sociology chapter 1 & 2 quizzes

Which of the following is an observation that Alexis de Tocqueville made in his study of American society?

Americans had little independence of mind, despite their emphasis on individualism

Emile Durkheim's work is the foundation for which major theoretical perspective?

Functionalism

Which of the following is not part of the definition of culture?

Globalization

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?

Ideas

_____'s work is the basis for conflict theory.

Karl Marx

Which of the following is an element of culture?

Language, Norms, Mores

Which of these do sociologists not consider part of the concept of diversity?

The allocation of resources

Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology?

The increasingly important role of religion

How do functionalists view disorganization within society?

They believe it must result in change to re-establish equilibrium in society

Contemporary feminist scholarship has produced which of the following?

Vital knowledge about women

Cultural relativism is the idea that

a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relation to the cultural context in which it appears.

The early American sociologists are characterized by their

belief that sociology could alleviate the negative consequences of society.

Shared ideas that help bind people in society together are called _____.

beliefs

Auguste Comte is known for

coining the term "sociology."

Consumption for the sake of displaying one's wealth is called _____.

conspicuous consumption

According to symbolic interactionists, culture

creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning.

In every society, the dominant culture is

culture of most powerful group

When group differences are created by the social structure of society, sociologists refer to this as _____.

diversity

Sociology is a(n) _____ discipline, meaning conclusions are based on systematic observations.

empirical

The discussion of birthday traditions demonstrates that

even seemingly "normal" practices have cultural roots.

Members of a subculture

exist within and share some elements of the dominant culture.

Auguste Comte believed sociology could

help solve social problems

Sociology is defined as the study of ____.

human behavior in society

The digital divide refers to:

inequality based on access to electronic information.

According to functionalists, culture

integrates people into groups.

The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology. The Enlightenment

is also known as the Age of Reason

According to Karl Marx, capitalism

is built on the exploitation of workers.

According to researchers on culture and language:

language affects people's perception of reality.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

language provides the categories through which reality is defined

Robert Merton suggested that human behavior has _____.

manifest functions and latent functions

Extreme ethnocentrism

may result in violence, including terrorism, war, and genocide.

Norms , values, laws, and customs are all examples of _____ culture.

nonmaterial

The specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation are called _____.

norms

Material culture consists of

objects created in a given culture

Beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions, such as music and films, mass-marketed books and magazines, newspapers, and Internet websites are known collectively as_____culture.

popular

Positivism refers to

scientific observation and description as the highest forms of knowledge

Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture is

shared.

According to The Sociological Imagination, the current high numbers of college graduates moving back in with their families reflect:

social forces impacting private lives.

The text emphasizes that _____ is most responsible for a person's chance in life.

social location

Sociologists refer to the organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society as the

social structure

Sociology differs from media programs that feature human problems in that

sociologists use research techniques and theories that the media may not use to explain social issues.

Those behaviors that bring the most serious sanctions are called _____.

taboos

In their day-to-day lives, most people

take the expectations of their culture for granted

Peter Berger's concept of debunking refers to

the "unmasking" tendency of sociology

Elaine Bell Kaplan's research on black teenage motherhood concluded that

the black teens felt embarrassed and stigmatized by being pregnant.

The reflection hypothesis contends that

the mass media reflects the values of the general population.

According to feminist theory, prior to _____, women were largely absent from sociological research.

the second-wave of feminism

Harriet Martineau's book, How to Observe Morals and Manners, was the first

to discuss observing behavior while participating in the situation.

Freedom, democracy, and equal opportunity are examples of:

values

The abstract standards that define the ideal principles of a society are called _____.

values