Sociology Exam 2 Quizzes

______ often spring up and grow in size during times when established belief systems no longer seem to apply and when certain segments of the population feel disenfranchised or alienated. They typically profess unconventional views and have ideas and practices that are outside the mainstream.

Cults

Which of the following has contributed to the decision of many young people to delay marriage?

Economic insecurity

For much of the 20th century, it was standard to smile when having one's picture taken. But in the past few years, a number of people have foregone the smile and opted instead for what's known in popular culture as "the duck face." The expression, intended to emphasize the lips and cheekbones, is made by pursing the mouth and sucking in the cheeks. Whether the practice will endure remains to be seen. Based on this description, "the duck face" can best be categorized today as a ______.

Fad

Because physical injuries--such as a broken femur--have the same characteristics regardless of the society in which they occur, individuals with the same physical condition will conduct themselves in much the same ways regardless of cultural norms.

False

Because sociology can only study that which can be observed, religion is rarely a subject of sociological inquiry.

False

Durkheim was the first to study the growing group of Millennials who self-identify as "spiritual, but not religious."

False

For college graduates, race and ethnicity are unrelated to the likelihood that one will be employed or unemployed.

False

Hindus recognize only one true god.

False

In the United States, a child's access to medical care does not vary from one state to another.

False

In the United States, marriage patterns have remained unchanged for the past century.

False

Individual psychological traits and dispositions--particularly feelings of alienation--are the best predictors of who will join a social movement.

False

No variable--education level, household income, nationality, race, ethnicity, income, sexual orientation, or marital status--has been shown to affect the division of domestic labor.

False

On most standardized tests, females score higher than males.

False

Rumors that provoke strong emotional reactions are much less likely to have their contents changed during transmission than rumors that do not prompt strong emotional reactions.

False

Secularization refers to a set of processes whereby religions compete for members.

False

The U.S. divorce rate has steadily increased over the past 40 years and is now at an all-time high.

False

The U.S. government does not engage in activities intended to promote collective health and safety.

False

The majority of the Muslim population lives in the Middle East.

False

While women in the workplace are disadvantaged by the glass ceiling, they receive an advantage from the glass escalator.

False

A ______ is two or more people who live together in a legally and/or socially recognized relationship based on birth, adoption, or marriage.

Family

To which of the following factor has the rise in obesity in the United States been attributed?

Food advertising has expanded

Many small towns in the United States have a single church that serves as a central point for the social, and often economic, life of the town. Which sociological perspective would a small-town church best illuminate in discussing the role of religion in society?

Functionalist

_____ address(es) the assumption that gender-related traits (e.g., females as caring and nurturing or men as aggressive) are inherently learned rather than part of their biology.

Gender roles

Empirical research about college experiences has shown that _____.

Girls tend to score higher on class grades in college

In the United States, median age at first marriage ______.

Has increased over the past 40 years for both men and women

Research suggests that when a student is labeled as "slow" or "disengaged," teachers are likely to ______.

Have low expectations for the student and act according to those expectations

Both ______ and ______ believe that souls are reincarnated, with the next incarnation dependent on how one conducted himself or herself in the past life.

Hindus; Buddhists

Knowledge of global financial markets, the ability to work with quantitative data, and a graduate degree in financing from an Ivy League university are prized in the world of hedge fund management making them valuable _____.

Human Capital

In the 20th century, overall indicators of health ______.

Improved across the globe

The time that an employee takes off to care for sick family members or as parental leave is typically referred to as _____.

Indirect labor costs

On average, children from low-income families are not read to as often as their affluent peers and have fewer books in their home. This deprivation, known as ______, has negative long-term consequences.

Industrialization

Out of economic necessity, many women from the Philippines leave their own families and young children to work in the United States as caregivers for affluent families. Which term best describes this?

International families

Which of the following three religions do roughly three fourths of the world's population practice?

Islam, Hinduism, or Christianity

Which of the following is among the top destinations for U.S. students studying abroad?

Italy

The ability to comprehend basic written text and express oneself in writing is known as ______.

Literacy

Which of the following is a sociological explanation for the disparities between the earnings of a males and females?

Males and females are concentrated in different jobs, and "female-typed" jobs often pay less.

U.S. schools are becoming more racially and ethnically segregated.

True

When a fad is adopted by a substantial portion of the population or is no longer considered unusual--tattoos and combat boots are good examples of this--the style loses its capacity to convey originality and individuality.

True

When studying education, conflict and functionalist theorists typically take a macro-level approach, while symbolic interactionists take a micro-level approach.

True

The creation of specialized social institutions and social roles, which is both a source and a result of greater social complexity, is known as ______.

differentiation

Max Weber wrote that the tenets of Protestantism--thrift, hard work, sobriety, and an ability to defer gratification--were critical for the development and economic growth seen during ________.

early capitalism

A belief that someone can be "born again" is associated with which of the following?

evangelicalism

One strategy that a social movement organization may adopt is that of shaping its values, goals, norms, and rhetoric so that they are in keeping with those of the broader society. This practice is referred to as ______.

frame alignment

______ social movements often form as a response to social change. Their goal is to return to or reestablish systems of the past, and their understandings of the past are often romanticized.

reactionary

______ tend to form because more conventional and less violent social movement options are unavailable due to a repressive state.

rebellions

Which of the following is considered a form of preventative medicine?

regular exercise

A ______ social movement tends to occur as a next step to other movements whose avenues to reform through the existing system have been cut off.

revolutionary

The term ______ may be used to undermine the credibility or legitimacy of an occasion or act of collective behavior, due to its association with violence.

riot

In the United States, people who have influenza are expected to take precautions in order to avoid spreading the virus to others--hand washing and avoiding public spaces--and take steps to recover from the illness--staying in bed and taking medications. During the illness, they will not be held to the same standards as healthy people; they will be permitted to miss work, stay in their pajamas all day, and complain about feeling sick. Sociologists describe this as the ______ role.

sick

The term ______ refers to a substantial number of individuals who engage in organized, sustained activity to bring about some social change or to oppose some social change and who, to some degree, utilize noninstitutionalized forms of political action.

social movement

Which of the following is likely to cause a panic?

something going amiss in the corporate world

Often, people agree with the goals of a particular social movement and hope that the movement will succeed but are unwilling to invest their own resources--money, time, and energy--in the movement's cause. They know that regardless of whether they contribute, they will still reap the benefits if the movement is successful. The name for this phenomenon is ______.

the free-rider problem

Which of the following is the best example of an international family in the United States?

A woman who marries a Saudi Arabian man she met during college while he was studying in the United States

According to Lareau, ______ is more likely to be employed by working-class and poor parents.

Accomplishment of natural growth

In the United States, a series known as the "Dick and Jane" books were popular thorughout the 20th century. The books portrayed a boy, Dick, playing sports and other masculine activities, and a girl, doing things such as cooking and baking. given that these books were often used in helping young children learn to read, which sociological term describes the role they played in reinforcing gender norms?

Agents of Socialization

According to Durkheim, a totem is ______.

An item that is sacred across all places and cultures

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between education and employment?

As education level increases, so too does the likelihood that one will participate in the labor market

In the United States, disparities in health and life expectancy begin ______.

Before birth

Which court case ruled that public school segregation was ultimately unconstitutional?

Brown v. Board of Education

______ predates Christianity.

Buddhism

Which of the following contributed to the development of universal education in the United States?

Colonialism

According to Lareau, the ______ approach to child rearing is more likely to be employed by middle-class parents.

Concerted cultivation

Described by Lareau, the ______ approach to child rearing stresses the importance of discussion and negotiation in decision making and encourages the development of interests and abilities through participation in organized activities.

Concerted cultivation

A survey of public schools found that districts serving low-income students offer few advanced placement classes and seldom encourage students to enroll in the few that are available. In contrast, more affluent school districts offered many advanced placement courses and academic extracurricular activities. Which theoretical orientation offers the best explanation for this trend?

Conflict

Novelist Anais Nin once proclaimed, "When we blindly adopt a religion . . . we become automatons. We cease to grow." Which sociological perspective does Nin likely use to interpret the role of religion in society?

Conflict

When explaining why the tobacco industry has been successful in keeping their products--cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco--legal despite the fact they have been shown to cause illness and death, a ______ would likely highlight the relative economic and political power wielded by tobacco lobbyists.

Conflict theorist

______ assert that when people come together in substantial numbers--as at a sporting event, protest, or festival--they may encourage one another toward actions--whether peaceful or violent--that they would not engage in ordinarily and on their own. As people unwittingly copy the behaviors of those around them--from singing to looting--behaviors are spread through the crowd.

Contagion theories

According to a functionalist perspective, a ______ function of the public education system is to promote social cohesion by ensuring that shared cultural ideals are passed from one generation to the next while a ______ function is to reduce delinquency by keeping young people off the streets and supervised during the hours when their parents are working and unable to monitor their activities.

Manifest; latent

What is a sociological explanation for why foreign-born domestic labor is in high demand in the United States?

Many middle- and high-income women no longer perform the domestic labor that women once did, and thus there is a "care deficit" in the United States.

Taking a conflict approach, how might one assess the growing phenomenon of unpaid internships?

Many students will be unfairly disadvantaged because while they might want to take an unpaid position and reap the benefits of knowledge and social connections attached to it, they are not in a position to do so.

______ refers to an institutional system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

Medicine

The main tenet of feminism is that _____.

Men and women should be treated as social equals.

Bekah and Robert feel that they have a good balance in their marriage. However, Bekah is often asked by coworkers when she will start having kids, while Robert is often teased by coworkers for spending too much time doing domestic work at home. How does the sexual division of labor in modern societies explain their different experiences?

Men and women will experience marriage differently, in gendered ways.

Which of the following is true about self-reported levels of health in the United States?

Minorities tend to underreport their illnesses due to mistrust of the medical establishment

Though believing in a Holy Trinity--comprising the Heavenly Father, His Son, and the Holy Spirit--Christianity is considered a ______ religion.

Monotheistic

______ refers to the rate of death in a particular population.

Mortality

What is an observed relationship between teen pregnancy and socioeconomic status?

Most teen mothers come from low-income households.

Microfinancing has been used as a means of supporting women farmers and artisans in the developing world. Their needs differ from those of women in wealthier countries, who struggle for equal pay, but do so more often in office jobs and the service sector. Which stream of feminism recognizes this difference between the needs of women in different countries, but sees both as part of the same movement?

Multicultural feminism

The LGBTQ rights movement is often called a ______ for its focus on the rights of individual members to think and act--and love--as they desire.

New social movement

In the United States, most children live in ______ families.

Nuclear

The Centers for Disease Control identifies ______ as a leading cause of mortality in the United States, second only to smoking.

Obesity

In the United States, the majority of computer programmers, construction workers, and theoretical physicists are men, and the majority of school teachers, social workers, and nursing assistants are women. This phenomenon is known as _____.

Occupational Segregation

Which of the following is a credential?

One's academic degree

What is a sociological explanation for Melvin Kohn's observation that middle-class and working-class families differed with regard to the traits they valued in their children?

Parents in both groups attempted to instill in their children the values and behaviors they believed would help them succeed in life, specifically in the workplace.

______ encompasses norms and values that both reflect and perpetuate the domination of females by males.

Patriarchy

How does the United States compare with other economically affluent countries with respect to religiosity?

People in the United States are more likely to be involved with a religious organization, such as church, mosque, or temple.

The ______ refers to the ordinary, everyday, routine world of human existence.

Profane

Antimiscegenation laws mandated ______ in marriage.

Racial endogamy

In the United States, there is a movement that advocates a living wage for all full-time employees rather than the existing minimum wage. Specifically, they would like to see legislation passed that would mandate that all businesses that employ more than 50 people pay their laborers wages that would allow them to live above the poverty line. This would best be classified as a ______ movement.

Reformist

______ refers to processes of social change, where religions lose their influence on a society's ways of thinking and believing, largely thought to happen as a result of modernization and industrialization.

Secularization

_____ is rooted in ideas about inherent superiority and inferiority of different sexes and is often used to justify systematic inequalities.

Sexism

_____ proceeds from the belief that gender inequalities are the product relationships between genders as they are mediated by economic exchange in a capitalist system.

Socialist feminism

According to the psychodynamic feminist perspective articulated by Nancy Chodorow, why do men not take an active "mothering" role?

Socialization experiences lead boys to distance themselves from nurturing roles and do not prepare them nurturing.

Which of the following statements about sex and gender is true?

Societies have varying expectations of what they deem appropriate for males and females

Which of the following is correlated with increased risk for HIV infection in a population?

Stigmatization of homosexuality

Which of the following suggests that obesity is as much a public issue as personal trouble?

Studies showing that roughly one third of the U.S. population is overweight or obese

In the 1980s, nutritionists encouraged people to lower their fat consumption in order to reduce their risks of heart disease and certain types of cancer. Over the past few years, however, perceptions have changed; sales of whole milk have again surpassed skim milk, eggs are being praised as a good source of protein, and butter has replaced margarine--once considered a healthy alternative to butter. Which theoretical orientation would be most helpful for understanding how perceptions of these foods have changed over time?

Symbolic interactionism

Which perspective is most likely to examine the one-on-one conversations between teachers and students?

Symbolic interactionist

Why did industrialization lead to the expansion of systems of formal education?

The changing economy required workers to have new skills, particularly literacy, and knowledge

What is a sociological explanation for why many poor females often do not marry the father of their child?

The fathers often have characteristics that make them poor prospects for marriage: low levels of education, low earning potential, a criminal record, and problems with drugs and alcohol.

Men employed in conventionally "female" occupations, such as nursing or education, have an advantage over their female counterparts by virtue of their gender. This is known as ______.

The glass escalator

Which of the following can account for the rise of evangelicalism in the United States in recent years?

The increasing of religious diversity in the United States

Which of the following statements about opioid use in the United States is true?

There is a widespread acceptance of heroin use among those who abuse prescription opioids.

Which of the following is a manifest function of a college or postcollege unpaid internship?

To allow the intern to gain valuable experience

An individual who identifies with a gender other than that which he or she was assigned at birth or whose genitals are inconsistent with his or her gender identity is referred to as a _____ person.

Transgender

A cosmetology license, nursing degree, and high school diploma are examples of credentials.

True

According to the Centers for Disease Control, smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States.

True

All known cultures exert pressure on members to conform to gender expectations of some kind.

True

Evolutionary models of social change often reflect Western biases.

True

Gender roles may both facilitate and limit abilities and behaviors.

True

In the United States, risk of injury or death from violence is not equally distributed.

True

In the United States, students can leave school with no degree but still have student loan debt.

True

In the preindustrial period, the mother as "bread baker"--who stayed at home and cared for the children--and father as "breadwinner"--who supported the family by working outside the home--was more common in middle-class families than in working-class families.

True

Most forms of collective behavior involve some amount of imitative behavior.

True

One risk of taking a strict conflict orientation toward family is that one may fail to see the beneficial functions that families serve for both individual members and society as a whole.

True

The ways in which we speak about and address violence within families is different from the ways in which we speak about and address violence between persons who are unrelated or are nonfamily.

True

Among social movements, which have the potential to last the longest, thanks in part to their establishment of alternative institutions?

Utopian social movements

Which of the following is a question a sociologist might ask about a particular religion?

What effect does it have on the community?

A form of collective behavior where large numbers of people imitate behaviors or appearances for a short duration is best categorized as ______.

a fashion

A _______ function of a social institution is an unintended function that it performs for society.

latent