Sociology Exam 2 c hpt3-5
Alex was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies __________.
. involuntary resocialization
Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?
A postmodernist
Which of the following refers to a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution?
A total institution
Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?
Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually
Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?
Conflict theorists
Who among the following pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy of and concern for others, and competition and cooperation?
Edward Wilson
Dyads are different from triads because
the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads.
In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in __________.
the game stage
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience __________.
voluntary resocialization
Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?
Functionalists
Which of the following terms was used by Ferdinand Tӧnnies to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability?
Gemeinschaft
Which of the following is composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the Internet) to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues?
Mass media
Which of the following perspectives on socialization asserts that we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others?
The symbolic interactionist perspective
The first step in an involuntary resocialization process in which individuals are stripped of their former selves through practices such as being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing is referred to as
a degradation ceremony
The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society are known as __________.
agents of socialization
Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.
aggregates
A fifteen-year-old boy decides that he wants to become a professional chess player. He joins his school chess team, watches videos of chess championships, and joins chess clubs in his locality. This is an example of
anticipatory socialization.
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.
bureaucracy
Who among the following is most likely explaining the role of schools in the socialization of children from a conflict perspective?
c. Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender
A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________.
category
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
he display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
deference
Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies __________.
developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on
division of labor
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on
division of labor.
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.
dramaturgical analysis
Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes
efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs.
A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.
formal organization
Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.
gender socialization
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls are typically assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.
gender socialization
The term "emotional labor" refers to
he display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings.
A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity is called a(n) __________.
ingroup
Alex was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies __________.
involuntary resocialization
In the context of sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations, an organization that people join voluntarily to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member is called a __________ organization.
normative
This activity assesses your understanding of the chapter concepts. This is an objective activity, meaning that there is one correct answer for each question. If your instructor makes it available, you can use the "Check My Work" feature to receive feedback once you have made your selection.
often have "othermothers" who play an important role in their socialization
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
primary group
Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of
primary groups
Henry, the father of a 15-year-old boy, recently noticed that his choice of music is being influenced by that of his son. Henry and his son often have long discussions about pop culture and his son's preferences in music. As a result, Henry has started listening to rock music, which his son introduced to him. This is an example of __________.
reciprocal socialization
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.
set
A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.
social group
Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?
social marginality
Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?
Primary groups
Which of the following terms did sociologist Max Weber use to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures?
Rationality
Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?
Role
hich of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?
Role ambiguity
Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs
Social institution
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children?
The functionalist perspective
Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?
The iron law of oligarchy
Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders
They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions
The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that __________.
adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization
