Sociology Chapters 5-6

Solomon

"card" experiment 33% chose to conform

Group

2+ people, frequent interaction, interdependence, belong

Functional Perspective on Deviance

Deviance is UNIVERSAL; serves three important functions Deviance clarifies rules- affirms/ clarifies meaning Deviance unites group- solidarity is reinforced Deviance promotes change- exposes "problems"

Social Groups

Aggregate, Category, Group

External

Sanctioned by others

Society

Who defines deviance?

Triad

a group composed of 3 members ○ Consists of 3 people, 2 have to participate and 1 doesn't and would still be a triad.

Dyad

a group composed of two members ○ Can build a bond, most crucial, and have both have to participate

Reference group

a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes

Ingroup

a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity ○ Circle of friends

Category

a number of people who may never have met on another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender. ○ All Males and Females, All black hair and all blond hair

Crime

a violation of criminal law, punished by CJ system

Iron Law of oligarchy

according to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people

Conflict perspective

always competing (factories, bill gates, have class below them they use to gain power)

Bureaucracy

an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Deviance

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs

Coercive

associations people are forced to join (example: boot camps and prison)

types of deviance

behavior, belief, and condition

Qualification-based Employment

bureaucracies require competence and hire staff members and professionals employees based on specific qualifications.

Impersonality

bureaucracies require that everyone must play by the same rules and be treated the same. Personal feelings should not interfere with organizational decisions.

Division of labor

bureaucratic organizations are characterized by specialization and each member has highly specialized tasks to fulfill.

Anomie

cause deviance; sense of futility: norms- weak, conflicting, absent,

Primary

describes a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. ○ Significant others, family, intimate, people you interact with on personal deep level

Ideal characteristics of bureaucracy

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, qualification-based employment, impersonality

Intentional deviance

drinking too much or robbing a bank

Rules and Regulations

established authority within an organization. These rules are typically standardized and provided to members in a written format.

Symbolic

everything is a symbol (ex. Halloween)

Groupthink

group decision that many individual member disapprove

Outgroup

group to which a person doesn't belong and feels a sense of hostility towards. ○ Stigmatized!!!!

Formal Organization

highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals

Informal side of bureaucracy

hose aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy

Hierarchy of Authority

in a bureaucracy, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one.

William Sumner

in-group and out-group

Internal

internalized beliefs (via socialization)

Secondary

larger group, more specialized group in which the members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. ○ Group project, Fraternity

inadvertent deviance

losing money in a casino or laughing at a funeral

Crime is not

necessarily deviant (highway speeding)

Types of Formal Organizations

normative, cohesive, Utilitarian

Deviance is

not necessarily a crime (assisting a drowning)

Retreatism

occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them. ex alcoholics and drug addicts

Innovation

occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them. Acquiring material possessions or money cover a wide variety of illegal activities, including theft and drug dealing

Rebellion

occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate and alternative set of goals and means. Rebels may use violence (such as rioting) or may register their displeasure with society though acts of vandalism or graffiti

Ritualism

occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them. Persons who cannot obtain expensive material possessions or wealth may nevertheless seek to maintain the respect of others by being a "hard worker" or "good citizen"

Utilitarian

organization we join voluntarily when they can proved us with a material reward.

Normative

organizations we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige

Formal

police, Courts, and Correction systems

Charles Cooley

primary and secondary groups

Types of groups

primary secondary, in-group out-group, reference group

Social control

systematic practices that social groups develop in orger to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance

Rationality

the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Group Conformity

the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other groups

Strain Theory

the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals

Social bond theory

the proposition the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken

Functionalist perspective

things happen for a reason (serves a function)

Aggregate

when a group of people are in the same place at the same time with nothing in common. ○ Bus stop, or big classroom with people you don't know

Robert Michels

Iron law of bureaucracy- people with power use it to increase their power

Stanley Milgram

Obedience to authority Ethics of research "deception"

Informal

Family, friends, general public