Sociology Chapter 16
100. In the 1930s, wrote that the city was a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction, and that as a result, the urban dweller experienced alienation. a. Louis Wirth b. Ernest Burgess c. George H. Mead d. Homer Hoyt
a
11. The 1924 National Origins Quota law encouraged immigration from and discouraged immigration from . a. France; Italy b. Greece; Germany c. England; Poland d. Turkey; Switzerland
a
19. Sociologists who are interested in understanding the conditions behind the overthrow of a state and the resulting large-scale consequences study . a. revolutions b. collective behaviors c. cultural diffusion d. demographic transitions
a
22. When a sociology major is interested in studying group behavior dedicated to social change, s/he is studying . a. demographic change b. social organization c. collective behavior d. social solidarity
a
26. According to conflict theorists, society changes because a. conflict is inherent. b. the division of labor is based on class differences. c. powerful nations control less powerful nations. d. technology leads to homogeneous societies.
a
29. Unlike Spencer, Marx emphasized that social change was based on . a. economics b. a future classless society c. consensus d. social order due to class conflict
a
3. Antipollution laws have been resisted by industry because a. laws require expensive adaptations of the manufacturing process. b. politicians too frequently change their minds about industry standards. c. laws are unenforceable. d. lobbyists are too strong.
a
36. The actual shape of an age-sex pyramid is a reflection of a. the birth rate of a society. b. the rate of immigration compared with other countries. c. the overall size of the population. d. the death rate of a society.
a
40. Herbert Spencer argued that social change will occur when . a. societies specialize b. societies become less heterogeneous c. societies become more similar d. none of the above
a
44. When a college student engages in a fad they are participating in . a. a status symbol b. a social change c. modernization d. rapid communication
a
45. Studies of ecosystems have demonstrated that a. a disturbance in one element has an impact on the entire system. b. it is impossible for the social sciences to interconnect with the biological sciences. c. there are many social problems that are much more pressing than the environment. d. with proper management all resources can eventually be renewed.
a
47. The upper atmosphere shield that blocks dangerous ultraviolet light, protecting humans from sunburn and skin cancer is called the . a. ozone layer b. ionosphere shield c. stratosphere screen d. ultraviolet filter
a
52. The most serious nuclear power plant accident to date occurred at . a. Chernobyl (in the Ukraine) b. Three-Mile Island in Pennsylvania c. Osaka, Japan d. Warsaw, Poland
a
53. Which federal document requires a national census to be conducted every ten years? a. the U.S. Constitution b. Executive Order 816 c. Title VII d. the Declaration of Independence
a
6. By mid-century, it is estimated that the U.S. population will be a. older than today. b. more female than today. c. younger than today. d. more male than today.
a
93. According to theory, society changes from class-based to a classless society. a. functionalist/evolutionary b. conflict c. cyclical d. dependency
b
41. Which of the following assumes societies evolve due to industrialization? a. modernization theory b. world systems theory c. dependency theory d. cyclical theory
a
87. The direction of social change a. is established by a society's history. b. is random. c. is unpredictable. d. is determined by the government.
a
90. Evolutionary theories of social change are a branch of . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist theory d. social exchange theory
a
94. According to theory, societies become more homogenized as they are affected by technological change. a. modernization b. conflict c. cyclical d. dependency
a
95. According to Tönnies, gemeinschaft is characterized by a. a sense of fellow feeling and strong personal ties. b. a very complex division of labor. c. an emphasis on self interest. d. a lack of community and interpersonal connections.
a
97. According to modernization theory, the primary causes of social change are a. technology and global development. b. changes in the economic structure. c. cycles of culture that advance and repeat. d. evolution from less to more complexity.
a
108. In the United States, historically the most significant social movements have been those associated with . a. new religious groups b. traditional religious groups c. the diversity of the population d. fundamentalism
c
12. Among Hispanics, migration patterns are closely linked to a. religion. b. race relations. c. agriculture. d. military.
c
13. In the United States, the sex ratio is , which indicates . a. 54; there are more males than females. b. 114; there are more females than males. c. 94; there are more females than males. d. 104; there are more males than females.
c
15. According to Malthusian theory, population growth tends to be . a. arithmetic b. linear c. exponential d. curvilinear
c
18. Mary's parents are part of a larger elderly population than her grandparents. This is an example of . a. a higher birthrate b. a higher death rate c. the graying of the population d. a higher infant mortality rate
c
2. The U.S. consumes approximately of the world's energy, but is home to only 5% of the world's population. a. one-fifth b. one-quarter c. one-third d. one-half
c
21. Collective behavior is a. logical. b. short-lived. c. predictable. d. spontaneous.
c
24. According to functionalists, over time. a. complex societies become more complex b. simple societies become more simple c. simple societies become more complex d. complex societies become more simple
c
32. In the U.S. today, life expectancy for the overall population is about years of age. a. 61 b. 70 c. 78 d. 85
c
88. In general, when people create new norms and organizational structures in response to emerging situations sociologists term this . a. social relativism b. social movement c. collective behavior d. technological innovation
c
33. For those opposed to permitting the self-selection of more than one race in the U.S. Census, an important argument is that a. most people don't really know what race they are. b. there is no such thing as race, so multiracial makes no sense. c. identifying as multiracial reduces the strength of numbers of already underrepresented minority groups. d. younger people are more likely to identify as multiracial than older people.
c
42. According to Habermas a society that experiences social inequality will also experience . a. social stability b. wide spread apathy c. social conflict d. none of the above
c
49. The scientific study of the interdependence between humans and their physical environment is called . a. demographics b. environmentalism c. human ecology d. ethnology
c
89. According to theorists, societies move from being structurally simple and homogeneous to complex and heterogeneous, in which there is an extensive division of labor. a. conflict b. symbolic interaction c. functionalist d. social exchange
c
91. Critics of unidimensional evolutionary theories argued that a. all societies follow the same path to development. b. not enough emphasis was placed on studying civilized societies. c. "civilized" and "primitive" do not have clear definitions. d. it is less complicated than multidimensional theories.
c
51. Research on environmental racism indicates that a. it is probably not done intentionally and many dumps are also located in White neighborhoods. b. the problem is overstated; it does not occur very often. c. the location of hazardous wastes near minority neighborhoods is too frequent to be occurring by chance. d. most of the toxic dumps have now been dismantled and cleaned up.
c
56. The 2000 U.S. census is estimated to have undercounted approximately two percent of the country's population. The estimated undercount for Hispanics is as high as percent. a. 5 b. 15 c. 25 d. 35
c
96. is a process of social and cultural change initiated by industrialization and followed by increased social differentiation and division of labor. a. Revolution b. Renovation c. Modernization d. Westernization
c
62. The crude death rate, the number of deaths per 1000 people, is a good indicator of . a. fertility b. population growth c. standard of living d. crude birth rate
c
64. Among industrialized countries, the country with both the highest life expectancy and the lowest infant mortality rate is . a. Great Britain b. Germany c. Japan d. the United States
c
79. theories of social change invoke patterns of structure and culture that are believed to recur at more or less regular intervals. a. Evolutionary b. Unilinear c. Cyclical d. Conflict
c
73. According to theory, populations go through predictable stages from high birth and death rates to a stable population with low birth and death rates. a. Malthusian b. demographic transition c. zero population growth d. population transition
b
78. Studies of the response of men and women to environmental issues indicate that a. men are more concerned than women about global warming. b. women perceive themselves to be considerably more at risk from environmental hazards than men are. c. men are more likely than women to worry about the dangers of pollution for trees, fish, and other wildlife. d. men and women are equally concerned about these issues.
b
8. Using data from the 2010 Census, the current population of the United States is estimated to be about . a. 171 million b. 311 million c. 439 million d. 695 million
b
80. Gradual transformations that affect many aspects of society are called . a. megachanges b. macrochanges c. systemic changes d. sequential
b
84. How is technology related to social change? a. Technological change is always positive for society. b. Technological innovations may be catalysts for social change. c. New technologies always become dispersed rather quickly throughout society. d. There is no relationship between technology and social change.
b
98. The United States since the 1940s has become a . a. gemeinschaft b. gesellschaft c. modified gemeinschaft d. post gesellschaft
b
99. Urban sociologist Gideon Sjøberg (1965) referred to those structural and cultural differences that exist as a consequence of differing degrees of urbanization as . a. the rural-urban differential b. the rural-urban continuum c. spacial ecology d. the rural-urban ethos
b
1. A college class is studying the impact of bottled water on the environment Which of the following is true about plastic water bottles? a. They are recycled and not a hazard b. They are reused in industry c. They are not recycled and an environmental problem d. They are not recycled but not an environmental problem
c
102. The social theorist, Herbert Marcuse, has argued that modernized society a. still manages to meet the basic needs of people. b. is shaped by technological advances that are both stable and rational. c. creates a sense of powerlessness and a loss of identity. d. gives people a sense of control over their lives.
c
107. Which type of theory is interested in how a personal identity is socially constructed through participation in social movement activity? a. resource mobilization b. political process c. new social movement d. exploitation
c
74. Stage two of the demographic transition is characterized by a. high birth rates and a declining death rate. b. declining birth and death rates. c. high birth and death rates. d. high death rates and declining birth rates.
a
75. In the United States, stage three of the demographic transition applies primarily to . a. Whites b. African Americans c. Hispanics d. American Indians
a
86. is the spread of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another. a. Cultural diffusion b. Cultural drift c. Cultural contagion d. Enculturation
a
101. People who live in Chinatown, Little Italy, and Little Havana are all examples of what Gans termed . a. ethnic villagers b. cosmopolites c. the trapped d. the "other"
a
105. What is necessary in order for a social movement to begin? a. a preexisting communication network b. enough monetary resources to fund an organization c. celebrity spokespeople willing to support the issue d. the certainty that the change in question will be possible to create
a
16. Paul Ehrlich predicted that world population growth was largely effected by a. the government. b. politics. c. war. d. agriculture.
a
103. According to Marcuse, one of the most pressing problems today, brought on by increasing technology and modernization is . a. anomie b. alienation c. deskilling d. underemployment
b
104. The Sierra Club is a classic movement that lobbies within the existing political system to promote legislation protecting the environment. a. radical b. reform c. reactionary d. personal transformation
b
106. Organized Latino groups used the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake in California to mobilize for better housing and other services. This example supports which type of social movement theory? a. resource mobilization b. political process c. new social movement d. exploitation
b
14. A cohort consists of a. all persons who have a particular event in common. b. all persons born within a given period. c. a group of people who have common values. d. a group of persons who live in the same geographic area.
b
20. Which of the following is not a condition under which revolutions are likely to occur? a. a breakdown of disenfranchised groups b. cultural diffusion c. development of structural opportunities d. a major economic crisis
b
27. According to Georg Simmel, urban dwellers avoid , which is more likely found in rural communities. a. interaction b. emotional involvement c. alienation d. family ties
b
61. Compared with other industrialized nations in terms of infant mortality and life expectancy, the U.S. a. ranks near the bottom, having relatively high infant mortality and lower life expectancy. b. ranks near the top, having relatively low infant mortality and higher life expectancy. c. is in the middle; infant mortality is very low, but so is life expectancy. d. has very high infant mortality and high life expectancy.
a
63. The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths each year of infants under the age of one. This measure is also a reflection of a. overall quality of life for a group of people. b. a person's life expectancy. c. the overall birthrate of a population. d. population growth.
a
67. According to theory, a population grows faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it. a. Malthusian b. demographic transition c. zero population growth d. population transition
a
68. Malthus referred to famine, disease, and war as checks on population growth. a. positive b. negative c. preventative d. cyclical
a
7. The placing of dumps near minority communities reflects . a. an accident of history b. purposeful attempts to put waste next to powerless communities c. poor communities desire to live near waste dumps d. none of the above
a
70. Malthus considered sexual abstinence to be a on population growth. a. preventive check b. positive check c. positive influence d. source of decline
a
25. John is interested in studying demography. Which of the following will he spend his time researching? a. Environment and society b. The past and future composition of populations c. The social processes of human engineering d. Perspectives on social change
b
30. Sociology students are interested in theorizing social change by looking at how people define social behavior. Which of the following perspectives are they using? a. Conflict b. Symbolic Interaction c. Functionalism d. Evolutionary
b
31. John is studying the impact of the sun's light on the earth. Which environmental issue is he not directly concerned with? a. the greenhouse effect b. global warming c. environmental racism d. carbon dioxide buildup
b
4. The U.S. emits of global carbon. a. 10 percent b. 20 percent c. 50 percent d. 70 percent
b
43. How do social movements differ from other types of social organization? a. Social movements tend to be more bureaucratic and structured than other social organizations. b. Unlike other social organizations, social movements thrive on spontaneity. c. Social movements are more long lasting than most other types of social organization. d. Social movements are smaller in scope than other types of social organization.
b
48. An example of a resource that is not renewable, regardless of how well we manage it, is . a. timber b. fossil fuels c. seafood d. iron
b
5. A large portion of the pollutants released into the air in the U.S. come from a. oil drilling. b. automobiles. c. pollution. d. chlorofluorocarbons.
b
54. Some groups of people are likely to be undercounted by the Census for various reasons. Why does this matter? a. The original purpose of the Census was to determine the gross capital product more accurately. b. The Census is used to apportion representation in government as fairly as possible. c. Without an accurate population count, it is not possible to provide welfare programs. d. The U.S. standing in the world is determined in part on the size of our population.
b
55. In Census 2000, the undercount for the entire U.S. population of the United States was 2 percent. Which of these groups is most like to be undercounted by the Census? a. suburban dwellers b. the homeless c. residents of New York City d. farmers
b
58. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2008 the country with the lowest birthrate is . a. the U.S. b. Japan c. Niger d. Spain
b
65. The trend toward more and more of the population entering the 65 and over age bracket is called . a. "the boomer bust" b. "graying of America" c. "the echo effect" d. "maturation effect"
b
69. The bubonic plague in Europe from 1334 to 1354, the small pox epidemic in 1707 that devastated the populations of Mexico and the West Indies, and today's worldwide AIDS epidemic are alike to the extent that all are . a. sexually transmitted diseases b. forms of "positive checks" on population growth c. types of "preventative checks" of population growth d. diseases associated primarily with sexual and/or racial minorities
b
72. Despite the revolutionary developments that have forestalled his predictions, Malthus made an important contribution by a. creating the field of demography. b. bringing attention to the limitations on subsistence and natural resources. c. promoting the development of better contraceptive. d. creating positive checks on population increase.
b
76. What is the major criticism of demographic transition theory? a. It is based too heavily on trends in the developing world. b. It is ethnocentric. c. It has no explanatory value. d. The model fits too many different situations to be useful.
b
81. "Culture lag" is a term originally coined by . a. Ferdinand Tönnies b. William Ogburn c. Immanuel Wallerstein d. William McCord
b
82. The delay between the time that social conditions change and the time that cultural adjustments are made is called . a. cultural drift b. culture lag c. cultural accommodation d. cultural dissemination
b
83. The use of cellular phones, and the lack of agreement about the proper manners to use with cellular phones, would be an example of . a. cultural drift b. culture lag c. cultural accommodation d. technology ambivalence
b
9. The 2010 Census allowed individuals to self-select their race. Approximately percent of Americans identified themselves as "mixed race" in 2010. a. 1.2 b. 3.3 c. 5.8 d. 7.4
b
92. According to theory, the primary cause of social change is a change in the structure of economic classes. a. functionalist/evolutionary b. conflict c. cyclical d. dependency
b
57. Which of these statements best describes current increases in the world's population? a. The world's population increases arithmetically. b. The world's population increases in a linear fashion. c. The world's population increases exponentially. d. The world's population increases at a rate of about 1000 people per minute.
c
59. The all-time high rate of births in the United States was 27 per 1000 people. When was the U.S. birthrate this high? a. during the colonial period b. during the late nineteenth century c. just following World War II d. just following the Vietnam War
c
66. The Baby Boom cohort now comprises about of the entire population of the United States. a. one-sixth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half
c
85. Which of these types of collective behavior tends to persist over time longer than the others? a. fads b. fashions c. social movements d. riots
c
10. The is defined as the number of births each year for every 1000 people in the population. a. fertility rate b. refined birth rate c. fecundity rate d. crude birth rate
d
17. When Bobby and Gail study the local population, the number of people per square mile is . a. medium population b. birthrate c. death rate d. population density
d
23. According to functionalists, is the primary cause of social change. a. global development b. economic inequality c. modernization d. technology
d
28. According to Marx and Habermas, the personal feelings of powerlessness that accompany modernization are the result of a. technology. b. war. c. revolution. d. inequality.
d
34. Which of the following is not a factor in determining the total number of people in a society? a. birth b. death c. migration d. gender
d
35. John is moving to Nigeria. Which of the following best characterizes it's population? a. It will not be a major contributor to world population growth in the future b. It has a stable population c. It is going to decline in population in the future d. It is one of the eight countries expected to expand population in the future
d
37. Cohorts are useful for analyzing all of the following, except a. the number of people in the population of different ages, at different times. b. how many high schools and universities will be needed at some time in the future. c. whether or not the social security system will continue to have funds. d. the gender ration within a population.
d
38. Toynbee's cyclical theory of social change argues that societies . a. are everlasting b. become part of other societies c. are never the same twice d. are born, mature, decay and sometimes die.
d
39. World War II contributed to social change in the United States in all of the following ways, except a. an increased number of women began working outside of the home b. mass-production increased c. many men in the service received college educations using the GI Bill d. technology improved working conditions
d
46. When Bob majors in the scientific study of the interplay between humans and the environment he is studying . a. population studies b. ecology c. carrying capacity d. environmental sociology
d
50. The pattern of disproportionate dumping of toxic waste and other forms of pollution in neighborhoods where the poor and people of color live is called . a. environmental inequity b. industrial racism c. polluter genocide d. environmental racism
d
60. Among different racial/ethnic groups in the United States, the group with the highest birthrate is . a. African Americans b. Latinos c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans
d
71. When making his projections on population, Malthus failed to foresee a. technological advances in agriculture that have resulted in larger yields. b. the advances in medicine that prevented diseases from periodically wiping out entire nations. c. that widespread use of contraceptives in many countries would keep the birthrate low. d. all of the above
d
77. In The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich argues that a. the population projections of Thomas Malthus were totally in error. b. quality of the environment has little to do with the growth and health of populations. c. food production is currently so efficient that availability of food has ceased to be an issue, even on a worldwide basis. d. worldwide population growth has outgrown food production and that massive starvation must inevitably follow.
d
