Sociology Exam 2

which term refers to romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races?

miscegenation

the point in children's school careers by which gender norms become firmly established is

fifth grade

social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called -blank- mobility.

intragenerational

which term describes the slights, insults, and misperceptions directed at members of a minority group that play out in everyday interactions?

microaggressions

Recent research by the Pew Research Center on attitudes about causes of poverty revealed that

most americans believe that poverty is often the result of circumstances beyond one's control

understanding that racism in the united states created and maintains inequality is characteristic of

race consciousness

Laura is a married mother of three who works a full-time job. She is responsible for dropping off and picking up her kids at school each day. She and her husband get home from work around the same time. Laura's husband sits down and relaxes while Laura makes dinner and does housework. After dinner, she helps the children with their homework, reads to them, and puts them to bed. What sociological concept does Laura's situation exemplify?

second shift

what do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?

reference groups

conflict theorist Friedrich Engels noted there were two ways in which capitalists benefited from maintaining a patriarchal family structure. What are they?

women do the work of the labor force without direct compensation and serve as an inexpensive "reserve army" of labor when needed

which of the following is true regarding gendered occupations?

Men outnumber women in occupations with more prestige and higher salaries

what does Karl Marx call it when individuals fail to see the ways in which they are oppressed by the social system in which they to see the ways in which they are oppressed by the social system in which they live?

false consciousness

In the early 1900s, native-born americans, usually Protestants, did not consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction of race

which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?

they possess extraordinary personal qualities

which of the following folk sayings expresses the idea of the "second shift" as sociologist Arlie Hochschild described it?

"Man works from sun to sun, but woman's work is never done"

in what year did the supreme court rule that laws against interracial marriage were unconstitutional?

1967

Most sociologists argue that gender is a social construction, and they acknowledge the possibility that binary male-female categories are not the only way of classifying individuals. This perspective is called

a constructionist perspective

Aggressive men are often described as "go-getters" in the workplace, but aggressive women are often described as "bitches". his is an example of

a microaggression

which of the following examples could be associated with Talcott Parsons's concept of the expressive role?

a mother providing love, care, and affection to her husband and children

sociologists define ethnicity

as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage.

an example of prejudice is

believing that Asians are better at math

all green-eyed people in the united states would be classified as a(n)

category

-blank- is an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of their membership in a racial or ethnic group.

discrimination

according to William Julius Wilson, racism has created a black underclass, but this underclass, but this underclass is perpetuated by

economic factors

a nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task.Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?

impersonality

color blindness contributes to racial inequalities because it

perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address

what is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?

racial passing

an example of a primary sex characteristic is

reproductive organs

what term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among member of a society?

social inequality

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way people change their minds about whom to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

social networks

regarding gender, structural functionalists generally believe that

some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other

In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

specialization

The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn't tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views?

symbolic interactionism

The names given to positions of power and authority, like "chairman" and "policeman," often emphasize the male gender. Why is this problematic?

the names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than another

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

the power of peer pressure

actual group productivity never equals potential productivity. This is because

times is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

which social class category comprises people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?

underclass

what is it called when members of a minority group adopt the cultural practices of the dominant group?

cultural assimilation

woman are more likely than men to be diagnosed with which of the following illnesses?

depression

Only 25 percent of subjects in the Asch experiment were "independents" who refuse to

give the wrong answer

Sarah is fifteen years old and realizes that she is attracted to other girls her age. She wants to start dating but is afraid of how her friends might react. She mentions a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian to gauge their reaction. Her friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is deviant. What concept do the opinions of Sarah's friends exemplify?

heteronormativity

patriarchy can be defined as a society

in which men dominate women

what is one of the basic principles of social stratification?

it is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

what would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group?

prejudice

sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to

see if a particular ties is strong or weak

The textbook's examples of "third genders" such as "two-spirit" people and hijras demonstrate that

sex and gender in some non-Western cultures defy the binary classification of male and female.

which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

shared values

One of the baristas at Josés local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José's relationship with the barista?

she is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups

people are optimistic that the jobs lost during the covid-19 pandemic will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the social class status of many people. When large numbers of people move up or down the social ladder as a result of large-scale events affecting the economy, this is called

structural mobility

low-income women of all ethnicities may be less likely to marry because they

feel marriage won't offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk

what is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?

it tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality

the practice of refusing mortgages for the purchase of houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called

redlining

what sort of measure of poverty are we using when we compare the salaries of the lowest-paid members of a corporation with the salary of the CEO?

relative deprivation

during the fall semester of 2020, many students were required to take remote classes online. Several teachers received emails from students and parents regarding limited internet access, the lack of multiple computers in the home, and unfamiliarity with various digital learning platforms. Which phenomenon did these problems highlight?

the digital divide

Mateo is an accountant with a college degree, a license from the state accounting board, and a job at the Department of Defense as a senior auditor. He makes about $100,000 per year and will soon retire with benefits and a pension. To what class would you expect him to belong?

upper middle class

many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers?

vertical social mobility

John gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses. While working at the firm, he becomes friends with Dave who invites him to attend a weekly poker game. The game soon becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. This is an example of the

way secondary group ties can lead to membership in secondary groups

a conflict theorist would assert the following about class and society:

wealth and privilege are concentrated among a small group of capitalists who exploit workers.

priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and clergy are often prestigious members of their communities, although they make very little money. Which social theorist first suggested that this is an important element of class status?

Max Weber

Critical race theory explores the relationship between race and what two other concepts?

politics and power

-blank- are where much of our socialization occurs.

primary groups