Sociology Exam 1

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

a social institution

Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology?

cultural anthropology

The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:

four-year college

The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as

generalizability

In his study of prison behavior, Philip Zimbardo was trying to learn

if prisons themselves create violence

The intended purpose of desegregation of schools in the 1950s was to make education equal for everyone. What was not intended was that many racial minority teachers and principals lost their jobs. This unintended purpose was called a(n) ____________ function by functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons.

latent

Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?

macrosociology

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

manifest functions.

Dr. Villarreal's lectured on the fact that in order to get a grounded approach to sociology, we must also examine its relationship/interaction with other disciplines? Which of the following disciplines are related to sociology?

psychology history political science economics

What type of research describes people's behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions?

qualitative

The two broad approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are

qualitative and quantitative

The research method that uses information that can be converted to numerical form is

quantitative

Which of the following is a benefit we gain from studying sociology?

seeing both the opportunities and constraints that shape our lives

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What Concept refers to these negative consequences?

social dysfunctions

The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as:

social ecology

What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States

social economics status and racism

Looking at the operation of U.S. schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that

society provides much better schooling to some categories of students than to others

5. As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

In sociology's "cousin," psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is above and beyond the individual, on group-level dynamics and social structures. This is known as:

supra-individual

In our discussion of the ramifications of the "Doll Test", we learned that children of color

the majority of the children preferred the white doll and assigned positive characteristics to it. -The Clarks concluded that "prejudice, discrimination, and segregation" created a feeling of inferiority among African-American children and damaged their self- esteem. -The Clarks wanted to test the extent to which their color, their sense of their own race and status, influenced their judgment about themselves, and self-esteem. -The Supreme Court cited Clark's 1950 paper in its Brown decision and acknowledged it implicitly in the following passage: "To separate [African-American children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone."

In the U.S. infant mortality rates among low-income children are about the same as rates for the children of the wealthy.

true

In the United States, men have a higher suicide rate than women

true

One consequence of living in a low-income country for women is, on average, having more children than women living in high-income nations

true

When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called

validity

In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?

white males

Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by Studying sociology

A police officer understands which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime

Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research?

A researcher starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data.

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte

Two of sociology's early founders were

Auguste Comte and Karl Marx

Identify the three sociologists below who played a part in the development of sociology's structural functional approach.

Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

In our discussion of the political left, we learned that generally, groups such as the following have been classified as left wing.

Black Power movement Back nationalist, Brown Berets ant-fascist groups

Three roommates are in their dorm room sharing a late-night discussion about why they are in college. Which of the following statements about attending college best represents using the sociological perspective?

Both age and class have a lot to do with which people are enrolled in college

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was

Emile Durkheim

Which of the following is true regarding value judgments made by sociologists conducting research?

Every sociologist makes some value judgments, even about the problems and topics he or she chooses to study

After viewing the documentary film on the Doll Test, we observed that most Black Children chose the white doll as the most "smart doll", the "pretty doll" and the "good doll". Analyzing this test carefully, we can conclude that racism does not really impact. children at an early age and that racism is actually learned during their adolescent years

False

In our discussion of current events concerning the recent violence in Charlottesville, we witnessed that President Trump related that those responsible for the violence in Charlottesville were neo-Nazis, the KKK and other white nationalists as well as counter groups on the left such as the Black Lives Matter Movement and Antifa (an anti-fascist group) who were protesting against hate and racism. The rally staged by the White supremacists ended peacefully with no one getting hurt

False

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a non-binding declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in response to the barbarism of World War 1. The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights are part of the "foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world".

False - WW2

Which question summarizes the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach

How do people experience society

A criticism of symbolic-interaction approach is that it:

Ignores how structural factors such as class affect people's experiences

Which early sociologist claimed that his goal was not to simply understand society but to change it?

Karl Marx

Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach?

Karl Marx

Read the following four statements. Which statement is CORRECT?

Learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value-free was

Max Weber

In the documentary video on The Missing 43, we learned that

Mexico's respect for human rights has decreased significantly The student social movement began after 43 students from the Ayotzinapa Rural College went missing after a police ambush in Iguala. Guerrero

_______is a way of understanding the world based on science

Positivism

Sociology helps us to

See opportunities in our lives See the constraints in our lives Be more active participants in society

Which of the following statements correctly describes sociology's value to future careers?

Sociology is excellent preparation for a wide range of future careers

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research?

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do

In the documentary video, on The Missing 43, we also learned that the students might have been targeted because:

The students belonged to a teacher's college that has a history of a social justice activism and holding public officials accountable for corruption.

Assimilation refers to the pattern by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category

True

Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification

True

Professor Villarreal related that his field research involves oral interviews and participant observation of a folk religion. Such research can be classified as qualitative research

True

The infant mortality rate for African American babies is much higher that it is for white babies.

True

American sociology in the United States began at which of the following universities?

University of Chicago

Which of the following was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Science can be defined as

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has

a lower level of societal integration

According to Randall Collins's (1979) research, the expansion of higher education is

a result of credentialism and expenditures on formal education.

In our discussion of the political right (the term right-wing can generally refer to "the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system. Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives, monarchists and reactionaries, the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including

all of the above are considered Right-Wing group

The social-conflict approach is sometimes criticized for

being clearly political

A(n) ____________ is an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon or situation in a particular social setting and is common in qualitative research

case study

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages us to

challenge commonly held beliefs

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages

challenging common held beliefs

The social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to highlight

class differences in a high school graduation rates

Two words that might describe the difference between conflict theory and functionalism are

competition versus consensus

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?

conflict theory

In today's society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education:

credentialism.

In our discussion of deferred gratification, we concluded that this sociological concept that can be defined as an ideological principle which encourages individuals and groups to postpone immediate consumption or pleasure in order to work, train, invest, or gain in some other way an enhanced return at a future date. However, going to college is not an example of deferred gratification

false

In our discussion on child abuse, we concluded that physical abuse is more harmful to children than emotional abuse.

false

Today women earn the same as men in the U.S. workplace despite having to hold different jobs, take on family responsibilities and gender discrimination

false

Which of the following is a social-conflict approach that deals with inequality between women and men?

feminism and the gender-conflict approach

Sociology is the study of

group-level dynamics and social structures

The United States falls within the category of

high-income nations

In her study, Emilio is using church membership as an indicator of how religious a person is. She discovers that some "very religious" people rarely attend church. Emilio may conclude that

his measure of religiosity lacks validity

C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread

in times of social crisis

Which approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory?

inductive

Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins when a child:

is born

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called

latent functions

Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?

microsociology

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher

must try to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

The social-conflict approach draws attention to

patterns of social inequality

Sandra is doing research on cheating among students at UT-RGV University. The student body at UT-RGV will serve as her

population

To Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to this large number of workers as

proletariat

In social research, a hypothesis is a(n):

proposed relationship between two or more variables

A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as These groups are known as

protected populations

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is

reliability

Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a

sample

Suicide rates are generally higher among

single people compared with married people

The process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become functioning members of a given society is known as:

socialization

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

sociology

Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

structural-functional approach

The theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

structural-functional approach.

The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until about the 1950s. C. Wright Mills criticized Talcott Parsons for:

supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it

Charles H. Cooley argued that the "self " emerges from how an individual interacts with Others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this

the looking glass self

Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as:

the returns to schooling

More than 1.5 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become famous. These facts support the conclusion that

the world's nations are increasingly interconnected

If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a __________ of family life.

theory

Linking specific facts together to gain meaning creates a

theory

For Karl Marx, the point of studying society was

to reduce inequality.

According to Marxist thought, the term dominant ideology signifies the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society; as a mechanism of social control, the dominant ideology frames how the majority of the population thinks about the nature of society, their place in society, and their connection to a social class

true