Sociology Chapter 5

Quinn is on a high-school volleyball team and has chemistry during first period. If she wanted to assess her team's performance, which of the following could serve as a reference group and which could not?

Correct Answers - another school's volleyball team - the men's volleyball team at Quinn's school Incorrect Answers - the chess club at Quinn's school - Quinn's first-period chemistry class

Identify the organizations that Robert Putnam's research might argue would keep anomie at bay.

Correct Answers - Boys and Girls Clubs of America - Habitat for Humanity - Boy Scouts of America Incorrect Answers - Craigslist

Identify the statements that correctly describe "the strength of weak ties."

Correct Statements - Weak ties proved benefits that strong ties do not. - Weak ties provide access to valuable information Incorrect Statements - People tend to have more weak ties than strong ones. - Weak ties reinforce strong ties. - Weak ties eventually turn into strong ones.

How did Stanley Milgram test participants' obedience to authority?

He had "experimenters" coax "teachers" into shocking "learners."

An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a coworker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?

Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies.

Melissa is a student studying biology at the University of Michigan. She grew up in Michigan, in a nearby town. Identify each person as being a member of an in-group or out-group for Melissa.

In-Group - A current community college student with whom Melissa went to high school - Her sister who is a student at Michigan State - A history major at the University of Michigan Out-Group: - An Ohio State student who went to Melissa's rival high school in Michigan

Match each quality to the correct group category based on Robert Merton's theory of group classification

In-Group - classy - laid back (- precise) Out-Group - snobbish - lazy (- nitpicking)

Susan is a Black job candidate, and Alison is a white job candidate. Which outcome is predicted according to David Pedulla and Devah Pager's research on race and social networks?

Members of Alison's social network make more effective connections on her behalf than do Susan's.

In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary groups or secondary groups.

Primary Groups: - ends in themselves - enduring membership Secondary Groups: - contingent membership - instrumental in purpose - impersonal

Which of the following are kinds of conformity produced by social influence and which are not?

Produced by Social Influence - Internalization - Identification - Compliance

Worries about the effects of social media on social engagement are an extension of whose earlier research?

Robert Putnam

The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept?

reference group

katie, Tara, and Shanice are three African American women who just started college. The three of them make up a ____. Katie and Tara often have friction in their friendship, so Shanice must referee between the two of them and adds ____ in the group. These three friends are also members of a sorority and compete with a neighboring sorority over who throws the best parties. They see the neighboring sorority as a(n) ____.

triad, stability, out-group

Power is the ability to ____ the actions of others and if legitimated, provides ____. Power can be ____ when it is backed by the threat of force, or ____ when it is supported by persuasion

control, authority, coercive, influential

The differences between a group and a ____ is whether the members identify with one another and whether interaction is temporary or permanent. A primary group consists of people such as ____, whereas a secondary group might consist of people such as ____.

crowd, family members, students taking this course

Match each scholar to one of their main research findings discussed in the textbook.

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler: - Social networks can influence not only an individual's health but also can spread everything from obesity to smoking and substance abuse. Duncan Watts: - Social networks can shape out actions, such as voting behavior, because of which individuals make up those social networks Joseph Conti: - The United States is one of the most powerful members of the WTO not because of its outcome in disputes but because of its centrality. Mark Granovetter: - Social ties follow social-class lines and link high socioeconomic status (SES) individuals with a vast array of high-SES contacts who can provide job leads.

When leadership styles do not match with traditional gender roles, the disconnect can lead to feelings of surprise or upset.

True Congressional representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez displays an instrumental leadership style. She has quickly become one of the most highly visible and engaged political leaders, while also stirring controversy. People often expect men to be more instrumental and women to be more expressive.

Match each collection of people to the proper concept.

An aggregate - the audience at a taping of Saturday Night Live A category - all of the people watching Saturday Night Live on television last Saturday A primary group - a group of close friends and family members who get together to watch Saturday Night Live on television each week A secondary group - the cast members of Saturday Night Live

Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group?

A secret society at an Ivy League University

Which of the following are aspects of group dynamics?

Correct Answers - How groups achieve goals - How groups disintegrate - How groups change - How groups form All of the above

Which of the following principles were explained in Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's 2009 work on social networks?

Correct Answers - connection - contagion Incorrect Answers - tie strength - centrality

Identify the following as either a primary group or secondary group.

Primary: - A close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school - A married couple Secondary - A tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men - A professional football team

Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and knows most people throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?

(High) Centrality Has the most ties in this network.

Place each major study of social networks in order of its publication from first to last.

1. Mark Granovetter's "The Strength of Weak Ties" 2. Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres's article on gender, networks and employment 3. Duncan Watt's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age 4. Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's article on networks and sexual health.

In light of George Ritzer's McDonaldization theory, identify whether or not each prediction about American society is fairly realistic

Fairly Realistic Prediction - Worker's movements will be monitored in order to maximize predictability and efficiency. - Individuals with unique personal traits and needs may feel depersonalized by systems that treat all persons the same. Not a Fairly Realistic Prediction - Society will become more bureaucratic in the economy and in politics, but more warm and personalistic in education and religion - Highly rationalized systems will lead to a society that runs smoothly, logically, and with fairness.

Results from the Twenty Statements Test (TST) over the past sixty years suggest that Americans' self-images have changed very little over time.

False In fact, there has been a great ship from self-image based on group affiliation in the 1950s and 1960s to self-image based on individual traits in the 1970s and 1980s.

Label each case study in the table with the correct theoretical perspective.

Structural Functionalism: - Affiliation groups like fraternities help create social cohesion the context of a larger, possibly alienating, university system by bringing young men with shared values together. Conflict Theory: - In-group and out-group dynamics can contribute to stereotyping and conflict as fraternity brothers developed an "us vs. them" perspective regarding other frats and non-Greeks Symbolic Interactionism - The pressure to conform to group culture (as in the cases of peer pressure and groupthink) can lead individuals to do things they might never do alone, and can have negative consequences, as in the case of fraternity hazing and binge drinking. It can also lead to positive actions, such as when fraternity members volunteer or raise money for charity.

Match each aspect of bureaucracy to the correct definition.

Technical Competence: - All members are expressly trainer and qualified for their specific roles within the organization Impersonality - In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment Rules and Regulations - These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible Specialization - All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specific roles and tasks. Hierarchy - Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by high-ranking managers and bosses. Formal Written Communication - Documents such as memoes (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate.

Identify the true and false statements about social media engagement and our social connections.

True Statements - Eric Klinenberg and Claude Fischer make the case that despite a rise in social media use, Americans are no more or less lonely or detached from one another than they have ever been. - According to the Pew Research Center's internet and American Life Project, users of social media are more connected than nonusers. False Statements - According to researchers at the University of Chicago, when social media is used as an escape mechanism to avoid the social world, it can help people cope with feeling of loneliness. - According to the Pew Research Center, Facebook users have fewer close relationships and higher levels of social support than both users of other social media and nonusers.

Identify the true and false statements about tech-induced anxieties.

True Statements - Users of social media may actually be more connected with others than nonusers. - In vulnerable times of life, such as adolescence. the internet and especially social media may lead to more loneliness. False Statements - Virtual communities are useful for playing games, but not for support for personal issues or medical conditions. - Due to a rise in social media use, Americans are more lonely and detached from one another than they ever have been.