Sociology (Chapter 3)

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive, but learned within a social environment?

Behaviorism.

Jean Piaget's focus was on __________.

Cognition, or how people think and understand.

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the __________.

Id.

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind __________.

Imagining a situation from another person's point of view.

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as __________.

Institutionalized.

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death __________.

Is an orderly transition involving specific stages.

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it __________.

Lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was __________.

Moral reasoning.

In the nature vs. nurture debate, sociologists claim that __________.

Nurture is far more important than nature.

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?

The Preoperational Stage.

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

The Sensorimotor Stage.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be __________.

The part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is __________.

To radically alter a person's personality or behavior.

A __________ refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?

Total institution

T/F Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.

True

T/F Psychologist JOHN B. WATSON claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned.

True

T/F Schools provide most children with their first experience of bureaucracy.

True

T/F The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.

True

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to __________.

Widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves.

Which of the following BEST sums up Goffman's idea of the resocialization process? a.) Break down an old identity, then build up a new identity. b.) Reward inmates for being creative. c.) Help integrate inmates into the larger society. d.) All of these responses are correct.

a.) Break down an old identity, then build up a new identity.

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization? a.) Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages. b.) Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture. c.) We come to see ourselves as we think others see us. d.) Most of our personality development takes p lace in childhood.

a.) Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.

If you were to summarize the lesson learned from the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that a.) Social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. b.) Both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. c.) The effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. d.) All of these are correct.

a.) Social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.

Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct? a.) Staff members supervise all aspects of daily life. b.) Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. c.) Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities. d.) Formal rules direct people's daily routines.

b.) Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.

Mead placed the origin of the self on __________.

Social experience.

__________ refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture.

Socialization

T/F Erik H. Erikson emphasized that ALMOST ALL important socialization takes place during childhood.

False

T/F The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."

False (Not all operations of the ego are conscious).

T/F A COLLEGE is a good example of a total institution.

False (Prison).

T/F The tragic case of Anna shows that without adequate NUTRITION, a human being cannot develop a personality or self.

False (socialization).

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?

Ego.

__________ refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Personality

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as __________.

Significant others.