Sociology Exam 2

Which of the following are examples of socialization?

-A child shows a parent how to check email using a smartphone. -A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table. -Someone acts visibly uncomfortable when a coworker tells a sexist joke.

Identify the true related to race, ethnicity, and work.

-Blacks are overrepresented in nursing, psychiatric, and home health aide positions. -Some lower-level jobs have shifted from African Americans to Hispanics over time. -The median income for Hispanics is higher than the median income for blacks.

What is the differential association theory?

-Edward Sutherlands hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our association with deviant peers

What is the threshold model of collective behavior?

-Granovetter → Why do people do things that are out of character → The social network theory of framework: networks influences our behaviors →Threshold:# of people that have to do something before people join in( Everyone's is different & can be influenced by social factors & agents of socialization) → High threshold the more people needed → How we want to be viewed can influence our socialization & help us develop self

What is saturated self?

-Kenneth Gurgen → post-modern idea that self is now developed by multiple influences, chosen from a wide range of media sources →Agency: Ability of an individual to act freely & independently → Symbolic interactionism tell us we are always doing the work of interpreting, defining, & making sense of responding to our social environment

Which of the following statements about minority groups are correct?

-Membership in a minority group may serve as a kind of "master status" that overrides any other status, such as gender or age. -A minority group is a social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups.

Identify the true statements about race and ethnicity.

-Race is typically associated with physical differences, while ethnicity is associated with language, religion, or other cultural factors. -The U.S. federal government considers African American and Asian as races, while Hispanic or Latino are considered ethnicities.

The introduction to this chapter discusses two types of Instagram accounts: "rinsta" (real Instagram) and "finsta" (fake Instagram). Identify the descriptions as either "rinsta" or "finsta" accounts.

-Rinsta →feature the filtered version of who you are and how you want to be seen →viewable to close friends, acquaintances, and even people the user has never met -Finsta →likely include inside jokes and unflattering selfies →may represent a more genuine depiction of your true self

Identify the true statements about the Indian caste system.

-The caste system is a reflection of what Hindus call karma, the complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe. -Caste-related segregation and discrimination were prohibited in 1949 by India's constitution.

What is reverse racism ?

Claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and experiences afoul disadvantage →racism against whites not supported by social structures or institutions.

What is meant by crime & intersectionality?

Class, age, & gender work together to shape the experiences of the individuals as well as the larger society

Place each demographic category in order from most to least likely to believe in the American Dream

College students, Hispanic Americans, black Americans, highschool students

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance?

Functionalsim

Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?

Genocide

What is affirmative action?

Goals to promote diversity and Inclusion, to provide equal action, and reduces the effect of historical discrimination

How does family play a role in stratification?

People are most likely to marry others who they share a social or cultural background with →marrying across lines can cause differences →social class plays a role at what age people get married and have children

What is the definition of socialization?

The process which individuals fit into a society, & internalizes it's values, beliefs, & norms, & learns to function as it's member

What is prejudice?

a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups, and unlikely to changed regardless of the evidence against it →sometimes lead to discrimination →all Asians are good at math or all Mexicans are lazy are examples

Sociologists associate sexuality with

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

What is status inconsistency?

a situation where an individual holds differing or contradictory levels of status in terms of wealth, power, prestige, & other SES elements

What is pluralism ?

a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society -Celebration of racial or ethnic roots, expressing pride in unique identity →aka multiculturalism →salad bowl of America

What is simplicity movement ?

a loosely knit movement that opposes consumerism and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less, in accordance with nonmaterialistic values

What is stereotyping?

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike →overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

What is property crime?

crime that doesn't involve violence's → Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, & arson

What are white collar crimes?

crimes committed by a high status individual in the course of their occupation → Fraud, embezzlement, insider trading

How is age involved in deviance?

the younger the population the more likely members are to commit crimes → Gender: males are more likely than females to commit crimes →Social structure plays a role

Consider how changes in the importance of different agents of socialization might occur over time within a society. Identify the following major agents of socialization as either more or less important to adolescents now than they were in the late 1800s.

- More Important Now the mass media schools peers -Less Imoortant now Family

Identify the true and false statements about the trends of college enrollment by income level from 1970 to 2017

-The college enrollment gap between low- and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1970 to 2017. -A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, has been enrolling in college over time. -Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school grads enrolled in college in 2017 as in the late 1990s.

Identify the true statements about race.

-There is no race chromosome in our DNA. -Race is a social construct.

Identify the following as either white collar crime or hate crime.

-White collar crime →crime that does not involve force →crime that is policed and typically punished less strenuously than other types of crime →crime that is committed by high social status individuals -Hate Crime →crime that deliberately targets victims because of their demographic characteristics

Social mobility in the United States varies widely by geographic area. Identify the characteristics of a geographic area that is associated with high levels of social mobility.

-less income inequality -greater social capital -greater family stability -less residential segregation -better schools

What are feeling rules?

-norms regarding expression & display of emotions -acceptable & desirable feelings in an emotion

Which of the following terms have been used to describe the racial hierarchy in Brazil?

-polite racism -racial democracy

Match each label to the correct example of social mobility. 1. Vertical Social Mobility 2. Horizontal Social Mobility

1. A retail store cashier gets a job as a manager. A paramedic gets a job as a receptionist. 2. A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high school teacher.

Match each term to the appropriate role scenario. 1. Role 2. Role Conflict 3. Role Exit

1. Fraternity and sorority members are required to devote a significant amount of time to social events and community service each semester 2.A straight-A student who spent most of her time studying in high school joins a sorority and faces increased pressure to spend less time studying. 3. A straight-A student decides to quit her sorority to focus on her grades.

Match each personality type from structural strain theory to its definition. 1. Ritualist 2. retreatist 3. Innovator 4. Rebel

1. Gives up on achieving society's approved goals but accepts the means to achieve those goals 2.renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and lives outside the conventional norms altogether 3.accepts society's approved goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals 4. renounces society's approved goals and means entirely and instead works toward his or her own goals using new means

1. What is primary deviance? 2. What is secondary Deviance? 3. What is Tertiary Deviance?

1. Initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant 2. the deviant identity or career that develops as a result if being labeled deviant 3. redefying the stigma associated with deviant levels as a positive phenomenon

What are the principles of stratification?

1. It's a character of society rather than a reflection of individual differences 2. Social Stratification persist over generations 3. Different societies use different criteria for ranking groups & members of societies 4. It's maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society

1. What is Eros? 2. What is Thanatos

1. Life's instinct 2. Death instinct → When instincts are repressed they become sources of guilt → When they are positively transformed they're turned outward

Match each basic principle of social stratification to the appropriate example. 1.Social stratification persists over generations. 2.Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members 3.Social stratification is a characteristic of society. 4.Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society.

1. Mark Zuckerberg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children. 2. Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies. 3. Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States despite African Americans generally holding a lower status than whites in the United States. 4. The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough.

Label each case study in the table with the correct theoretical perspective. 1. Psychoanalysis 2. Looking glass self 3. Mind, self, & society 4. Dramaturgy

1. Parents instill a conscience (superego) in children through rules that govern their instinctual behavior (id) until children mature and are self-governing (ego). 2. Parents and significant others serve as a reflection to children, who develop a sense of self based on their appraisals, real or imagined. 3. Children gain a sense of self through imitation, play, and games, in which they learn various roles and take on the perspectives of others. 4. Children learn the arts of impression management and may present a different self to their parents than to other children or to teachers.

Match each term to the correct definition. 1. Status 2. Role Conflict 3. Role strain 4.Role

1. a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations 2.experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations 3. experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role 4. the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status

Match each social theorist to how his work relates to social deviance theory. 1. Erving Goffman 2. Howard Becker 3. Emile Durkheim 4. Robert Merton

1. applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of stigma 2. applied labeling theory to the question of how deviance begins 3. offered a functionalist theory of deviance 4. developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Match each concept to the correct definition or description. 1.pluralism 2.segregation 3.Assimilation

1. pluralism 2.Involuntary separation of groups by legal or social means, based on race or ethnicity 3.merging into the larger culture and shedding one's separate identity

Match each term to the appropriate example. 1. Situational ethnicity 2.Symbolic ethnicity

1.A woman's grandparents were immigrants from Syria to the United States. She used to live in rural Oklahoma where she worked hard to disguise her ethnic heritage for fear of negative attitudes toward her. She recently moved to Dearborn, Michigan where there is a large population of Arab Americans and she has now begun taking pride in her ethnic heritage. 2.A teenager acknowledges her Irish heritage by wearing green, participating in a parade, and eating corned beef and cabbage only on St. Patrick's Day.

Match each theoretical perspective to the correct approach to race and ethnicity. 1. Symbolic interactionism 2. Conflict theory 3. Structural functionalism

1.Race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentation of self. 2.Racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests. 3. Racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order.

Match each term to the correct definition. 1.prejudice 2.discrimination 3.racism

1.an inflexible attitude about a particular group of people that is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes 2.unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group 3.a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group

Match each term to the appropriate 1. Discrimination 2. Racism 3. Prejudice

1.consistently refusing to rent an apartment to Arab Americans who are financially qualified 2.the belief that Asians are inherently better than whites 3.the belief that all Jewish people are cheap

1.What is the expression given? 2. What is the expression given off?

1.intentional & verbal expressions 2. Observable expression intended & not intended, non-verbal

Match each occupation to the associated social class. 1. Upper middle class 2. Middle class 3.Working lower middle class 4. working poor

1.upper-middle class 2.highly skilled blue collar jobs 3.clerical jobs 4. seasonal worker

What is the lasting impact of the Apartheid?

1994: 1st democratic elections held were all South African citizens → wealthiest 10% (almost exclusively white) earn nearly 60% of countries total income → White individuals own 72% of all land in South Africa →Whites account for approximately 9 % of the South African population

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

4 stages of development of the self between Birth & adulthood →Personality quirks are a result of being fixated or stuck at a stage → 1st 3 stage is between 1 & 5, sets the stage for adult life. → Last stage begins around 12 & completes the transition to maturity

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where?

A community where neighbors don't know each other very well

What is a minority?

A group smaller in numbers than the majority group →a social group systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society dominant group though its members are not necessarily fewer in numbers →can be in the numerical majority and have minority status →unequal or unfair treatment and lack of power and resources generate common identity and solidarity among members of minority groups

What are rebels?

A person rejects society's goals & means & works toward their own goals using means →no cultural goal( new goal) & no institutional means( New means)

What are retreatists?

A person who renounces society's goals & means to achieve them. And lives outside the norms →no Cultural goal & no institutional means

What is status?

A position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations →we all occupy multiple statuses(status set) →all statuses influence how others perceive us & how we in turn perceive ourselves

What is meritocracy?

A system where rewards and positions are distributed on merit, not social background or personal connections.

According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school?

Abstinence plus sexual safety

What is the power of choice to accept or reject the roles of the industry?

Agency

What is definition of the situation?

Agreement about what is going on in a given circumstance, allows us to coordinate actions & realize goals

What are in group orientations?

Among stigmatized individuals the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice & development of new standards that value their group identity

During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of .

An act of deviance

What are feral children?

Children who have had little human contact & may have lived in social isolation from a young age →Socialization process begins in infancy →Genie Study

What is symbolic ethnicity ?

An ethnic identity that is relevant only on specific occasions and doesn't specifically affect every day life →Irish on Saint Patrick's say, Passover, Cinco de Mayo, nouruz

Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion?

An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith.

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?"

Asian Americans

What is the culture of poverty ?

Attitudes that can develop among poor communities,leads the them to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation →takes a life of its own and passed from parents to children

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime?

Because his fame protects him from retribution

What is the conflict theory perspective on deviance?

Believes rules are applied unequally & Punishment are unequally distributed → Those at the top are subjected to different rules than those at the bottom * Emphasis on power & authority → Norms, rules, & laws are used to regulate behavior → Social Control: formal & informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to societies values & norms promoting social cohesion →Anti sodomy laws

Which racial or ethnic group has the highest percentage of federal crack-cocaine offenders?

Black

Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?

Blacks under apartheid in South Africa

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization?

Blood type

What is institutional discrimination?

Carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come in contact with it →the criminal justice system and housing policies

What are cybercrimes?

Crime committed via the internet, including identity theft, embezzlement, fraud, sexual predation,& financial soams

What is a violent crime?

Crime which violence is either the objective or means to an end → rape, Murder, aggravated assault, & robbery

What is the functionalist perspective on Deviance?

Deviance is inevitable, universal, natural, & supports a social function → Deviance helps society clarify rules & moral boundaries → Promotes social cohesion, unifies a group,& is central to other theories, & promotes social change →Travis Hirschi's Social Control: the stronger ones social bonds, the family, religious, civic, others, the less likely they'll be to commit a crime * Increases investment and commitment to the communities values & norms * argues that bond promotes conformity

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined?

Deviance is socially defined.

A white man places a rental property that he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this an example of?

Dicrimination

What are embodied identities ?

Element of identity generated through others perceptions of our physical traits

What is role strain?

Experienced when their are contradictory expectations in one role(status) →strain in a role as a student *managing multiple classes at once →competition of expectations within one role(status)

What is compresence?

Face-face interactions or being in the presence of others

Only women are affected by gender stratification.

False

Sociologists accept the notion that race has an objective or scientific meaning but also seek to understand why race continues to play such a critical role in society.

False

The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment

False

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization?

Family

What is the symbolic Interactionism perspective on inequality ?

How we perceive and Interpret race in everyday life, looking at ideas and meanings we hold, and how it helps produce real-world consequences →meaning change over time and so does our understanding of race →passing: presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong to →maintaining a new identity that's more beneficial than the real identity

What is the labeling theory of deviance?

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments & labels that modify individuals self-concept & change the ways others respond to the labeled person →Deviance is not inherent in any act, belief, or conditions, but determined by social context →Labels of deviance vary depending on culture, time period, & situation *Primary, secondary & tertiary deviance →How individuals view themselves once deviant label is aplied

What is the structural functionional perspective on Inequality?

If phenomena exist and persist it must be necessary and functional for a social order: racial inequality too →cultural differences and lack of integration into a larger society on the part of minorities, feeds fear and hostility

Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles?

Infancy

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used to maintain social control.

Informal negative sanctions

What is the symbolic interactionism perspective on Deviance?

Interpersonal relationships & everyday interactions shape the definition of deviance →Differential Association theory → Labeling theory →Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?

It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.

What is the self as a social construction?

It's created in interactions with others → When others agree to the reality of that self as it is being presented in the situation, this reinforces the self that's being presented

What is the one defining feature of a minority group?

Lack of power

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?

Learning to read and write

What is the Weberian Theory?

Max Weber( conflict theorist) notes that owning means of production wasn't the only way to achieve upper-class status, a person could accumulate wealth to achieve it → no single factor is sufficient for defining the location of categories of people within the class structure Wealth: a measure of net worth, includes income, property, & other assets → Power: the ability of people to achieve goals despite opposition from others. →Assets should be considered when measuring class standing →Prestige: social honor people are given because of membership in well-regarded groups →wealth, power, prestige interrelated, possibly to convert one to the other

What are the stages of development?

Meads idea that development occurs in 3 stages 1. Preparatory stages, occurs 3 & under, the development where kids mimic or imitates others 2. Play stage: occurs after 3, kids pretend to play the role of someone →Particular or significant other: Perspective or expectation of a role a kid learns & internalizes 3. Game stage: Kids play organized games & takes on perspective of generalized others →Generalized other: Perspectives or expectations of others a child learns & take into account when shaping their behavior

What is relative deprivation ?

Measure of poverty based on standard of living → when people may be able to afford necessities but are still unable to maintain average standard of living,

What is the just-world hypothesis?

Melvin learner's argument that people have tendency to see the world as orderly, predictable, and fair, →creates a tendency of people to see victims of social injustices as deserving of their fate

What is social mobility?

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another Closed system: little opportunity to move from one class to another (Caste system) Open system: ample opportunities to move from one class to another → varies by type of stratification → different types of mobility

Why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States?

Only for a better life and to escape oppression

What is assimilation?

Patterns of relations between ethnic and racial groups in which minority groups are absorbed into the mainstream and the dominant group make society more homogeneous -Documented throughout history via patterns of immigration • Loss of previous identity/history/heritage • Not always voluntary

Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?

Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

How does criminal justice play a role in stratification ?

People in the lower class are more likely to be labeled as criminals →white-collar criminals are less likely to be prosecuted than street criminals →SES influences if the death penalty is sought after →the intersection of race and SES can affect the outcome of criminal sentences

what is segragation?

Physical and legal separation of groups of race or ethnicity

What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor?

Pluralism

_____________ deviance is a violation of norms that __________ result in a person being labeled a deviant.

Primary; does not

What does intersectionality have to do with race and ethnicity ?

Race and ethnicity are embraced with class, gender, and sexuality →interracial intimacy and racism that accompanies it is a gendered experience →motherhood part of Intersectionality of race, class, gender →parenthood shape lived experiences of individuals and families

What is family role in race and ethnicity ?

Race and ethnicity can shape family life →Africans are more likely to never marry compared to whites →birth rates of American teenagers varies by race

What role does criminal justice have in race and ethnicity ?

Racial profiling in policing →high unemployment and dropout rates among minorities, lack of education and job opportunities can lead to high incarceration rates →2017 reported crimes attributed to race, ethnicity, or ancestry bias

What is the conflict theory perspective on inequality?

Racism is driven by economic competition and struggle over scarce resources →underclass perpetrated by economic factors not racial ones →race doesn't just result from class systems but lived experiences and large scale activity

Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States?

Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing.

What is the practice of banks and mortgage lenders identifying high-risk areas (usually low-income or minority neighborhoods) and either refusing mortgages to applicants from those neighborhoods or offering loans at prohibitively high rates?

Redlining

What is the structural strain theory perspective on Deviance?

Robert Merton merges functionalist & conflict theories → Deviance is inevitable → People feel strain when they are exposed to a cultural goal that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals → Individual Social position in social structure will affect the experience of defiance & conformity *Social inequality can create tensions between the goals of society and the means available to achieve those goals

Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbor's house. She's just learned that the childcare provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities?

Role Strain

How is race involved in deviance?

Role of institutional racism: people being targeted & subjected to a differential treatment in other parts of the judicial process. → Shapes life experiences after criminal offenders have paid their debt to society

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, which is the initial deviant behavior

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?

She could not communicate at all.

Societies practice social control to maintain _____________

Social Order

What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

Social stratification

What is race?

Socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people →more meaningful on a social level than biological →skin color, socially constructed reality

What is the structural functionalism perspective on stratification?

Some roles are more desirable →certain times may be more critical to the functioning of society →explains the existence of stratification →social rewards are unequally distributed

How is class involved in deviance?

Statistics say crime rates are higher in poor urban areas than wealthier suburbs, this might not be the result of criminal behavior but rather where efforts are put

What is the critical race theory ?

Study of the relationship between race, racism, and power →focuses on intersectionality, the race is modified by class, gender, and sexuality →commitment to challenging racial laws and policies and promoting social justice

What is white nationalism?

That belief that the nation should be built around white identity reflection in religion, politics, economics, and culture →privilege: unlearned advantage according to members of a dominant group →advantages in large social groups and small everyday interactions

What is expression management?

The effort to control impressions we make so others can form the desired view of us & situation. → Self presentation & performance tactics

What is Dramaturgy?

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Coined by Erving Goffman. → Goffman believed we represent ourselves differently in different situations & responses of other-selves shape & mold our definition of situation & self → Impression management: Process which actors attempt to control how others perceive themselves * Controlling impressions others have of us. How many times do you take a selfie? → Impression formation: Process of inferring meaning about others from gestures, significant symbols, & other characteristics. (forming impressions of others) *When you see someone, what cues you to "learn " about them? Brands or logos ?

What is Id, Ego, Superego?

There are 3 interrelated parts that make up the mind →ID: Basic & inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy, it's what I want, selfish, Achieves pleasure & avoids a pain →EGO: Realistic aspect of the mind, balances the forces of ID & Superego, mediator, rational, is the basis of reason →SUPEREGO: Conscious & ego ideal, represents internalized demands of society, the ideal - moralistic, Inhibits the ID & encourages the Ego (Id outweighs the superego)

Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?

They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.

What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States?

They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

How does health play a role in stratification?

Those at the bottom of social class are more prone to illnesses

How do we display racial and ethnic memberships ?

Through dress, language, religious practice, food, presence in music, art, or literature

A structural functionalism approach suggests that social inequality is a necessary part of society. A conflict theory approach suggests that the poor and rich have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests. A symbolic interactionism approach suggests that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.

True

The location, time period, and family into which individuals are born affect their set of meanings about how the world works.

True

What role does education play in race and ethnicity

Unequal access to education →involves economics and culture factors →stereotype threats and promise

What is Social inequality?

Unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society

What is double conscious ?

W.E.B Dubois term for the divided identity experienced by black in the us -What it means to be Black and American • One of the first scholars to write about race -The underlying importance of racial identity and the intersection between how we define ourselves and how others define us

How does education okay a role in stratification?

Wants to make sure students get an equal chance to succeed both in school and life →the social class background will also influence attitudes towards school life

What is the symbolic interactionism perspective on the self ?

We do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us → Self identity, micro individual level → Development of self is based off social interactions

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to .

Wealth

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving?

Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.

What is the symbolic interactionism perspective on stratification?

Wealthy, poor, & middle classes are statuses that are constantly being negotiated through interactions →everyday class conscious: awareness of one's own social status and that of others →identities of working-class or privileged individuals may be structured by preexisting categories yet are also performed every day, in our interactions with others →linguistic patterns suggest whom one wants to shape interaction styles

What is a role conflict?

When we occupy 2 or more roles(statuses) with contradictory expectations →Conflict between family status & professional status *having a late shift but then having an exam in the morning →2 competing statuses

What is the front stage?

Where we deliver our performances to an audience of others → The show

What are anti racist allies ?

Whites and others who work towards the goal of ending racial injustice →confronting racism in their own lives

What is health's role in race and ethnicity ?

Widespread disparity among racial and ethnic groups →whites fare better in health matters →life expectancy, Infant and maternal mortality differs by race →exposure to racism errors ones health: weathering →access to healthcare and medical care differs among race

What role does work and income play in race and ethnicity ?

Work and income gaps between whites and other races →race and class Intersect to influence life outcomes →racial discrimination contributes to problems in work and income

What is deviance?

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristics that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction →Importance of reactions to determine the norm violation → Must be serious or unusual to spark a sanction or punishment → Structured from cultural, historical, & situational norms or contexts → Not always negative can be positive →"meidung" is the Amish word for shunning those who violate strict norms of a group, after a short period, violators are expected to publicly apologize to be accepted back in the community

What is ethnicity?

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor →Scottish Irish and Jews →ethnic group not race, EMPHASIS on Nationality for grouping

What is embodied status?

a status generated by physical characteristics

What is ascribed status?

a status that is inborn; usually difficult or impossible to change →Born male or female →mutually exclusive

What is the upper class?

a term for the economic elite → highly educated professions & managers who have considerable financial stability → 14% of populations makes $150,000 a year → executive, managerial & profession jobs

What is a crime?

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law

What are outsiders?

according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society →Deviance Avowal: Individuals self identifies as deviants & initiates their own labeling processes → Helps people avoid pressures of having to adopt conventual norms

What is positive deviance?

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic → example: Marijuana being legal, illegalized, & legalized again

What is situational ethnicity ?

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation →larger social forces govern identities we choose if we have a choice

What is race consciousness

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences →being aware that privilege plays a part in social structure and racial inequality

What is absolute deprivation ?

an objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care → when people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life

What is stigma?

any physical or social attribute that deviates a person or group identity that may exclude those who are deviated from normal social interactions → Physical(Physical & mental) → Moral(Signs of flaw characteristics) → tribal(member in a discredited society) → Stigmatized identities specific to norms & prejudice of a group, time period, or context → Effects of stigmatized identities on individual identity & interactions with others * Passing: Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group to which you belong

What is deterrence?

approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

What is rehabilitation?

attempt to reform criminals as part of their penalty

What is implicit bias?

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner →influences our perception, decisions, and actions → prejudice*

What is cooling the markout?

behaviors that help others save face or avoid embarrassment → Civility or tact

What is the working/ lower middle class?

blue collar workers & service industry workers who less likely have a college degree → 30% of pop., $40,000 a year → Blue collar: skilled & semi skilled workers who preform manual labor & work in service or clerical jobs

What is structural mobility ?

changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society →depressions/ when society is affected by large scale events

What is the criminal justice system?

collection of social institutions such as legislature, police, courts, & prison's that create & enforces laws. → Deterrence, Retribution, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation

What is the middle class?

composed of primarily of white collar workers with broad ranges of education & income → 30% of populations, $70,000 a year → White collar: low level professional & management workers & some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs

What is social construction?

concept and practices are created & maintained by participants who collectively agree they exist

What is the conflict theory perspective on stratification?

concerned with the bourgeois who owns means of production & proterleait who owned their labor →Feudal system: Hereditary nobility who were responsible for & were served by forced laborers(serfs) → Believed social class would remain divided & social inequality would grow

Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered __________.

conservative

What is capital punishment?

death penalty

What is the federal poverty line ?

defines the official poverty line based on household income → based on what the federal gov't considers to be a minimum amount of money required for living at a subsistence level

Who defines deviance?

deviance is related to social situations & social structure rather than the behavior of individuals → A critical variable in the study of deviance is the SOCIAL AUDIENCE rather than the individual actor (audience usually determines whether something is labeled deviant) → Essential SOCIETY DECIDES

What are the new jim crow laws?

discrimination based on criminal conviction → being banned citizenship rights & voting rights after being released from prison → discriminatory criminal laws & unfair justice system that enforces racial inequalities

what is individual discrimination?

discrimination carried out by one person against another →a teacher discriminating against a Hispanic by giving them a lower grade than they deserved

Scapegoat theory shows that:

dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems

What is role taking emotions?

emotions that require us to assume the perspective of another person or group & respond accordingly

What is human nature?

every human is a product of biology, society, & personal experiences. → Interactional process

What are micro aggressions ?

everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership →what are you and where are you really from? →can be seen in body landed or can look like a compliment: "you're exotic"

What is emotion work?

evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion.

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?

functionalism

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's __________.

gender

What is intersectionality?

identifies how different categories of inequalities intersect to shape the lives of groups & individuals

What is color blind racism ?

ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment

Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation __________ .

in early adolescence

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

inaccurate statement or belief that by altering the situation becomes accurate, a prediction that causes itself to come true →"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" → Stereotypes threat: Self-fulfilling prophecy where fear of performing poorly & confirming stereotypes causes one to perform poorly ( negative) →Stereotype promise: positive stereotypes such as the " Model minority" label applied to Asian American lead to positive performance outcomes ( positive)

What are innovators?

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them → Drug dealing & embezzlemt → Cultural goal & no institutional means

What are ritualists?

individuals who give up hope on achieving the goals, but operate according to the means and follow the rules →not a Cultural goal but uses institutional means

What are total institutions?

institutions in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones

What is the youth control complex?

institutions work together to criminalize, stigmatized, & punish working class youth; particularly youth of colors

What is socialization?

learning & internalizing the values, beliefs, & norms of our social group by which we become functional members of society → acquire self-identity, physical mental, & socials skill needed for survival in a society → The link between Individual & social level & has 2 goals 1. teaches skills to satisfy human needs & defend against dangers, ensuring society will continue to exist 2. Teaches norms, values, & beliefs, associated with culture & ensures members adhere to their shared way of life → Social isolation & feral children happens if we don't experience socialization

What is role exit?

leaving a role we will no longer occupy

What is socioeconomic status (SES)?

measure of an individual place within a social class system often used interchangeably with class →not based on race, gender, ethnicity, or age

What is intergenerational mobility?

movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next → baby boomers (1946-1964) have largely achieved upward intergenerational mobility →Since 1980's it's been more difficult to have upward mobility → Young adults less likely to earn more than their parents relative to other generations

What is the nature-nurture debate?

ongoing discussion of respective roles of genetics & socialization in determining individual behaviors & traits →nature: behavioral traits can be explained by genetics, the biological window where social & moral development occurs →Nurture: Human behavior is learned & shaped through interaction

What is the underclass?

poorest group. Homeless & chronically unemployed who may depend on public or private assistance → 12% of pop. $15,000 a year or less

What is the working poor?

poorly educated manual & service workers, who may work fulltime & remain below or near the poverty line → 13% of population, $25,000 a year

A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds down the road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets her off with a warning. The student's actions are an example of

primary deviance

What is retribution?

punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

What is racial assimilation ?

racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

What is cultural assimilation?

racial or ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant group's culture

What is incapacitation?

seeks to protect societies from criminals by imprisoning & executing them

What is a role?

set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status or specific position → Provides a "script" of expectations

What is the front?

setting & scene of a performance that helps establish the definition of the situation → The show

What is the Thomas Theorem?

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

What are expressions of behavior?

small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others

The Harlow's' study on rhesus monkeys showed that:

social comfort is more important than food

What is master status?

status by which a person is most identified, always relevant & affects other statuses we possess →what others believe is your master status isn't always synonymous with what you believe it is

What is the caste?

status determined at birth based on one's family history or background & cannot be changed ( Ascribed characteristics) → Grows weak as society industrializes →Differentiated by Religious, economic, political lines, skin color, & physical characteristics → Mostly associated with India(spiritual rather than material status)

What is achieved status?

status that is earned through individual efforts & imposed by others →being a college student, being a parent, being a felon →mutually exclusive

Speedy Gonzalez is an example of:

stereotyping

What is social class system ?

stratification based on access to resources, wealth, property, power, and prestige based on Socioeconomic status → achievement ( important in terms of mobility) & ascription ( Born into statuses) → More mobility relative to other systems

What is apartheid?

system of segregation of racial & ethnics groups that is legal in South Africa → Black south Africans forcibly removed from rural areas "designated" white & gov't sold the land → Separate social services for individuals designated white v. non-white -variation in the quality of services → Minority rule: 60% of the population was black but numerical minority(whites) held political, economic, & social power

psycholoanalytic theory

the Sigmund Freud theory that childhood & sexual development are indelible influences on one identity & how society is upheld through the transformation of human instincts →Unconscious energy is the source of conscious thought & behavior

What is the region?

the context in which performance takes place; location, décor, props → can influence our impressions

What is genocide?

the deliberate extermination of a specific group of people(racial, ethnic, national, or cultural) -the worst possible outcome between a dominant and subordinate group

What is Social stratification?

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy, based on their control of shared resources → Grouped according to gender, class, age, or other characteristics →Higher levels enjoy access to rewards & enjoy resources compared to the lower class. 4 examples: 1. Characteristics of society rather than a reflection of individual experiences 2. Persists over generations 3. Different societies use different rankings 4. maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society. → 3 systems: Slavery, caste, & social class

What is internal colonialism ?

the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation -Colonialism often discusses outside nations taking control of weaker nation's territory/resources • Internal happens within society via exploitation of groups

What is population transfer?

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied →trail of tears

What is dual nature of the self?

the idea that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me"

What is the self?

the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals →created & modified through social interaction Self-concept: beliefs & feelings about ourselves → Arises in the process of social experiences

Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he's never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the gray and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco's behavior can be best explained by the concept of.

the looking-glass self

What is slavery?

the most extreme form of social stratification, based on the legal ownership of people for the purpose of economic and/ or sexual exploitation → Enslaved through debt → enslaved through warfare → committing a crime & compensating the victims by being slave to them →enslaved by being captured or kidnapped →Contemporary: Human trafficking, forced & bonded laborers → In most systems, slaves are slaves for life, children born into it → Little mobility

what is intragenerational mobility?

the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime →Horizontal mobility: movement between social classes as a result of changing occupations * a shift that requires a little more going on but is not drastic →vertical mobility: movement between different classes upward or downward

What is the looking glass self?

the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us →Cooley 1909 →We learn about ourselves through social interactions with others 1. We imagine how our personality & appearance look to others →How do I appear to others? 2. We imagine how do others judge the personality & appearance that we think we represent →What others must think of me? 3. We experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perceptions of others judgments → These perceptions determine the feelings we have about ourselves →consequence of false perception: body images are skewed because of society

What is a uniform crime report?

the official measure of crime in the U.S, produced by the FBI official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies. →used to track crime index → Tracks patterns & numbers of arrest with numbers of crime reported

What is a personal front?

the performance tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner → keeping up our impressions or image

What is the backstage?

the places where we rehearse and prepare for our performances → Behind the scenes

What is resocialization?

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

What are the agents of socialization?

the social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations where socialization occurs →Family( primary agent) → Schools; Hidden curriculum: Values & behaviors students indirectly learn through school →Peers → The media

What is sociobiology?

the systematic study of "social behavior from a biological perspective" →genetic factor: often viewed as a major factor in shaping human behavior →Gene X environment interaction → Social & environmental context can alter gene expression →Nature V. Nurture & the interaction between the 2

What is criminology?

the systematic study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system → Answers questions about who makes laws, who breaks them? What are the benefits from defining & enforcing laws?

What is discrimination?

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice →the denial of goods or services to an individual or group for arbitrary reasons, such as a person's race, religion, nationality, etc. →being turned down for a job because of race

What are hate crimes?

when criminals target victims because of demographic characteristics → race, national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability status

What is cultural appropriation ?

when cultures adopt an idea or knowledge from another culture to use for their own benefit →art, music, dance, dress, and language →casting whites in a different race in movies

What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?

→a focus on individual psychology rather than on the social dynamics of large populations →a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people

What is racism?

→a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic →principle of social domination in which a group that is seen as inferior or different because of presumed biological or cultural characteristics is oppressed, controlled, and exploited - socially, economically, culturally, politically, psychologically - by a dominant group →negative view of a groups cultural characteristics

Which of the following hypothetical scenarios are examples of social control in the United States?

→compulsory schooling laws for high-school-aged students →parents often remind their young children not to pick their noses

What makes poverty invisible ?

→residential segregation: geographical separation of the poor from the rest of an area's population. →Disenfranchisement: removal of rights or citizenship through economics, political, or legal means →wealth gap: unequal distribution of assets across a population →homelessness: people most improvished are moved from the public view