Sociology chapters 1-4

Erving Goffman

-symbolic internationalism -found out that people's interactions showed patterns of cultural "scripts"

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? Question options: A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line A toll-booth employee collecting toll change A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns

A - A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? Herbert Blumer Max Weber Lester F. Ward W. I. Thomas

A - Herbert Blumer

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? A large survey A literature search An in-depth interview A review of television programs

A - a large survey

Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method. nonreactive nonparticipatory nonrestrictive nonconfrontive

A - nonreactive

According to Marx, the _____ own the means of production in a society. proletariat vassals bourgeoisie anomie

C - bourgeoisie

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in the U.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

C - conflict theory

Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? Institutional Review Board (IRB) Peter Rossi American Sociological Association (ASA) Max Weber

D - Max Weber

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? Question options: Alienation from one's self Alienation from others Alienation from the product of one's labor Alienation from one's religion

D - alienation from one's religion

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: relativism ethnocentrism xenocentrism universalism

D - universalism

inventions

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

conflict theory

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

dependent variables

a variable changed by other variables

informal norms

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

field research

gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

case study

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

sociological investigation that concentrates on large-scale social phenomena or entire civilizations

macrosociology

ethnography

observing a complete social setting and all that it entails

Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on their belief in a meritocracy? Question options: Émile Durkheim Karl Marx Herbert Spencer Max Weber

A - Emile Durkheim

The concept of the iron cage was popularized by which of the following sociological thinkers? Max Weber Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Friedrich Engels

A - Max Weber

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? Counterculture Subculture Multiculturalism Afrocentricity

A - counterculture

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of: culture shock imperialism ethnocentrism xenocentrism

A - culture shock

Émile Durkheim's ideas about society can best be described as ________. functionalist conflict theorist symbolic interactionist rationalist

A - functionalist

MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. Question options: Popular culture; high culture High culture; low culture Jersey culture; low culture High culture; popular culture

A - popular culture, high culture

Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather about the American public's perception of World War II. This is an example of ______. Question options: Primary data Secondary data Tertiary data Interactive data

B - secondary data

Which of the following societies were the first to have permanent residents? Industrial Hunter-gatherer Horticultural Feudal

C - Horticultural

According to Durkheim, which of the following is NOT a social fact? Question options: A religious belief A law A custom All of the above are social facts

D - all of the above

language

a symbolic system of communication

sanctions

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

social control

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

self-fulfilling prophecy

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

formal norms

established, written rules

a sociological approach that generalized about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole

interactionist perspective

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

latent function

popular culture

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population

looking-glass self

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

feudal societies

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

agricultural societies

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

the ability to understand how your own past relates of that of other people, as well as to history in general and sociatal structures in particular

sociological imagination

manifest functions

sought consequences of social process

nonreactive research

using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people's behaviors

independent variables

variables that cause changes in dependent variables

structural functionalism

(macro) the way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole

The term interpretive framework can be defined as: Question options: A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing. n established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions. A basis for which sociologists determine whether their independent and dependent variables reflect the results.

A - A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing

An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners medical marijuana; film noir country music; pop music political theory; sociological theory

A - Dostoevsky style in film, "American Idol" winners

Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? Question options: Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third. Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty.

A - Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: Question options: People base their images on how they think other people see them. The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces.

A - People base their images on how they think other people see them.

The term institutionalization can be defined as: Question options: The act of implanting a convention or norm into society. A status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income. Responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society. The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

A - The act of implanting a convention or norm into society

Alienation is defined by the text as: Question options: The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self. Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual. The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life

A - The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? Question options: The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account. The more positive reinforcement a parent gives a child, the better they do in school. The longer an inmate spends in prison, the more difficult it is for him to adapt to the outside world. The more study halls students are given during the school day, the worse they perform on their tests.

A - The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account.

To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically be unable to accept funding? A fast-food restaurant A nonprofit health organization A private hospital A governmental agency like Health and Social Services

A - a fast-food restaurant

Which of the following best depicts Marx's concept of alienation from the process of one's labor? A supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way. A businessman feels that he deserves a raise, but is nervous to ask his manager for one; instead, he comforts himself with the idea that hard work is its own reward. An associate professor is afraid that she won't be given tenure and starts spreading rumors about one of her associates to make herself look better. A construction worker is laid off and takes a job at a fast food restaurant temporarily, although he has never had an interest in preparing food before

A - a supermarket cashier always scans store coupons before company coupons because she was taught to do it that way

A nation's flag is: A symbol A value A culture A folkway

A - a symbol

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. Question options: Ascribed status Achieved status The Thomas Theorem The looking-glass self

A - ascribed status

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. Question options: Collective conscience The iron cage Anomie Bourgeoisie

A - collective conscience

What approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society? Question options: Constructivism Antipositivism Criticism Symbolic interactionism

A - constructivism

Society and culture _____. Question options: Could not exist without each other Are unrelated Are the same thing Could not exist together

A - could not exist without each other

Kurt and Mitch visit an Amish village on a class trip. "Let's see if we can round up some old radios and appliances and drop them off for them later this week. I think they'll appreciate it. They just don't understand what they're missing." Mitch rolls his eyes. Kurt's perspective is an example of _______. Question options: Cultural imperialism Behavioral normativity Material culture Ideal culture

A - cultural imperialism

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, you frequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point, but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: cultural lag innovation ethnocentricity xenophobia

A - cultural lag

The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is: ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing ethnography subjects are unaware they're being studied ethnographic studies always involve minority ethnic groups ethnography focuses on how subjects view themselves in relationship to the community

A - ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing

According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on ________. habitual actions status institutionalization role performance

A - habitual actions

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? Question options: Making eye contact while speaking Crossing streets on cross-walks Paying taxes Driving on the right hand side of the road

A - making eye contact while speaking

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

A - mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within a culture

A paradigm can be defined as: Question options: Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.* The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

A - philosophical and theoretical frameworks

Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method? Questionnaire Case study Ethnography Secondary data analysis

A - questionnaire

Kevin conducted a study on whether the length of the line at a local Starbucks affected how well the customers enjoyed their coffee after receiving it. Malcolm conducted the study at his local Starbucks, and found the same results. Kevin's study had a high level of _____. Question options: Reliability Interpretation Validity Literacy

A - reliability

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities? Role strain Self-fulfilling prophecy Status conflict Status strain

A - role strain

Thomas wants to better understand the trends in literacy rates in Baltimore city over the past 50 years using Baltimore city data. What type of research should Thomas conduct? Question options: Secondary data analysis An experiment Field research A survey

A - secondary data analysis

Which of the following occupations is a person of power most likely to have in an information society? Software engineer Coal miner Children's book author Sharecropper

A - software engineer

In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______. Question options: Subculture More Social relativism Formal Sanction

A - subculture

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

A - symbolic interactionism

A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. Question options: The Hawthorne Effect he Authority Effect The Regressive Effect The Cognizant Effect

A - the Hawthorne effect

Which of the following is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics? Question options: To ensure the financial gain of the researchers To maintain value neutrality To guarantee the safety of their participants To foster professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

A - to ensure the financial gain of the researchers

The term values can be defined as: Question options: Federal laws and regulations. A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society. Scripture found within the Bible. The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

B - A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

The term language can be defined as: Question options: The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world.

B - A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

Please place the following societies in chronological order: Question options: Pastoral; Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural; Agricultural Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Agricultural; Horticultural Pastoral; Agricultural, Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural

B - Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural

John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable. Question options: Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: John Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades Independent variable: John; Dependent variable: Grades Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: Number of laptops

B - Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: linguistics Sapir-Whorf Ethnographic imagery bilingualism

B - Sapir-Whorf

Which materials are considered secondary data? Photos and letters given to you by another person Books and articles written by other authors about their studies Information that you have gathered and now have included in your results Responses from participants whom you both surveyed and interviewed

B - books and articles written by other authors about their studies

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them. imperialism and relativism culture and society society and ethnocentrism ethnocentrism and xenocentrism

B - culture and society

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: globalization diffusion culture lag xenocentrism

B - diffusion

The major difference between invention and discovery is: Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local to one's culture

B - discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? Sociobiology Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

B - functionalism

Which of the following is an example of nonreactive research? Question options: Interviewing heroin addicts and providing them with clean needles Gathering data from government studies Volunteering at a local food bank and interacting with homeless persons Educating classrooms on the necessities of safe sex

B - gathering data from government studies

_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern. Question options: Rationalization Habitualization Institutionalization Industrialization

B - habitualization

What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: Question options: Hepcats Hipsters Beatniks Hippies

B - hipsters

Which statement illustrates value neutrality? Obesity in children is obviously a result of parental neglect and, therefore, schools should take a greater role to prevent it In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools Merely restricting children's access to junk food at school is not enough to prevent obesity Physical activity and healthy eating are a fundamental part of a child's education

B - in 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines

Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? Question options: Putting your cell phone on silent during a Broadway production Incest taboos Marrying the partner whom your parents have chosen for you Holding hands with your best friend

B - incest taboos

Organic solidarity is most likely to exist in which of the following types of societies? Hunter-gatherer Industrial Agricultural Feudal

B - industrial

Which best describes the results of a case study? It produces more reliable results than other methods because of its depth Its results are not generally applicable It relies solely on secondary data analysis All of the above

B - its results are not generally applicable

Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. Question options: A cultural universal Non-material culture The counterculture Material culture

B - non-material culture

In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. Question options: Dependent variables Participant observation Secondary data analysis Literature review

B - participant observation

Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method? Question options: Formulate a hypothesis Receive corroboration from the field Research existing sources Report results

B - receive corroboration from the field

Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using? Question options: Experiments Secondary data analysis Surveys Ethnography

B - secondary data analysis

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. Question options: Feminist Symbolic interactionist Functionalist Conflict theorist

B - symbolic interactionist

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? Question options: The disco invasion of the 1970's The hippie movement of the 1960's The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's The yuppie craze of the 1980's

B - the hippie movement of the 1960's

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of ___________. role strain the looking-glass self role performance habitualization

B - the looking-glass self

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: drugs their culture their genetic makeup the researcher

B - their culture

The term value neutrality is defined by the text as: Question options: The study of evolving ethics and morals in relation to sociological research. A study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population. A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results. A systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand.

C - A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results

Which of the following men coined the term positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology? Question options: Karl Marx Max Weber Auguste Comte Émile Durkheim

C - Auguste Comte

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism? Question options: Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback. Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. Andy marrying a woman who does not practice his religion, though his parents disprove.

C - Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. Question options: Durkheim; Communism Comte; Antipositivism Karl Marx; Communism Max Weber; Positivism

C - Karl Marx, Communism

Which of the following fictional societies is an example of a pastoral society? The Deswan people, who live in small tribes and base their economy on the production and trade of textiles The Rositian Clan, a small community of farmers who have lived on their family's land for centuries The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses The Amaganda, an extended family of warriors who serve a single noble family

C - The Hunti, a wandering group of nomads who specialize in breeding and training horses

Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? Question options: Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes. Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club. Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it.

C - The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club

What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads? Survey Experiment Web Ethnography Case study

C - Web ethnography

Reliability is defined by the text as: Question options: How long a study is expected to remain relevant and influential. How well the study measures what it was designed to measure. A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced. How close the study's results come to the experimenter's hypothesis.

C - a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced

____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. Question options: Feudal Industrial Agricultural Hunter-gatherer

C - agricultural

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: monumental moments in people's lives common everyday life events both a and b none of the above

C - both a and b

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: Question options: Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles. Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities. Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival.

C - cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory? Sociobiology Functionalism Conflict theory Ethnocentrism

C - conflict theory

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. Question options: Moral relativism Xenocentrism Ethnocentrism Paradigms

C - ethnocentrism

Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) ________. Question options: Case study Experiment Ethnography Secondary data analysis

C - ethnography

Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers' body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method? Question options: Experiments Secondary data analysis Field research Surveys

C - field research

What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in their Middletown study? Secondary data Survey Participant observation Experiment

C - participant observation

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: Establishes leaders Determines language Regulates behavior Determines laws

C - regulates behavior

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity. values sanctions social control mores

C - social control

Modern-day hipsters are an example of: ethnocentricity counterculture subculture high culture

C - subculture

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: ethnocentrism nationalism xenocentrism imperialism

C - xenocentrism

A cultural universal is: Question options: An object or a belonging of a group. The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. A written document outlining appropriate behavior. A pattern or trait common to all societies.

D - A pattern or trait common to all societies

The concept anomie can be defined as: Question options: A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. When one or more of an individual's roles clash. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.

D - A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: Question options: An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

D - An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

What is the importance of interpretive framework? Question options: It prevents researchers from making unethical decisions. It relies on statistics to determine causal relationships. It eliminates the need for a literature review. It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.

D - It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.

What is one difference between a more and a folkway? Question options: Mores encourage social rebellion; folkways do not. Mores are constructed based on norms; folkways are not. Mores are legally acceptable to violate; folkways are not. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

D - Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? Question options: Drawing conclusions from a study which the hypothesis did not predict Conducting a literature review prior to conducting an experiment Using a control group and an experimental group during observation Observing study participants without their consent

D - Observing study participants without their consent

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: Question options: Collective norms are weakened. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. All of the above

D - all of the above

Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: interview techniques to apply statistics to generate theories all of the above

D - all of the above

In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. Question options: A culture lag A discovery A cultural universal An innovation

D - an innovation

Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City's Stone Wall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______. Question options: Experiment Data analysis Overview Case study

D - case study

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. Question options: Institutionalism Symbolic Interactionism Functionalism Conflict Theory

D - conflict theory

Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. Question options: Xenocentricism Cultural imperialism Material culture Culture shock

D - culture shock

Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? Participants do not know they are part of a study The researcher has no control over who is in the study It is larger than an ordinary sample Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

D - everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: cultural lag innovation discovery globalization

D - globalization

The Protestant work ethic is based on the concept of predestination, which states that ________. performing good deeds in life is the only way to secure a spot in Heaven salvation is only achievable through obedience to God no person can be saved before he or she accepts Jesus Christ as his or her savior God has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

D - god has already chosen those who will be saved and those who will be damned

Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B water. Vitamin C is the ______. Question options: Control group Dependent variable Experimental group Independent variable

D - independent variable

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? Symbols Language Material culture Nonmaterial culture

D - nonmaterial culture

On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ¬¬¬¬______. Question options: Role strain Institutionalization Ascribed status Role performance

D - role performance

Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____. Question options: Ethnocentricity Formal sanction Xenocentricism Social control

D - social control

Xenocentrism is: Question options: The opposite of cultural universalism The opposite of cultural relativism The same as cultural imperitivism The opposite of ethnocentrism

D - the opposite of ethnocentrism

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: behaviors conflicts human organs theatrical roles

D - theatrical roles

verstehen

German word meaning "to understand in a deep way"

xenocentrism

a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

rationalization

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

values

a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society

population

a defined group serving as the subject of a study

society

a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture i

society

a group of people who live in a defined geographical area who interact with one another and who share a common culture

culture

a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs

reliability

a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced

interview

a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject

false consciousness

a person's beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

value neutrality

a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results

code of ethics

a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

iron cage

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

anomie

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

role-conflict

a situation when one or more of an individual's roles clash

random sample

a study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population

organic solidarity

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

mechanical solidarity

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

capitalism

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

role-set

an array of roles attached to a particular status

grand theories

an attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions

culture shock

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

alienation

an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

surveys

collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

qualitative data

comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

constructivism

primary data

data that are collected directly from firsthand experience

folkways

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

symbols

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

countercultures

groups that reject and oppose society's widely accepted cultural patterns

Thomas theorem

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

social integration

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

qualitative sociology

in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

subcultures

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population

innovations

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

roles

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status

social institutions

patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

cultural universals

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

quantitative data

represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted

samples

small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population

dysfunctions

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

horticultural societies

societies based around the cultivation of plants

pastoral societies

societies based around the domestication of animals

information societies

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

industrial societies

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

hunter-gatherer societies

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

problems with the symbolic interactionalist theory

some say this theory has a difficulty of remaining objective

operational definitions

specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study

significant others

specific individuals that impact someone's life

quantitative sociology

statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants

role strain

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

beliefs

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

sociological imagination

the ability to understand how your own past related to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

institutionalization

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

class consciousness

the awareness of one's rank in society

collective consciousness

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

high culture

the cultural patterns of a society's elite

validity

the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study

cultural imperialism

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

role performance

the expression of a role

culture lag

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it

habitualization

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

non material culture

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

globalization

the integration of international trade and finance markets

proletariat

the laborers in a society

social facts

the laws, morals, values, beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

mores

the moral views and principles of a group

material culture

the objects or belongings of a group of people

generalized others

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

bourgeouise

the owners of the means of production in a society

function

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

cultural relativism

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

ethnocentrism

the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture

figuration

the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

status

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

positivism

the scientific study of social patterns

social solidarity

the social ties that bind a group of people together

diffusion

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

ideal culture

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

achieved status

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

ascribed status

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race

sociology

the study of groups and group interactions, societies, and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups

experiment

the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions

latent functions

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

norms

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

real culture

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

discoveries

things and ideas found from what already exists

secondary data analysis

using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

correlation

when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation

participant observation

when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an "insider" perspective

Hawthorne effect

when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher

conflict perspective

(macro) the way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power

symbolic interactionism

(micro) one-to-one interactions and communications

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? Émile Comte Karl Marx Plato Herbert Spencer

B - Karl MArx

literature review

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

interpretive framework

a sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing

problems with structural functionalism

-can't adequately explain social change -dysfunctions will continue even if they don't serve a function -many believe it is no longer useful as a macro-level theory, but as a mid-level analysis theory

Georg Simmel

-conflict -believed conflict helped to integrate and stabilize a society

Karl Marx

-conflict -believed individuals of different social classes must compete for social, material, and political resources -gov., education, and religion reflect competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain unequal social structure

Max Weber

-conflict -believed that in addition to economic inequalities, inequalities of political power and social structure cause conflict

Ludwig Gumplowicz

-conflict -believed that war and conquest are the basics of civilizations

Robert Merton

-functionalism -believed in manifest and latent functions, consequences of actions either intentional or unintentional

Herbert Spencer

-functionalism -believed that social institutions(gov, family, religion,etc.) worked just like organs do in the human body

Emile Durkheim

-functionalism -believed that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols -all these parts work together in society to remain stable

George Herbert Mead

-symbolic internationalist -(considered a founder) -believed that people are active in shaping the social world

Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? Question options: Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism Behaviorism Structural Functionalism

A - conflict theory

Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds. Question options: Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms Reject antiquated notions of privacy and consent Manipulate test subjects into answering difficult questions Methodically predict situational outcomes

A - gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

Qualitative sociology can be defined as: Question options: In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data. Virtual interactivity, online polls, and online gaming. Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants. Door to door sales pitches, cold calls, and press conferences.

A - in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: interact work in the same industry speak different languages practice a recognized religion

A - interact

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? Émile Durkheim Karl Marx Erving Goffmann George Herbert Mead

B - Karl MArx

A hypothesis can be defined as: Question options: A way to explain different aspects of social interactions A testable proposition Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them An attempt to explain large-scale relationships

B - a testable proposition

Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of: Question options: Symbolic interactionism Conflict theory Structural functionalism Capitalism

B - conflict theory

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? Astrology Economics Physics History

B - economics

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: beneficial harmful illegal of no importance

B - harmful

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. culture imagination method tool

B - imagination

Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. Question options: Micro-level; macro-level Macro-level; micro-level They are both micro-level. They are both macro-level.

B - macro-level, micro-level

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? Surveys Participant observation Quantitative data analysis None of the above

B - participant observation

Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. Question options: Logos Quantitative Qualitative Pathos

B - quantitative

_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. Question options: Conflict Theorists Structural Functionalists Symbolic Interactionists Social Individualists

B - structural functionalists

Which statement provides the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"? Children who eat unhealthy foods and spend too much time watching television and playing video games A distressing trend that can lead to health issues including type 2 diabetes and heart disease Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height The tendency of children today to weigh more than children of earlier generations

C - body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child that height

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: compare the behavior of individuals from different societies compare one society to another identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure compare individuals to groups

C - identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

Sociology is defined as the: Question options: Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. Theoretical examination of life's origins. Systematic study of society and social interaction. Quantitative analysis of social transgressions.

C - systematic study of society and social interaction

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? The study of individual behavior The study of cultures The study of society and social interaction The study of economics

C - the study of society and social interaction

Verstehen is defined by the text as: Question options: To maintain a moral conscience. To require proof of interpretation. To understand in a deep way. To compare and contrast social facts.

C - to understand in a deep way

A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of the study. reliable sociological valid quantitative

C - valid

Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another. test subject behavior variable operational definition

C - variable

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: whether individuals like or dislike their society whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research whether sociological studies can predict or improve society all of the above

C - whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as: Question options: Dynamic equilibrium Latent functions Dramaturgical analysis Figuration

D - figuration

Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination. Question options: The theory that man evolved slowly over time. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

D - how individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure

Political science Professor Borg asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. Question options: latent; latent latent; manifest manifest; manifest manifest; latent

D - manifest; latent

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? Structural functionalism Conflict theory Positivism Symbolic interactionism

D - symbolic interactionism

After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. Question options: Structural functionalist Feminist conflict theorist Conflict theorist Symbolic interactionist

D - symbolic interactionist

In a study, a group of ten-year-old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how much weight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable? The doughnuts The boys The duration of a week The weight gained

D - the weight gained

dynamic equilibrium

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society work together properly

dramaturgical analysis

a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

hypothesis

a testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables

reification

an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

scientific method

an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions

constructivism

an extension of the symbolic internationalist perspective, proposed that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be

content analysis

applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand

problems with conflict theory

many social structures are extremely stable or have gradually progressed over time rather than changing abruptly as conflict theory would suggest

paradigms

philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them