence public policy(influence those in power) to achieve those goals. Seeking to influence political decisions that may affect(increase) their members. Ex. The National Organization for Women. Interest in a sort of social or economic issue.
an organization to promote the goals of a social movement. Specifically created for the purpose of channeling either dissatisfaction and discontent by making change, or satisfaction and contentment with tradition and the way things stand.
social movement organization
Institutionalization
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society. When ideas of a social movement come to be known and accepted as a part of society serving as a foundation to social organization.
Sacred. What did this represent to Durkeim? What is the opposite. Describe what this includes.
the quality of being holy, worthy of respect and reverence. Sphere of ideas, activities, persons, objects, and experiences that have been deemed holy, divine supernatural, or mystical. Represented the interests of the group and unity. Concerns of all people in contrast to individual mundane(worldly concerns) considered profane.
Age stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among people at different stages of the life course. People are treated differently depending on their age.
Emile durkeim saw religion as_______________. What does this mean?
validating the existence of society. Means brought meaning and purpose behind the society's existence.
Describe crowds in collective behavior. Define crowd. What are the common mannerisms? What exists consistently in this?
A crowd is a relatively large number of people in close proximity to one another reacting to a common interest or focus. Ex. Concert, speech, etc. Crowd can represent one unity in display of excitement or restlessness that can be passed on emotionally through individuals that make up the crowd. Not completely void of structure. Still conform to specific patterns of behavior.
Countermovement
A set of opinions and beliefs in a population opposed to a social movement. collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement. WHen members of a population have opinions and beliefs adn act in a way that opposes a particular social movement(countermovement against the K3)
Authoritarian
A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power. A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute political power.
When an individual in a strata, moves up in the hierarchy above that of which they were born into. Ex. When a son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father.
Absolute mobility
Absolute mobility
Absolute mobility: When an individual in a strata, moves up in the hierarchy above that of which they were born into. Ex. When a son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father.
Status gained through individual's own hard work. Assumed voluntarily and generally represents personal ability and effort.
Achieved status
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among people at different stages of the life course. People are treated differently depending on their age.
Age strat
Political party
An organization seeking to gain control of the government(full majority) through legitimate means(by means of the law and enacting the law and social norms.
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Status born into(wealth, poverty). Recieved at birth. involuntary at either birth or later in life.
Ascribed status
A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power. A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute political power.
Authoritarian
BY WHOM? a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions. Base decisions based on their beliefs of what is right and good but also serving their best interests in maintaining the system that keeps them on the top. The top business magnates and political power people al cooperate to keep eachother on the top and comprise what is considered america's elite. They make decisions on behalf of many and consist of business, political, etc. leaders who are responsible for no one but themselves according to______. BY WHOM?
C. Wright Mills. Power Elite.
Based on extroidinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers that are associated with the leader. Power and rules of decisions rest solely on a ruler who is considered to be exceptionally sanctified, heroic, or show exceptional character. Norms and order are revealed and controlled by this person rather than already set and expected to be followed by this person. Person sets the rules and can change them whenever see fit. SUCCESS IS NOT RELIANT ON EXTERNAL NORMS AND RULES. Rules and norms are created by the individual considered above all else. People are drawn to a person's personal qualities and therefore follow the rule and social norms that the dynamic individual follows or constructs.They offer a new world and new contruct of life. A revolution. Ex. Celebrities, revollutions, and leaders of popular movements. Mohandas Ghandi. hITLER. People who led to change and new views.
Charismatic Authority
Church. How does it differ from a cult?
Claim universal membership over those born(physically born not spiritually) into the church and those people can only leave by expulsion. The church is more institutionalized with a clear form of leadership and membership by birth rather than voluntarily joining.
How did Max Weber view religion? What did he link religion as emphasising a connection bewteen?
Concerned about the relationship between thought and action. Though relgion emphasized human action in order to fill an undesirable gulf between man and God and the actions down on earth would justify a greater purpose in heaven. Personal responsibility for one's own salvation(choice) and responsibility for preparing for life in heaven(or other paraidse. Anxiety regarding one's status in paradise lead to people doing things on earth to prepare "treasures in heaven" in the afterlife.
suggests that individuals who join a crowd or mob become "infected" by a mob mentality and lose the ability to reason. Being in a crowd, according to Gustave LeBon, frees people from personal responsibility with so many people around them, and therefore they lose ability to reason(become zombies to crowd reason(go with the flow)) without social restraints. Then become zombies in a collective mind of the crowd losing ability to reason.
Contagion theory
the individuals, not the crowd, possess particular motivations. when a number of like minded individuals converge, they are likely to generate a collective action. theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. A collective action is likely to take place when individuals with the same interests and values gather in the same place and support the collective action being taken. Ex. Rioters in los Angeles reacting to oppresion and racism of police officers beating a black man named Rodney king. Rioters came together in collective action of rioting against the same idea and value of a desire for racial eqauality.
Convergence theory.
a theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors. theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters(people who enact the first actions in norms) in promoting new behavioral norms. Ex. An individual throws a rock at a police officer. Other individuals of the crowd decide if this action is to become a norm action for the rest of the crowd. When a number of other individuals in the crowd follow suit(supporting this norm), the rest of the crowd may begin to follow shortly after because of this new set of expected behaviors of norms that have been created by initial acceptance of this action.
Emergent-Norm Theory
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Something culturally gathered by growing up in a certain ethnic group.Cultural ideas. Culturally learned not geneticaly inhereited.
Ethnicity strat
Describe the functionalist view of social-stratification. What does "fuctionalist" mean in this context? Presented by? What was argued? What does this ultimately mean for inequality?
Functionalist in this context means what value social stratification brings to the whole of society. Presented by davis and moore. Argued that social stratification is sometimes necessary as differeny people have different abilities and select abilities fluctuate to imporatance and become more desired in society therefore causing a climb in social stratification in society. People also have abilities that are more essential to society functioning effectively. Saw a give and take relation. People who had abilities that where in high demand and needed to make society operate efficiently, are subsequently reqarded with high status and greater rewards for contributions. In other words, inqeuality is considered necessary because it allows those with the most ability to be rewarded for being in the most demanding positions.
an unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. Differences in hairstyle, clothing, and occupational roles(sometimes). One gender is superior to the other.
Gender strat
When the origional goal of a social movement(black lives matter) is rejected and set aside in light of a scond goal that leans in favor of the goals of the organization or institution implementing it. The new secondary goal often serve in the interest of the organization or the institution rather than implementing the sweeping change and impact the original goal of the social movement had intended. Tailored more to fit the needs of the organization rather than to completely focus on and eliminate the main goal of the social movement.
Goal displacement.
the act of implanting a convention or norm into society. When ideas of a social movement come to be known and accepted as a part of society serving as a foundation to social organization.
Institutionalization
organization of people who share political, social or other goals; and agree to try to influence public policy(influence those in power) to achieve those goals. Seeking to influence political decisions that may affect(increase) their members. Ex. The National Organization for Women.
Interest Group
How did Marx view inequality? End?
Marx attributed inequalities in wealth, power, and prestife to ecnomomic situations. Reasoned that elimination of classes would serve to put an end to inequality and the exploitation of man by man. Thought this elimination would enable men and women to regain their humanity through the creation of a egnuine and true equal community.
Examples of collective behavior?(6) Define and identify as one of the two kinds of collective behavior.
Mass hysteria: Collective emotional response(not physical as in panic) to tension and anxiety in the group. Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. Panic: Spontaneous collective behavior. A collective action that causes an overwhelming feeling of being in danger and needing to escape a situation immediately. Ex. When a fire breaks out in a movie, not many social norms associated with what to do in that situation. Craze: Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. People become obsessed with wanting something becuase "everyone else" seems to have it. Fad: Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. Involves a short-term obsession with a behavior that is unexpected and widely copied. Such as streaking, dabbing, neigh, neighing, etc. Fashion: Usually last longer. Commonly associated with beliefs, styles, and attitudes toward dress. Has more of a purpose behind it. Usually spread out to the general population and again, last longer. Rumor: Can be short or long-term. Unconfirmed piece of public information that may or may not be true and is usally spread by an anonymous report.
Define masses. What is this concerned with? What is differnt from crowds?
Mass refers to people who are similarly concerned with the same issue or problem without necessarily being together in the smae place at hte same time diffrentiating it from a crowd. People spread out who show concern about the same topic or phenomenon.
Mob vs. riot
Mob: A type of crowd that is easily aroused towards aggressive action of a violent and disruptive nature. A riot is generally less spontaneous in actions as a mob although generally involves larger numbers.
BY WHOM? A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Rejected the notion that power holders can form any one group and dominate society by controlling the decision making process(government). This stems from, according to _________, various sectors of elite power holders having different policies and views and therefore acting as buffers against eachother in moving forward with conflicting views. BY WHOM?
Pluralist vision. David Riesman.
An organization seeking to gain control of the government(full majority) through legitimate means(by means of the law and enacting the law and social norms.
Political Party
Refers to visceral(emotional) sphere of objects, persons, and behaviors. Mundane individual concerns of the people that are part of the group rather than a unity concern and of a problem(sacred). individual mundane(worldly concerns) considered.
Profane
Difference between the public and public opinion
Public opinion involves the collection of people who could possibly develop an opinion on an issue of conecrn about them. A pubic opinion is the actual formation of opininos the people have on a given issue .
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics. Biology does not categorize people into races. Race is a social phenomenon that developed by people and cataegorizes into races.
Race strat.
legitimized by an adherence and following along the lines of rules and regulations and societal constructs already set. Rulers follow legal doctrines already established. They outbreak when it seems the leader is taking actions incompatible with established legal doctrines and societal constructs. Grounded in clearly defined laws that the leader abides by and enforces. Not based on the capacity of the leader, but how well they carry out and make decisions according to the law and social norms. Ex. Police and presidency.
Rational legal Authority
Profane
Refers to visceral(emotional) sphere of objects, persons, and behaviors. Mundane individual concerns of the people that are part of the group rather than a unity concern and of a problem(sacred). individual mundane(worldly concerns) considered profane.
One aspect changes to improve the level(strata) itself, but does not impact the relative position of the level in the entirety of the social hierarchy. Ex. An entire occupational structure is upgraded for efficiency so that only the work changes(aspect of the level/strata) but not the relative position in the social hierarchy from one generation to the next.
Relative mobility
Represented the interests of the group and unity. the quality of being holy, worthy of respect and reverence. Sphere of ideas, activities, persons, objects, and experiences that have been deemed holy, divine supernatural, or mystical.
Sacred
the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society. a change in position within the social hierarchy. Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another. Down or up the social hierarchy. The ability of a given individual group to move through the social strata.
Social Mobility
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.
Social Stratification
the division of society by rank or class. Other ranks include age, sex, wealth, race, etc.
Social hierarchy
a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order. A set of beliefs, opinions, interests, and practices generally favoring a change instituationally.
Social movement
Social Stratification vs. Social Hierarchy
Social stratification is used objectively to describe the system of social standing. How it is divided without reference to class discrimination etc.(think statistical stratification. All objective). Social hierarchy, is more subjective. There permeates a level of class and power levels associated with the stratified levels leading to a bias and a possible societal discrimination of one level against another. Ex. Noble's discrimination against peasants. Social Hierarchy ranks socioeconomic tiers in light of factors such as wealth, income, sex, race, age etc. This can lead to some subjective discrimination due to this type of organizing.
Achieved status
Status gained through individual's own hard work. Assumed voluntarily and generally represents personal ability and effort.
mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinds of jobs available in a society. Mobility that is inevitable due to the economy.
Structural mobility
institutions and ideas that permit or limit the distribution of prestige, status, and opportunities in life.
System of stratification
Public opinion
The actual opinions people have about a given issue.
Legitimacy (Max Weber)
The right of those in positions of power to command.
The public
Those people in a population with a general interest and opinion about an issue of concern to them.
What is the difference between traditional authority and rational-legal authority? Examples?
Traditional authority is based on long-standing rules that are followed simply by conduct and historical significance. They may no longer contribue any to the current social norms or laws but are still held as unbreakable. Examples include the reign of the throne in Great Britiain. Rational Legal authority does not hold on to old conducts of historical significance. While it is based on carrying forward and acting according to already established rules and regulations, these rules are subject to change and social norms are subject to change as well. The leader is expected to follow with the rules of society(every changing) as well as with the social norms of society(also changing). People lose support for an individual when that person is deemed to not be following changing social norms or enacting power in accordance with the established laws.
Three classifications of authority. By whom? Define each. Provide examples.
Traditional, rational-legal, charismatic. By Max Weber. Traditional authority is based on long-held and sacred customs. Life is based around repeated conduct and routine as in tradition. Examples include in Egypt where Pharoah equated with the Gods. England, where king and queen used to be percieved as holy and God given throne of royalty. People being ruled respect the passage of authorital. Ex. Patriarchial authority in the past as associated with God and holiness.Feadalism also a form of traditional because people where expected to respect their class and pledge allegiance to those above them to serve. Rational-legal authority and power is legitimized by an adherence and following along the lines of rules and regulations and societal constructs already set. Rulers follow legal doctrines already established. They outbreak when it seems the leader is taking actions incompatible with established legal doctrines and societal constructs. Grounded in clearly defined laws that the leader abides by and enforces. Not based on the capacity of the leader, but how well they carry out and make decisions according to the law and social norms. Ex. Police and presidency. Charismatic authority: Based on extroidinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers that are associated with the leader. Power and rules of decisions rest solely on a ruler who is considered to be exceptionally sanctified, heroic, or show exceptional character. Norms and order are revealed and controlled by this person rather than already set and expected to be followed by this person. Person sets the rules and can change them whenever see fit. SUCCESS IS NOT RELIANT ON EXTERNAL NORMS AND RULES. Rules and norms are created by the individual considered above all else. People are drawn to a person's personal qualities and therefore follow the rule and social norms that the dynamic individual follows or constructs.They offer a new world and new contruct of life. A revolution. Ex. Celebrities, revollutions, and leaders of popular movements. Mohandas Ghandi. hITLER. People who led to change and new views.
How did ___(Who?) view inqueality? Status sitution?
Weber. Saw certain classes as more likely of wealth, property opportunities as well as others for income. Coined status situation as every aspect of a person's situation in life that is caused by a positive or negative socail assessment of status(rewards/special treatment given according to status). Differences in the social assessment of status lead to constant conflict and change in the various systems of stratification in the past.
goal displacement
When the origional goal of a social movement(black lives matter) is rejected and set aside in light of a scond goal that leans in favor of the goals of the organization or institution implementing it. The new secondary goal often serve in the interest of the organization or the institution rather than implementing the sweeping change and impact the original goal of the social movement had intended. Tailored more to fit the needs of the organization rather than to completely focus on and eliminate the main goal of the social movement.
BY WHOM? those who have attended a select private school, millionaires, members of prestigious men's clubs in large cities; 0.5% of the population. Intermarry into class standing through prestigious schools, clubs. .BY WHOM?
William Domhoff. Governing class theory.
Power elite. Who proposed it? How do they base decisions? To what end? What is created? Do?
a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions. Base decisions based on their beliefs of what is right and good but also serving their best interests in maintaining the system that keeps them on the top. The top business magnates and political power people al cooperate to keep eachother on the top and comprise what is considered america's elite. They make decisions on behalf of many and consist of business, political, etc. leaders who are responsible for no one but themselves according to wright.
Religion. What does it function to explain? What does it seek to establish? What do sociologists think the origin of religion is based from and what purpose does it serve? What four things have religions been linked with. List. Explain each.
a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny. the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. A theory, creed, or body of dogma that seeks to comprehend the universe and man's place in it, God or gods as well as the supernatural realm. Seeks to establish an image of the natural and supernatural world and an understanding of it. Religion is thought to be social in it's origins and serves a cohesive function in maintaining a consistent whole of beliefs in society. Codes of ethics: Seeing a situation and knowing the right way to act. , personality: Persecution of groups. , historical condition(seperation from this-world and other-world to prepare for eternity), Throdicy: Belief in seamless good and bad to be for a purpose(ex. bad is to punish or challenge the individual).
Sect. Seperation?
a subgroup of a major religious group. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination(religion). HAS NOT BROKEN OFF FROM A CULT. Broken off from a dominant religion to form own subset religion.
Democracy
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. People's participation in who represents them(voting, dismissing, appointing, electing, etc) in government is considered a right.
Emergent-Norm Theory
a theory of collective behavior that assumes individual members of a crowd make their own decisions about behavior and that norms are created through others' acceptance or rejection of these behaviors. theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters(people who enact the first actions in norms) in promoting new behavioral norms. Ex. An individual throws a rock at a police officer. Other individuals of the crowd decide if this action is to become a norm action for the rest of the crowd. When a number of other individuals in the crowd follow suit(supporting this norm), the rest of the crowd may begin to follow shortly after because of this new set of expected behaviors of norms that have been created by initial acceptance of this action.
Conflict theory. What does this have to do with conflict over hegemony?
a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources. the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources. People with the most ideal beliefs, attitudes, and ideals according to culture are likely to climb to the highest of the social standing.
Social movement
a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order. A set of beliefs, opinions, interests, and practices generally favoring a change instituationally.
System of stratification. Where do stratifications stem from in a society? What are the sources of stratification?(5) What often happens in these stratifiactions?
institutions and ideas that permit or limit the distribution of prestige, status, and opportunities in life. The values society places on certain qualities and the extent to which a certain group monopolizes areas of higher status. Race, ethnicity, gender, age, and sexual orientation. Groups are marked as superier and others marked as inferior.
traditional authority
is based on long-standing rules that are followed simply by conduct and historical significance. They may no longer contribue any to the current social norms or laws but are still held as unbreakable. Examples include the reign of the throne in Great Britiain.
All sociologists agree that societies are_________. What do sociologists differ on? What orientations do sociologists claim is always made? Cause? Ex?
stratified or arranged along many levels. Differ what the layers represent(if anything) beyond power, class, and wealth. Distinctions between people. These distinctions influence how people are treated. Ex. Young and old, male and female.
Contagion theory
suggests that individuals who join a crowd or mob become "infected" by a mob mentality and lose the ability to reason. Being in a crowd, according to Gustave LeBon, frees people from personal responsibility with so many people around them, and therefore they lose ability to reason(become zombies to crowd reason(go with the flow)) without social restraints. Then become zombies in a collective mind of the crowd losing ability to reason.
social hierarchy. What are the two statuses of this? Define. How does social hierarchy impact individuals?
the division of society by rank or class. Other ranks include age, sex, wealth, race, etc. Can lead to discrimination due to these classifications. This subjective approach is what makes social hierarchy different from the more objective division of social stratification. Ascribed status: Status born into(wealth, poverty). Recieved at birth. involuntary at either birth or later in life. Achieved status: Status gained through individual's own hard work. Assumed voluntarily and generally represents personal ability and effort. An individual is treated differently depending on social status and standing in the overall social hierarchy.
Ethnicity strat
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Something culturally gathered by growing up in a certain ethnic group.Cultural ideas. Culturally learned not geneticaly inhereited.
Convergence theory. Example?
the individuals, not the crowd, possess particular motivations. when a number of like minded individuals converge, they are likely to generate a collective action. theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. A collective action is likely to take place when individuals with the same interests and values gather in the same place and support the collective action being taken. Ex. Rioters in los Angeles reacting to oppresion and racism of police officers beating a black man named Rodney king. Rioters came together in collective action of rioting against the same idea and value of a desire for racial eqauality.
Political order. What does this mean in political systems of leadership? What consent is usually needed?
the institutionalized system of organization and behavioral patterns through which power is legitimately acquired and exercised. Organization of people and behavior allows power to be held and excersized. Means that power over the political order can be held in forms of authority and power can be held in those in positions of power to command. Usually the consent of the people.
Social mobility. What two things can social mobility be? Define. Examples.
the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society. a change in position within the social hierarchy. Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another. Down or up the social hierarchy. The ability of a given individual group to move through the social strata. Can be either relative or absolute. Relative mobility: One aspect changes to improve the level(strata) itself, but does not impact the relative position of the level in the entirety of the social hierarchy. Ex. An entire occupational structure is upgraded for efficiency so that only the work changes(aspect of the level/strata) but not the relative position in the social hierarchy from one generation to the next. Absolute mobility: When an individual in a strata, moves up in the hierarchy above that of which they were born into. Ex. When a son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father.
Collective behavior.What are two kinds of collective behavior. Define. Examples of collective behavior?(6) Define and identify as one of the two kinds of collective behavior.
the relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations(riots over George Flloyd).behavior that follows from the formation of a group or crowd of people who take action together toward a shared goal. Behavior occurs spontaneously in reponse to a changed cultural or social circumstance adn ususally lacks insitutional backing(a coherent organization or leader). Spontaneous behavior: Short-lived spontaneous public expressions of feeling with no clear cut goal. Longer-lasting public expressions: Aimed at being instrumental in achieveing a clear goal and picture in society. Mass hysteria: Collective emotional response(not physical as in panic) to tension and anxiety in the group. Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. Panic: Spontaneous collective behavior. A collective action that causes an overwhelming feeling of being in danger and needing to escape a situation immediately. Ex. When a fire breaks out in a movie, not many social norms associated with what to do in that situation. Craze: Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. People become obsessed with wanting something becuase "everyone else" seems to have it. Fad: Short lived, spontaneous collective behavior. Involves a short-term obsession with a behavior that is unexpected and widely copied. Such as streaking, dabbing, neigh, neighing, etc. Fashion: Usually last longer. Commonly associated with beliefs, styles, and attitudes toward dress. Has more of a purpose behind it. Usually spread out to the general population and again, last longer. Rumor: Can be short or long-term. Unconfirmed piece of public information that may or may not be true and is usally spread by an anonymous report.
Governing class theory. Presented by whom?
those who have attended a select private school, millionaires, members of prestigious men's clubs in large cities; 0.5% of the population. Intermarry into class standing through prestigious schools, clubs. .(William Domhoff)
