Sociology Exam 3
An influx of immigrants weakened Protestants' political power.
1890s-1920s
Which standard of marriage describes spouses who are chosen for love and sexual attraction?
Affective individualism
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of stereotype threat?
After overhearing her teacher say that "girls don't do as well in math" to a colleague, Samantha began to get anxious before taking math tests.
Which of these statements best represents Christian fundamentalism?
Christian fundamentalism fits the "world-accommodating" movement into its approach to religion and everyday life.
For nearly 2,000 years, what primarily molded Western attitudes toward sexual behavior?
Christianity
Which tactics have evangelical Christians used to spread their message?
Evangelical Tactic(s) television and radio shows, missionary work in other foreign countries Not Evangelical Tactics: spreading evangelical teachings within public schools political leaders who endorse evangelical teachings
According to sociologists, what is the main negative outcome that could occur from genetic engineering?
Existence of a "biological underclass"
What group has the largest number of persons infected with HIV today?
Heterosexuals
Jobs that are unregulated and untaxed are part of what kind of economy?
Informal economuy
Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?
Married Couples w/o children
Identify the following as either a natural approach or social approach to childbirth.
Natural Approach rhythm method midwifery Social Approach condoms
The statistical fact that women in the United States generally live longer than men—a relatively recent phenomenon—challenges what long existing social pattern?
Persistent Inequalities
Type the term that refers to women's dual roles at work and at home
Second Shift
Liberation theology is an example of the kind of influence religion has over what social phenomenon?
Social movements
What did Paul Willis's ethnography show about the working-class young men he studied?
The young men were aware that schools were not set up to benefit them, and therefore rejected
Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities.
concerted cultivation
What social factor contributes to the dramatically higher rates of obesity among black women as compared to white women?
Cultural differences in definitions of an attractive female physique
According to Weber, the second stage of development that religious movements go through, in which the movement formulates rules and procedures for its followers is known as the
_routinization of charisma
Place the Christian religions in order from the greatest to least success in membership since the 1960s.
. Conservative protestants, black protestants, moderate protestants, liberal protestants
U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.
1)Passa 2)ge of the Defense of Marriage Act 3)Windsor v. United States Supreme Court Decision 4)Supreme Court ruling invalidating state same-sex marriage bans
How many different sexual identities did Judith Lorber, social researcher, identify?
10
Substantial changes in family, community, and social life posed challenges to many U.S. citizens' religious beliefs.
1960s-1970s
What explains the phenomenon of "aging in place" in rural areas?
A decline in the population of rural areas, particularly among the young.
Which of these statements best summarizes Muslim sentiment about Western influences and Islamic violence?
Although the majority of Muslims feel that their way of life is being threatened, they approve of Western technological innovations and reject violence directed against the West.
Which of these definitions is not part of the sociological definition of religion?
Belief in supernatural diety or dieties
What do most sociologists believe determines a person's sexual orientation?
Biological and social factors
The 1950s study of monks and nuns that examined the problem of gender and life span sought to separate the effects of what two different aspects of human life?
Biology and social environment
What is one of the main reasons why African Americans suffer a significantly higher rate of HIV/AIDS infections than all other groups in the United States?
Blacks are far less likely to have access to available antiretroviral treatments.
Place the religions in order from the highest to lowest number of adherents across the world.
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism
What type of illness is difficult for society to understand in relation to the sick role?
Chronic
Type the term that is used to denote the study of populations.
Demography
What do the differences in methodology between Kinsey and Laumann reveal about social science research in sexual behavior?
Difficulties in gathering detailed info on sexual behavior.
Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends.
accomplishment of natural growth
Children are very close to extended kin.
accomplishment of natural growth
Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements.
accomplishment of natural growth
a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage.
extended family
In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.
false
the family in which one is brought up
families of orientation
the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children
families of procreation
Religion was officially separated from the workings of the U.S. government
late 1700s
Which statement most accurately describes the position of women in Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam?
n all three religions, some subgroups curtail women's roles while others allow for much greater gender equality.
What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?
Living alone can be a positive experience for young and old
How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?
Marriage rates among Blacks are relatively low, even after non-marital birth, because Black men are less likely to earn a living wage.
When potentially preventable crises occur, politicians often offer prayers and encourage reflection of community members rather than addressing the roots of the crisis.
Marx
As of 2013, how would the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-V classify a transgender teenager who feels intensely uncomfortable with their assigned gender?
Mentally ill
Which of the following criteria is a part of the definition of a family?
Part of the Definition: a group of people in which the adult members take responsibility for the children's upbringing. a group of people connected by kinship ties. a group of people who form an economic unit. Not Part of the Definition: a group of people who love one another and live in the same household a group of people in which the adults are joined by marriage
According to the textbook, why has globalization prompted a rise in individualism?
People have greater access to info and events outside their communities.
Colonialism led to major unforeseen changes in the relation between populations and their environments. Identify which are associated with either positive or negative health effects.
Positive Health Effect(s) bananas, grapefruits, and pineapples Negative Health Effect(s) tobacco sugar cash crop production
How might selection also be a problem in evaluating the role of preschool in children's public school success?
Preschool is often expensive so children from middle-class homes are more likely to attend than those from poor families.
Which topics primarily focus on feminist approaches to understanding family life?
Primary Topic(s): care activities, domestic division of labor, unequal power relationships Not primary topic: children's gender socialization, sexual relationships
Which of the following terms refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective?
Primary socialization
Which of the following problems are endemic to urban areas in the global south, according to the textbook?
Problem(s) in the Global South: pollution, overcrowding, insufficient infrastructure Not problems in the Global South: low fertility
Which are reasons for why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence?
Reason(s)Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport. There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. Not Reason(s): Surveys often mischaracterize violence when asking respondents questions. Researchers are not allowed to interview women at shelters, due to privacy concerns.
Place the events in chronological order.
The United States invade Iraq in an effort to depose Saddam Hussein. U.S. military personnel kill Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan The Islamic state of Iraq and Syria was proclaimed to be a global caliphate. Iran and the United States entered an agreement, which eased sanctions in exchange for the end of Iran's nuclear weapons program.
What change occurred for homosexuals in South Africa when apartheid was eliminated?
The black government legislated full equality
Which of the following best represents what sociological studies show about the children of same-sex parents?
The children of same-sex marriage fare the same emotionally and academically as children of heterosexual parents
What contribution to the urban ecology perspective did Drake and Cayton make with their 1945 work Black Metropolis?
The demonstrated how unnatural social forces pushed Black residents into poor and disordered neighborhoods.
Why might protesters refer to using genetically modified foods as "science experiments"?
The effects of genetically modified foods on humans have not been tested.
What was the major legal change that occurred in the 1960s to make divorce more widely available?
The implementation of "no-fault divorce".
In an article describing religiosity amongst Americans, what is the meaning of the "rise of the nones"?
The increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion
According to Claude Fischer, how do cities create opportunities for close, rewarding friendships and social ties?
The large number of urban dwellers allows subcultures to flourish.
According to public health experts, what is the primary cause of the crisis of obesity in the United States today?
The obesogenic environment
Marx believed that religion perpetuated economic inequality in society
True
According to sociologist Diane Vaughan, what is the name of the process for married partners slowly growing apart, also described as the "opposite of the process of falling in love"?
Uncoupling process
The ecological approach is used to study what facet of social life?
Urban areas
Religious groups play a role in promoting and helping to lead several social movements, such as Black Lives Matter
Weber
Match each type of single-parent household to the correct description.
A high proportion of this group is poor: young, never-married mother (head of household) They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners. widowed mother (head of household) This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households. older, never-married, and financially stable mother (head of household) They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households. divorced mother (head of household)
Which of the following are characteristics of global cities?
Characteristic of Global Cities They are places where financial and specialized services are produced. They are command centers for the global economy. They have introduced a new dynamic of inequality where wealthy business centers are surrounded by poorer outlying areas Uncharacteristic of Global Cities: They are places of consumption rather than production or innovation. They are places where material goods are manufactured.
According to the hyperglobalizers, what is the consequence of national governments' inability to address global financial market instability and environmental problems?
Citizens lose faith in existing systems of government
Which of the following is an example of the shift in emphasis from education to learning in the ethos of American schooling?
Classes that incorporate internships or service learning into their curriculum.
Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority.
Concerted cultivation
What were some of the consequences of colonial-style education for developing nations?
Consequence(s) The system of higher education remains better developed than primary and secondary education. Educated indigenous people led revolts against colonizers. Not Consequence(s) Education was provided to young people more often in rural areas than in cities. The system of primary education is heavily influenced by religious traditions.
What were the consequences of school busing practices?
Consequences: increased racial tensions less segregation in U.S. public schools white families moving to the suburbs Not consequences: white and black families agreeing that integrated schools were better than the previous system
What contributes to the increasing consumption of fast food at home?
Contributing Factor(s) fast food is much cheaper working parents oversized portions in restaurants absence of good food sources Not Contributing Factor(s) decreased availability of in-school lunch programs high traffic levels in inner city neighborhoods increased crime rates in cities
Which of the following contributed to a large decline in death rates prior to the twentieth century?
Contributing Factor(s) good sanitation clean water improved nutrition pasteurization Not Contributing Factor(s) childhood immunizations surgical advances Antibiotics
Why are rates of urban growth higher in less industrialized nations compared to more industrialized nations?
Correct Answer(s): differences in migration rates, differences in fertility rates Incorrect Answers: differences in mortality rates, differences in governmental programs
What reasons have been proposed for the reversal of the gender gap in completing a college degree?
degree? Reasons Teachers have recognized and addressed gender bias in the classroom. Opportunities in traditionally female-dominated industries have expanded, while male-dominated industries like manufacturing now have fewer opportunities. Not Reasons Girls are increasingly flocking to science and math fields. Natural differences in intelligence between boys and girls is clearer now that gender bias is less present in schools.
Members of "Pai Church" are adherents to a strict set of religious codes at home and share a highly involved church experience, but otherwise do not change their daily lives.
world-accommodating
"Blessings Church" members live in a commune and make most of their own food and clothing. Their leader preaches about the importance of isolating oneself from sinners.
world-rejecting
Which of the following are examples of how the United States is a knowledge society?
Example(s) Schools integrate multiple types of technology in their classrooms, thus teaching students to be technologically literate. Many young people build fashion identities by identifying looks online through blogs and social media, purchasing them through a range of vendors, and displaying their looks on social media platforms. Not Example(s) Academic ability has increased over the decades with today's population both more educated and academically strong than in the past. More highly educated workers earn more money because their educational attainment is valuable to employers.
Match each phase of family life to the correct description, according to Lawrence Stone.
First Phase The nuclear family was deeply embedded in extended family and community ties. Parents or community members typically made marital matches for couples. This phase occurred mainly in the 1500s to early 1600s. Second Phase Fathers experienced an increase in authoritarian power. This phase occurred mainly in the early 1600s to early 1800s. The nuclear family became distinct from extended family and community. Third Phase Women were relegated to the domestic sphere, while men more often worked outside the home. Marriage ties were based on individual choice and romantic love. This phase occurred mainly in the early 1800s to mid-1900s.
the social influence of religious organizations, and religious beliefs all indicate what trend in modern societies?
Secularization
Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?
Related Factor(s): marrying at an early age, premarital cohabitation Not Related Factor(s): high income, having children
According to Elijah Anderson, what happened to the poor residents in the Philadelphia neighborhood he studied when the neighborhood was gentrified?
Short-term improvements in social services were offset by rising taxes.
According to functionalist theory, why is being sick a social role?
Sickness is disruptive in society.
A country that encourages economic growth facilitated by using recycled products, and protecting natural resources, is engaging in what kind of initiative?
Sustainable development
Poor families have closer relationships to extended family because they tend to live close by and must rely on these kin for occasional financial or practical help
structural
Why do religion and violence often go hand-in-hand, despite nearly all major religions preach the importance of compassion and understanding for others?
Religious conflicts can be viewed as necessary for the survival of a religion's existence.
Which of the following explain the shift in society's views toward sex in the nineteenth century (e.g., the idea that masturbation could lead to blindness or that oral sex could cause cancer)?
Religious presumptions about sexuality were partly replaced by medical ones.
A black student who skips class, refuses to hand in work, and talks back to the teacher repeatedly in class in order to impress his same-race peers is an example of what theoretical perspective?
the "acting white" thesis
Which symptoms may an individual with anorexia experience?
Symptom(s) of Anorexia Anemia weakened immune system smaller heart muscle Not Symptom(s) of Anorexia an increase in overall fitness high white blood cell counts enlargement of the heart
Why has suburbanization led to financial crises within some cities?
Taxes are required to fund city programs, and the wealthy, who contribute to more taxes are more likely to live in suburbs.
What reasons have sociologists given for why religious fervor has increased among Christians, Muslims, and Jews across the globe in recent years?
A decrease in economic and political security
Hidden Curriculum
A researcher randomly selects 30 schools, of which 15 are located in poor neighborhoods and 15 are located in wealthy neighborhoods, and compares both the curriculum of the schools and observes how teachers conduct their classrooms.
Credentialism
A researcher selects two same-aged samples of equal intelligence and ability, one of which includes all high school graduates and one of which includes only young people who dropped out of school in the 11th grade and compares their labor market success over the past year.
Assimilation
A researcher surveys 7th grade students who have been in the United States for five to seven years and their immigrant parents to determine whether the children express greater affinity for and knowledge of American culture than their parents.
Which of the following is the best example of emotional intelligence?
A third grader is disappointed when he comes in second at the regional spelling bee, but he congratulates the winner w a smile.
Which of the following are examples of how families perform the role of personality stabilization, according to the functionalist perspective?
Example(s) A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. Two adult brothers keep in touch with weekly phone calls from across the country. Not example(s): A mother reminds her child to say "thank you" after receiving a present. A married partner is restrained from cheating on her spouse because of marriage vows
What does the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommend governments do to mitigate the effects of global warming?
IPCC Recommendation(s) develop alternative energy sources, encourage water, land, and energy conservation Not IPCC recommendations: encourage contraceptive use to lower fertility remedy diminishing biodiversity with targeted breeding programs
Which statements accurately describe new religious movements?
Accurate Statement(s) New religious movements resemble a social movement in that they are organized and attempt to spread a religious or spiritual message. New religious movements require a charismatic leader to attract new followers. Inaccurate Statements: New religious movements can be dangerous in some conditions. New religious movements assert total control over their members
Disparities between groups of students on a number of educational performance measures are known collectively as what?
Achievement Gaps
What is one major hurdle faced by efforts to address environmental degradation caused by consumption?
Addressing environmental degradation would require people living in wealthy countries to consume fewer goods and services.
Which of the following actions might reformers such as Joseph Stiglitz, George Soros, and Erik Olin Wright advocate for?
Example(s) of Actions restructuring tax codes to redistribute income and wealth to a greater degree than what occurs today providing international governmental organizations with better democratic representation and more power to enact laws and regulations Not Example(s) of Actions allocating decision-making power on the basis of countries' economic prominence weakening the power of international governmental organizations
Which of the following examples demonstrate the interdependence of city neighborhoods, according to the urban ecological perspective?
Example(s) of Interdependence The urban core houses large corporations and banks, which provide financial services for those living in outer neighborhoods. Immigrant enclaves situated near manufacturing plants provide inexpensive labor for businesses in the city. The process of gentrification pushes poor and minority citizens away from, or sometimes into, cities. Not Examples of Interdependence: Residents within urban neighborhoods participate in political and social life close to home.
When asked why people should not steal from one another, a girl's mother told her that the Ten Commandments prohibit stealing. What concept does this exemplify?
Alienation
How do Edward Laumann's 1994 findings about sexual activity differ from those of Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1950s?
Americans have become more sexually conservative in some ways but more promiscuous in others.
How does the movie Avatar exemplify the intersection of culture and globalization?
Avatar's central theme revolves around the idea that love could overcome cultural differences and conquer powerful corporate interests.
What production system has done the most to spur industrial, technological, and scientific innovation?
Capitalism
Type the term given to describe a situation in which two people live together in a sexual and/or romantic relationship but are not married
Cohabitation
What form of medicine are parents practicing if they avoid having an infant child vaccinated against chicken pox and instead use herbal teas?
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
According to the textbook, what factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?
Contributing Factor(s) employment in institutions, rather than on the land, migration from rural to urban areas, the development of centralized governments Not contributing factor(s) the spread of ideas about the utility of marriage widespread interest in retaining religious traditions
In what kinds of areas are rural poverty rates particularly high?
Correct Answer(s): more remote areas, heavily minority areas Incorrect Answer(s): areas in the Southwest, areas where the population is older
What government programs helped facilitate the rapid rate of suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s?
Correct Answer(s): the Federal Highway Act, Federal Housing Administration loans Incorrect Answers: Federal Reserve Loans, the Federal Community Revitalization Act
According to functionalist theory, which are normative social expectations of the sick role?
Correct Answers If you are ill, you have certain rights and privileges. When you get sick, you should try to get better. Sick people are not held responsible for being sick. Incorrect Answers If you get sick, you should change your lifestyle to avoid getting sick in the future. If you feel ill, the choice about whether or not to see a doctor is entirely your own. If you are sick, you should still go to work.
What criticisms do some observers make about the "zero-tolerance" policy in schools?
Correct Answers It sets students on a trajectory toward criminality and the criminal justice system. It is enacted differently, dependent on a student's race. It has unnecessarily increased the role of police in schools. Incorrect Answers It is not fully enacted; many schools allow major incidents to occur without consequence.
Which of these findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective?
Countries that contain a great number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity
Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school?
Credentialism Theory
What criticisms have been directed toward the No Child Left Behind Act?
Criticisms It narrows the diversity of subjects covered by schools. It relies on a punitive model of school reform. Not Criticisms It discourages young people from becoming teachers. It has a more detrimental effect on poor kids than those in wealthy communities.
What is the difference between a "crude" and a "specific" rate (e.g., birthrate, deathrate, etc.)?
Crude rates do not take into account of the population distribution in any way, while specific rates do.
How does the anti-cult movement differentiate between cults and new religious movements?
Cults exert nearly full control over the daily lives and thinking of their members, whereas new religious movements do not.
Despite large-scale modernization and technological changes in everyday life, some religious groups such as the Amish and Hasidic Jews have maintained strong cultural purity in tight-knit communities
Durkheim
According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful?
Economic Reforms
What factors contributed to Mohandas Gandhi's success in campaigning to free India from British rule?
Events such as World War II had unsettled colonial institutions in India.
Which of the following school practices are examples of the hidden curriculum?
Example(s) Students are taught to raise their hand and wait until a teacher calls on them. Students attending school in a high-need, high-poverty area are taught the facts of history, while students in a wealthy district's school are taught to analyze primary source materials. Not Example(s) Students are taught about important figures in U.S. history. Students are taught to listen to a teacher reading, to read silently on their own, and to read aloud to classmates.
Which of the following are examples of WTO practices that its critics argue must change?
Example(s) The WTO is undemocratic. The WTO protects some countries' agricultural producers while limiting those of other countries. The WTO operates in secret. Not Example(s) The WTO restricts free trade.
Which of the following are explanations that sociologists have identified for why the achievement gap between poor and wealthy kids has grown over time?
Explanations Better-off families can afford to live in better neighborhoods with better schools. Poorer children are more likely to live in single-parent homes, and one parent may not have as much time to spend on them. Better-off families tend to engage in more activities designed to improve their children's cognitive abilities. Income inequality has grown over time, too, and this increases the resources available to kids from better-off families. Not Explanations Poor families do not place as much trust in schools as better-off families do.
Black and Hispanic populations have higher rates of mortality, unemployment, and levels of poverty. Even so, Hispanics have better than expected health, and blacks have lower than expected rates of depression. Which psychosocial factors are explanations for these paradoxes?
Factor(s) religious support better social cohesion strong sense of identity Not Factor(s) improved housing and subsidies for housing overall lower levels of stress better health screening for immigrants
According to sociologists, which factors may explain why women are twice as likely as men to report symptoms of depression and be diagnosed with major depressive disorders?
Factors stressors that disproportionately strike women lower rates of self-reporting by men standard instruments used to measure depression Not Factors genetic differences between men and women
According to population projections, the rate of urbanization in the global south is expected to increase over time
False
Chinese American and Japanese American women have slightly higher rates of birth compared to whites
False
Conservative Protestants are typically middle to upper middle class and live in the South and Midwestern areas of the United States.
False
Even in 2016, the American Psychiatric Association considers homosexuality to be a form of mental illness.
False
Following a divorce, all members of the family experience a significant financial toll.
False
International students cost U.S. taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars through the scholarships and subsidies they receive as college students.
False
Religion and religious movements tend to slow social change by advocating an appreciation for or a return to simpler times and more traditional ways of living.
False
Sociological research has found that adults who live alone are less happy and fulfilled than those who live in family units.
False
According to the religious economy perspective, which features of a religious group would promote greater religiosity among its followers?
Feature(s): strong organization, specialized beliefs and rituals, effective religious leaders Not Feature(s): Influential congregants
term referring to the traits and behaviors that are not a part of the official curriculum but are implicitly taught to students
Hidden Curriculum
According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed?
High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.
Identify whether Native Americans have either higher or lower of the following rates compared to other racial/ethnic groups.
Higher Rates: teen births, births outside of marriage, intermarriage by race, divorce Lower Rates: overall births
The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent?
Hinduism
the family member expected to play an "instrumental role" in this family, according to the functionalist perspective.
Husband
In what way does Hinduism support cultural norms in India?
In Hinduism, performing the duties appropriate to one's station, or caste, is a marker of an ideal life.
Which of the following observations supports the sociological theory that education is a process of assimilation?
In public schools throughout the united States, students follow highly similar curricula in all major subjects from kindergarten through the 8th grade.
What is the defining feature of a ghetto, according to sociologists?
Residents are forced to live in a ghetto.
The rapid pace of technological changes contributes to what kind of deprivation?
Information poverty
Transformationalists depict globalization as a tension between international and transnational social forces. Which is the most accurate description of what these social forces are?
International forces refer to ways that nations may interact with and influence one another, such as through trade agreements, while transnational forces refer to ways that cultures and social thought diffuse across the world, such as the spread of social movements across regions within a short period of time.
Which event is an example of religious nationalism?
Iran's Islamic Revolution
What has happened to the achievement gap between rich and poor children between the 1970s and today?
It has grown about 35%
Electronic waste is routinely dumped in China, India, and other poor countries. What is the biggest hazard for the people of these areas?
It heightens the risk of illnesses, such as cancer
What did the 1995 Gun-Free School Zones Act change about school policy?
It mandated automatic suspension or expulsion of students possessing drugs or weapons in school.
What doctrine argues that the world population will come up against "natural limits" such as famine and war?
Malthusianism
According to William Julius Wilson, what effect does the economic concentration of poverty have on poor, primarily black, families?
Marriage has become less attractive to poor women due to high rates of unemployment among men, leading to more female-headed households.
The lower average IQ among the burakumin of Japan supports what argument about race and IQ?
Membership in a socially deprived social group lowers IQ
David Popenoe and Judith Stacey disagree on the question of whether changes in family forms in the United States are "bad" for adults and children. Match each sociologist to the correct argument.
Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children.Popenoe In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family. Stacey Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender.Stacey The increase in divorce, cohabitation, nonmarital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime. Popenoe
Place the following types of child abuse in order from most to least common, according to studies conducted in the United States
Neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional maltreatment
What type of family arrangement involves a woman having more than one husband?
Polyandry
What claims does postmodern theory make?
Postmodern Theory Claim(s) A sense of progress toward an unknown but inevitable future has been lost. History and historical knowledge is subjective, and thus, pluralistic. Not Postmodern Theory Claim(s) Culture provides a lens through which we can understand economic and political activity. Cohesive theories of the way individuals and societies act in response to stimuli can help make sense of the contemporary era.
Homophobia is still widespread in U.S. culture, but it is starting to erode. Which are some reasons for these changing attitudes?
Reasons "coming out" by major celebrities and athletes the Stonewall Inn riots Lawrence v. Texas (2003) NOt Reasons the decline in bullying of LGBT youth at school
Which are reasons why better-educated people tend to be healthier and live longer than those who are less educated?
Reasons better eating habits improved ability to respond to health problems Not Reasons better employment benefits reduced family size
Which reasons do Edin and Kefalas give for high rates of nonmarital birth among low-income women?
Reasons: Poor men and women often stop using contraception when they are in a serious relationship, even when they don't want or plan to have children. In poor communities, people often share a belief that remaining childless is a bad thing, and that children can bring happiness and order. Poor women often prefer nonmarital childbearing than marrying the wrong man. Not Reason(s): Poor men are not interested in marrying the mothers of their children and usually leave their partnerships while the women are pregnant. Poor women often divorce their partners at some point during pregnancy, due to emotional and financial strains on the relationship.
What concept do skeptics in the globalization debate use to describe the emergence of geographically clustered regions that trade together frequently?
Regionalization
Lower life expectancies for both men and women are often traced to poor health choices such as smoking and drinking; however, men continue to have shorter life spans than women. What is a reason for why this occurs?
Socialization
Which of these questions would sociologists of religion ask?
Sociological Question(s) How do a religion's practices enhance solidarity between its members? What factors influence an increase in religious conflict? In what circumstances does economic stability lead to an increase in religious adherence? Not sociological questions: Which religions encourage moral or ethical behavior in their followers?
Sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) developed the concept of stigma, which refers to any personal characteristic that is devalued in a particular social context. In our culture, which of the following health conditions is likely to be stigmatized?
Stigmatized Health Condition(s) HIV/AIDS schizophrenia obesity Not Stigmatized Health Condition(s) childhood leukemia
Weber was interested in how the "Protestant ethic" shaped Western capitalism. Which is an example of Protestantism, and especially Calvinism, still influencing popular thought today?
Successful business people are accorded enormous respect in Western societies.
Match each statement to the corresponding Islamic group.
Sufism This tradition incorporates rituals and mysticism into its practice. Sunni The vast majority of Muslims follow this tradition. This tradition allows for a greater diversity of opinion among its followers. Shiite This tradition is the official religion of Iran. This tradition broke away from orthodox Islam.
Which of the following pieces of evidence support the textbook's conclusion that cohabitation probably does not "cause" divorce, therefore, supporting the "selection" explanation?
Supporting Evidence The association between cohabitation and divorce is largely driven by data from the 1980s. Those who only cohabit with the person they eventually marry do not have different divorce rates than those who never cohabited. People who are religious are less likely to cohabit than those who are not. Not Supporting Evidence: Couples who live together before marriage are more likely to divorce.
Which examples support the notion that the United States has a civil religion?
Supporting Examples: the tradition of the National Prayer Breakfast, which is hosted by the U.S. Congress with some parts presided over by the U.S. President the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency Not supporting examples: the establishment of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, where families can pray and leave tokens for their fallen loved ones government funding given to private religious schools
What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?
The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.
According to the textbook, what is the main reason we have seen an increasing percentage of households headed by a female breadwinner partnered with a stay-at-home father?
The economic recession hit "male" jobs particularly hard.
What is the primary difference between the Protestant and Catholic faiths?
The protestant faith depicts the individual as having a direct relationship with God, whereas the catholic church emphasizes the role of the church hierarchy as intermediaries between the individual and God.
Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence?
There are different forms of intelligence
Why is it difficult to get a precise estimate of the number of Jews in the United States?
There are different interpretations of being Jewish
What did the recent outbreak of Ebola in Africa reveal about the common flaw in managing epidemic outbreaks in the developing world?
There is a severe shortage of good, basic medical facilities, and resources.
According to Durkheim's theory of religion, what would he predict for societies with low levels of religious beliefs and practices?
These societies would be less stable
In what way do both Wilson's and Massey and Denton's theories demonstrate that sociologists are trying to think within a scientific framework?
They are both trying to explain a social phenomenon
What reason do most couples give for wanting to cohabit in recent years?
They love spending time together and want to share intimacy.
What does it mean that migrants are "positively selected" into urban areas in the global south?
Those who migrate to urban areas are better prepared to find jobs and thrive in urban areas.
What was the primary aim of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), signed into law by President Bush in 2002?
To close the achievement gap
In a report from the Carnegie Council, what practice did they describe as "one of the most divisive and damaging school practices in existence"?
Tracking
A decrease in infant mortality is related to an increase in the average age of death in the developed world.
True
According to the textbook, premodern cities were small, walled-in urban centers in which the wealthiest institutions and people were clustered at the center and poverty increased as the distance from the center grew
True
Betty Friedan argued that housewives trapped in a cycle of child care and housework was the "problem with no name."
True
Herrnstein and Murray argued that IQ was primarily an inherited trait and therefore that some racial/ethnic groups had naturally higher IQs than others
True
Most children experience short-term negative emotions in response to their parents' divorce, but most recover over time and develop normally.
True
The leading transnational corporations have larger economies than most countries in the world.
True
Today, only a small percentage of couples marry quickly due to pregnancy (i.e., a "shotgun marriage").
True
Which of the following statements about the rate of population growth are true?
True Statement(s): It is exponential in form. It is calculated by subtracting the mortality rate from the birth rate. Not True Statements: It's higher in Europe than in the United States. It takes infant mortality rates into consideration.
Which of the following statements are true of the 1966 Coleman report's findings?
True: Family background and peers seem to make a bigger difference to student outcomes than school quality. Schools in the United States are highly racially segregated. False: The quality of student-teacher relationships is strongly related to students' educational outcomes. Schools with a majority of black students had much worse quality facilities and teaching than majority white schools.
How have intellectual property rights contributed to global inequality?
Wealthy corporations mine poorer countries for their natural resources to develop new products and then register for patents.
Hispanics are often described as adhering to strong "familism" norms, which suggest close ties to and obligations toward family members.
cultural
Moynihan blamed the legacy of slavery, in which black families were often forcibly separated, for continuing "disorganization" among black families
cultural
two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children.
nuclear family
An emerging family form among black middle-class young adults is the single-person household, due to the lack of employment opportunities for black men.
structural
In what ways has globalization affected work patterns?
the basis of countries' economic prominence weakening the power of international governmental organizations Sociologists have long tried to explain social change, or the alteration of institutions and culture over time, which has become more intense in the modern era. In what ways has globalization affected work patterns? Correct Answer(s) Labor market demand has shifted away from certain industries. The domestic division of labor has shifted with women's entry into jobs. Careers have become more diverse and unstable. Incorrect Answer(s) Job security and benefits have strengthened with the professionalization of the workforce.