Sociology FINAL

_______ is a form of legitimate power that has widespread social approval and is obeyed because people believe that those who exercise it have a right to do so.

Authority

In education, __________includes the transference of the values of the dominant group acts as a form of social control by promoting conformity and obedience to authority, and passive consumption of the existing social structure ( a continuation of the status quo).

???

In the medical model, deviance is seen as ___________________________________.

???

One of the remaining puzzles for sociologists studying gender and sexuality is to:

???

Secondary deviance marks the start of what Erving Goffman called a deviant career, which results in the acquisition of a ____________.

???

Structural Functionalists see deviance as being ____ and _____. They believe the focus is always on the ___.

???

Symbolic Interactionists' view of deviance is considered ______ and _______ with the focus on the ______.

???

The __________ defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the health body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment.

???

. ___________ posited that criminal behavior is learned in the same way as all other behaviors and is learned within most personal and intimate relationships. These relationships are viewed through the lenses of ______,______, ______ and _________.

????

A _____ perspective of education points out that although mass education is emphasized, and has the potential to promote equality in both capitalist and socialist societies, the institution of education actually promotes and perpetuates inequality.

????

A one-dimensional view of power is one where ___________________________________________________.

????

How did physicians, a group mocked and ridicule for much of the 19th century as incompetent, emerge for the early 20th century as among the most powerful professions in the United States?

????

Strain Theory, by Robert Merton, posits that there are five adaptive typologies individuals can use. They are:

????

The __________ effect occurs when teachers who expect students to succeed and excel are motivated to work with the students to ensure that they do.

????

___________ is the institutionalized process of systematically teaching certain cognitive skills and knowledge, and transmitting them from one generation to the next.

????

Four important factors related to environmental inequality are:

?????

Symbolic Interactionists view gender inequality as____.

a learned process of socialization where gender inequalities are reproduced through daily interactions with family, peers, schools and the media

Robert Merton, borrowing heavily from Emile Durkheim's work on anomie, devised what he termed as strain theory. Merton argues that the real problem is not created by a sudden social change but, rather, by _____

a social structure that holds the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve those goals

_nt2-----____ poverty refers to a lack of food, clean water and shelter to a degree that death can be imminent; _______ poverty is defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society.

absolute; relative

The means of social stratification are:

age, race/ethnicity, gender/sex, SES, sexual orientation, and physical ablebodieness

In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Theory, there are lower birth rates. This is due to:

all but c a. increased mobilization b. better access to contraception

If sociology can be defined as both a systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior, what level of social structure might sociologists examine?

almost any level, from interactions between two people to large-scale institutions

The underlying assumptions of ______________are: religion is irrational, people who believe are irrational and as the world becomes more rational, guided by scientific knowledge rather than superstition, religion is destined to disappear.

Secularization Theory

______ work is the dominant form of employment in the postindustrial economy.

Service

_____ is defined as the people who live in a specific geographic territory and share elements of a common culture while _____ is the social heritage of a people, including learned sets of beliefs, values, norms, and a material goods shared by group members

society; culture

During the Age of Enlightenment (Age or Reason), western European culture shifted from a ____ basis of thought to a _____one. The center of knowledge and learning changed from the ____ to the ____.

theological/ scientific; church/university

Peggy McIntosh, in writing about ________________, wrote "it is like an invisible, weightless knapsack of special weightless provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes tools and blank checks.

white privilege

________ is the manner in which a person outwardly represents their gender, regardless of the physical characteristics that might typically define them as male or female

gender expression

__________ can be defined as acknowledging ones' sense of being male or female, both or neither, the internal identity may or may not be expressed outwardly and not correspond to one's physical characteristics.

gender identity

nt2-----The increased economic, political and social connectedness between nations of the world is ______.

globalization

nt2----The components of the definition of social stratification are:

hierarchy, inequality, power, purpose, system, ideology and some win and some lose.

Sociologists have discovered that black and white children of the same age and birth weight, whose parents have the same education, occupation and income, whose mothers were the same age when they had their first child, who have the same number of children's books in their homes, and who were equally likely to receive support from the U.S. government's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, obtained statistically similar scores on their reading and number tests. However, the unfortunate reality is that black and white children are not equally likely to share these measures of life chances. Racial differences in educational achievement can be explained by ______. Racial differences in achievement are due to _________.

historical and current systems of racial inequality, including neighborhood, families, schools and peer groups; social inequalities rather than to genetic differences

A ____________ is a society which is no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but based instead on the production of knowledge. Its emergence has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and have made new advances in computing, entertainment and telecommunications parts of their lives.

knowledge economy

The estate (feudal) system of social stratification is based on ______ while the caste system is based on _______.

land ownership; religious beliefs

_____ functions of education include: preschool and kindergarten are the largest day care facilities in the country; middle and high schools reinforce norms related to adolescence; college and university campuses also service as large dating and marriage markets.

latent??

_nt3---______ feminist theory believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources and tends to seek solutions through changes in legislation (within existing social institutions) that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected. _________ feminist theory posits that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life and that change within existing social institutions is not likely.

liberal; radical

Assimilation is a process in which minority groups _________.

lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of dominant groups

The following statement is an example of ___________: If I do the same task as a woman, and if the measurement is at all subjective, chances are people will think I did a better job.

male privilege

Structural Functionalism views the purposes of social structures as having either ____ functions, the anticipated of intended consequences, or _____ functions, the unintended or unrecognized consequences.

manifest; latent

61. Prejudice operates mainly through the use of stereotyping. Stereotype(s) is/are _______.

oversimplified ideas about a group or a social category; generalization or assumptions about the characteristics of a group or an individual

To the extent that men have more power (everything is normed on the male) than women in politics, the economy and the family, the gender system is called _________.

patriarchy

nt1----- What is an institution?

relatively enduring sets of behavior done over and over again in the same way. FERGE

nt2----According to Wallerstein, production in Core nations relies more on machinery than on human labor and that human labor is ________. These nations tend to be ________, yet most of the people who live in them are not.

relatively skilled and highly paid; wealthy

In scientific research, _____refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results and ____ refers to the degree to which a measure of scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.

reliability; validity

nt2-----Social exclusion can take a number of forms. Two of those forms can be:

isolated rural communities cut off from many services and inner-city neighborhoods marked by high crime rates

nt3---The ___________ view of religion posits that competition among religious groups and the challenges of secularization force religions to work harder to win followers, thereby strengthening the various group and countering any trend toward secularization.

religious economy

________ is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance and opposition of others.

charisma

nt3---____is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance and opposition of others

charisma

An individual whose internal sense of self matches their biological self is identified as ________________.

cisgender

Functionalists posit that deviance can create positive social change. Two ways in which this can occur are:

???

In class lecture, your instructor stated that one of the following questions is a "better" question because it is unbiased. That question is:

???

In considering the idea of divorce in a society, examining the effects on individuals and families, understanding how and why divorce rates have increased or decreased, and understanding the social and cultural history of divorce and marriage, one method to do so sociologically would be ___________.

???

Edwin Lemert posited that ___________ deviance is the adoption and internalization of societal labels based on application of social and/or legal sanctions.

/??

Emile Durkheim provided important contributions to the study of suicide. Two of those contributions were:

??

The ___________ view of religion posits that competition among religious groups and the challenges of secularization force religions to work harder to win followers, thereby strengthening the various group and countering any trend toward secularization.

??

. A Third Dimensional example of the powerlessness of group B versus group A is when _______________.

???

. A conflict theory view of racial prejudice and discrimination and its intended harm is the exploitation theory wherein:

???

. ______ deviance can be defined as policy and actions carried out by governments and government employees in their official capacities.

???

Cesare Lombroso posited that much criminality was the result of _________, which is a package of genetic traits that distinguished violent and habitual criminals from the normal population.

???

Sociologist, Max Weber, placed a great deal of emphasis on the importance of leadership in democracy, which is why his view is referred to as __________, wherein that rule by elites is inevitable and the best we can hope for is that those elites effectively, represent our interests and that they do so in an innovative and insightful fashion.

?????

Why do sociologists study environmental problems?

All of the above

_____ is a state where norms are confused, unclear or not present. It refers to a breakdown of social norms or a condition where norms no longer control the activities of members of a society. It is also referred to as _____

Anomie; normlessness

_____is considered the founder or "father" of sociology.

August Comte

______ is/are a form of influence where information is withheld or altered, and includes the concepts off _______ and _______.

Censorship; disinformation, misinformation

____, a symbolic interactionist, wrote, "Society is an interweaving and interworking of mental selves. I imagine your mind and especially what your mind thinks about my mind, and what your mind things about what my mind thinks about your mind... Cooley called this process, in which individuals use others like mirrors, and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction as ________.

Charles Cooley; the Looking Glass Self

______ is a process whereby individuals ignore each other to an appropriate degree although noticing that the other is present.

Civil inattention

nt2----__________ is an economic and political system in which powerful nations dominate and exploit weaker ones in trade and other relations. Beginning in the 1950s, this system began to be dismantled.

Colonialism

Karl Marx, a proponent of _____ perspective of sociology, was concerned with the ongoing struggle between classes and, in particular, the effects of social class exploitation and the resulting differential access to wealth, power, and prestige

Confilct

nt2-----In terms of global inequality, dependency theory is, sociologically viewed under the _____ perspective.

Conflict

Health care disparity is defined as:

Differences between groups in health coverage, access to care and quality of care

Recognizing the social origin of religion, SF theorist, __________, argues that religion acted as a source of solidarity and identification for the individuals within a society.

Emile Durkheim

__________ is both a movement and an ideology that promotes equality for women and men politically, socially and economically.

Feminism

_____ can be defined as an economic trend showing that women and children are disproportionately more likely than men to live in poverty

Feminization of Poverty

The following lists three of six _____ in order to survive and thrive: all societies must organize the activities of their members in order to obtain the basic goods and services for survival; protect their members from internal/external harm, and, replace members lost because of death or emigration are three of the six.

Functional Imperatives of Societies.

nt2-------_______________: refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

Global Stratification

nt2-----Although doctors in _________ earn less than their counterparts in the United States, medical school is free and malpractice insurance is about 10% comparted to USA rates.

Great Britain

nt2----"Sick Around the World", a PBS documentary, explains how five, wealthy, democratic nations provide health care for all their citizens in a format that addresses the issues of health disparities. The nations covered in the documentary are:

Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Taiwan and Switzerland

_nt3----_________: Denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation

Heteronormative

nt3---____________ is defined as the irrational fear of homosexuality and/or homosexuals.

Homophobia

____ societies follow migrating herds, use seasonal plants as food/medicine and live in groups of 25-50.

Hunter-gatherers

__________ can be defined as the over-emphasis on sex in all forms of media, and the continuing pattern of over-sexualized images of girls, woman and, now, men. This over-emphasis on what is sexy has been extended into markets for children.

Hypersexualization

The Dorothy and W.I Thomas Theorem states:

If a situation is defined as real, the consequences are of that definition are quite real, whether the definition is accurate or not.

_______ is racism expressed by individuals or small groups of people. It is an indication of bigotry or prejudice against those deemed "racially" inferior and may take such forms as espousing stereotypes based on alleged racial differences, using racial slurs and engaging in discriminatory treatment, harassment, and even threats or acts of violence.

Individual racism

________ racism has been defined as those established laws, customs, and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society. If racist consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs or practices, the institution is racist whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racial intentions.

Institutional

_____ termed religion "the opiate of the masses".

Karl Marx

_____ is/are the cornerstone of all known human societies

Language

The _____ class includes the largest percentage of the nation's population and the income level ranges from $30-$75K. This group is also considered overworked and overspent.

Lower Middle Class

The definition of power used in class lecture is credited to sociologists, ________.

Max Weber

One of _____'s contributions to sociology was the introduction of a process by which an outside observer of a culture relates to an indigenous population on _______. This process is called ______.

Max Weber; that population's own terms rather than interpreting that population by the observer's own culture; verstehen

W.E.B Dubois founded the ______ and was the first African American to receive a PH.D. from Harvard University

NAACP

A college instructor was lecturing in class about how different groups in a society are affected by social stratification, and, in this incident, how race and sex were used to determine where an individual within a group would have as a starting point in the race for "society goals". When the instructor pointed to the furthest possible starting point from the finish line, a male student in the class whispered to another student, "Muslim terrorist" and then laughed. How would you determine the actions of this student?

PD (prejudice and discriminatory)

What is health disparity?

Refers to a higher burden of illness, injury; disability or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another group

While health and health care disparities are commonly viewed through the lens of race and ethnicity, they occur across many dimensions, including:

SES, age, location, gender, disability status, and sexual orientation.

____ is a ranking process which not only reflects social differences but also creates and maintains those differences by socializing individuals/groups into a structure of inequality

Social Stratification

_nt2-----____ refers to the fact that socio-economic resources are strongly linked to wealth, where those with higher levels of education, income and assets are less likely than their disadvantage counterparts to suffer from heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and early onset dementia.

Social class gradient in health

nt3----While sexuality can be considered personal, sex is social. ____________ of human sexuality is a way to understand how extensively sex is social. Much time, effort and resources are spent on controlling human sexuality within accepted socially normed boundaries.

Social control

Structural Functionalism is based around three key concepts.

Social structures exist because they serve a function; if they fail to serve those functions, they will cease to exist. there are functional requirements that must be met in society to survive. society is viewed as a system of interdependent parts.

Structural Functionalism is based around three key concepts. Two of those concepts are:

Society is vied as a system - a collection of interdependent parts, with a tendency toward equilibrium; and, Social structures exist because they serve a function (to meet a functional imperative).

In Stage _____ of the Demographic Transition Theory, families often had 12-13 children because there was little economic cost in raising them, children were considered to be an economic boost, and less than 1/2 of them would live to adulthood. During this stage there are___ birth rates and ____ death rates.

Stage 1; high; high

In _____ of the Demographic Transition Theory, death rates fall because of improvement in food supply and sanitation that increases life spans and reduce disease.

Stage 2

A ____ view of health care is that good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning of society. Patients must be willing to perform the "sick role" in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations

Structural Functionalism

Emile Durkheim is most closely associated with the ____ theoretical perspective of sociology and Max Weber is most closely associated with the ______ theoretical perspective of sociology.

Structural Functionalist; Symbolic Interactionism

"Health and illness for the individual are social constructions: physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality but instead are considered healthy or ill only if they are defined as such by a society", is a statement that reflects the ______ views of healthcare.

Symbolic Interactionism

_______ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interactions with others.

Symbolic Interactionism

_____________ is the theoretical perspective that examines how individuals and groups interact, focusing on the creation of personal identity through day-to-day interaction with others.

Symbolic Interactionism

A wide-spread belief about the poor is that most do not have jobs. This is not true. Statistics highlight that many poor people in the USA are engaged in the labor market. They are referred to as ______.

The working poor

_nt2------___ is considered a contribution of colonialism by "most favored" nation treaties and other agreements that facillitate trade among wealthy nations but not offered to poor nations.

Trade dependency

nt3----______________ are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. They account for two-thirds of all word trade, and they are instrumental in the diffusion of new technology around the globe and are major actors in ________________________.

Transnational corporations; international financial markets

According to Robert E. Denton, Jr, in "Language, Symbols, and Media." what were three ways that U.S. society was changed when president Bush referred to the terrorist attack as "war"?

Unified the citizens behind a known cause/enemy, silenced critics of the administration, and produced increases in military recruitments

The first college level course in Sociology was taught at _____

University of Chicago

The ____ class is made up of approximately 1% of the nation's population but this group wields disproportionate power in business, politics, and religious organizations.

Upper, Upper Class (Elite)

nt2------Immanuel Wallerstein proffered a breakdown of nation states based on levels and means of production. One of the major advantages of the _____ is its portrayal of the global economy as a dynamic system.

World System Theory

Complementary and alternative medicine encompasses _________.

a diverse set of approaches and therapies for treating illness and promoting well-being that generally fall outside standard medical practices and are not taught in medical schools

Sociologist Arnold Rose, a structural functionalist, theorized that while racial prejudice and discrimination may serve the interests of the dominate group, he recognized four dysfunctions associate with racism. One of those dysfunctions is:

a society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals, limiting the search for talent to the dominant group

Emile Durkheim explains _______ as a state where people have lost their sense of purpose or direction, often during a time of profound social change, and cannot depend on their social structures to dictate their actions.

anomie

In the 1960s, Harvard professor, Timothy Leary, famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice?

as an innovator

The social imperative states

as humans, our very survival depends on developing social bonds that result in a common culture and the creation of societies.

An/A _____status is one that is assigned to a person by society while an/a _____ status is one that is earned through the personal efforts or achievements of the individual

ascribed; achieved

The Pentagon Papers, released in 1971, are an example of _________ form of influence.

censorship

The ___________ age cohort is the fastest growing age bracket in the United States and that there will be one million people in this group by 2050.

centenarian ?? baby boomer?

The concept of sociological imagination involves the intersection of _____, _______ and _______; and was coined by _______.

biography; history; the times in which we live; C. Wright Mills

A ____________ approach to sex/gender states that there are two, distinct kinds of people, male and female (xx/xy) and is based on sexual dimorphism

biological; sex to gender

nt2-----The set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices is referred to as the _______ model of health.

biomedical

A ____________ view of gender states that there are not only two distinct categories of people based on continuing improvement in DNA studies. In this theory, sexual dimorphism is a claim, not the truth.

biosocial

++++ n t 1 ---Irving L. Janis labeled one phenomenon of group decision making as "group think". It is a process by which members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus. Groupthink may _____.

change organizational boundaries by changing a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules

One symbolic interactionist perspective on race/racism is __________________. It states that interracial contact between people of equal status who are engaged in a cooperative tasks will become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.

contact hypothesis

_________ crime focuses on criminal activities carried out by those in professional jobs.

corporate??

Anthony and Penny have recently arrived in China to begin a one-year internship at a university. They are both expressing feelings of confusion and disorientation. They could be experiencing ______

cultural shock

. ______________ is concerned with preserving the integrity of the physical environment in the face of the impact of modern industry and technology.

environmental ecology

Three of the main methods used in sociological research are:

dependent variables, indenpendent variables, and mass immigration?? ethnography, surveys, and experiments??

There are countless numbers of laws that have been place on the books that have nothing to do with the distribution of wealth. These laws relate to behaviors of all kind, such as smoking, drug consumption, dressing styles, same-sex liaisons, etc. These types of rules and laws have been described as ______ punishment.

disinterested

nt3---Stereotyping is often closely linked to the psychological mechanism of __________, in which feelings of hostility or anger are directed against objects that are not the real origin of those feelings. People vent their antagonism against _________, others who are blamed for problems that are not their fault.

displacement; scapegoats

nt2-----Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea are examples of _______________in the past few decades.

emerging economies

There are five institutions functioning, in some form, within all human societies. They are:

economics, family, religion, government, and education

C. Wright Mills, in the Power Elite, argues that during the course of the 20th century a process of institutional centralization occurred in the _______, _________, and ________.

economy (industries), politics (government), military

____________: racial discrimination in environmental policy-making, enforcement of sanctions and laws, targeting of hazardous waste sites in racially minority communities to a disproportionate degree as when compared to location of dumping grounds and waste sites in other areas.

environmental racism

________________ refers to the change of a population from health conditions primarily involving infectious disease to health conditions primarily involving chronic disease.

epidemiological transition

In competing an assignment for his sociology class, Alex inferred that the social customs of the indigenous populations of Africa and Asia were inferior to the cultural values of his own society. Alex is exhibiting a/an _______ point of view

ethnocentric

Cultural relativism is defined as:

evaluation a culture according to its own standards.

the legal rational form of authority is based on

explicit rules, regulations, and procedures

Identify the independent variable in the following: does exposure to TV violence increase aggression in children?

exposure to TV violence

Social classes are:

fluid, partially achieved, economically based, large scale and impersonal.

Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective which:

focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power and prestige

Conflict Theory is a sociological perspective which:

focuses on social class exploitation between the bourgeoisie and the proletariate with emphasis on unequal distribution of wealth and differential access to the means to achieve wealth, power, and prestige

With over 93% of US media in the hands of 5-6 major corporations, one loss that can be experienced by society is the lack of a _______

fourth estate

nt2----Sociology of the body is a field that focuses on:

how our bodies are affected by social influences.

There are six types of human societies that exist, or have existed, within all of human history. They are:

hunter-gatherers, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial

Labeling theory, a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance, posits that deviance and conformity result ________________________________________________________.

in the acquisition of a deviant label??

Research ethics requires sociologists to disclose their identity as researchers to obtain _____ from subjects by making their participation voluntary and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits that we will not reveal the true identities of subjects.

informed consent

nt3 ----Many scholars now see the contours of a third, different phase in the evolution of the corporation emerging. They argue that managerial capitalism has today partly ceded place to _______________ capitalism. This term refers to the emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership, concerned not only with decision making within single firms but also with the development of corporate power beyond them.

institutional capitalism

A/An ________ group is any organization which attempts to influence elected officials to consider its aims when deciding on legislation.

interest/lobbyist

According to the textbook, ______ punishment is about the protection of wealth and private property, especially for those within the privileged groups and classes.

interested

Structural Functionalism views the purposes of social structures as having either ________ functions, the anticipated of intended consequences, or ___________ functions, the unintended or unrecognized consequences.

manifest; latent??

According to Emile Durkheim there are two forms of social solidarity. They are:

mechanical and organic

According to Emile Durkheim, _______ solidarity can be found in simple rural societies based on tradition and unity and _______ solidarity can be found in urban societies and was based more on a complex division of labor and formal organizations.

mechanical and organic

nt3----Sociologists view war from a variety of perspectives. The ____view focuses on the social impact of war on individuals and groups

micro

Folkways, mores and law are three subcategories of ______.

norms. folkways - day to day things (please and thank you). mores- vital moral and significant (religious, thou shall not ) and laws -enforced and declared rules and norms

Prejudice is defined as ______ and is considered a/an ________.

preconceived notions about a category of people; attitude

nt3----Ageism

prejudice and discrimination based on age, usually fueled by stereotypes

In the Robert Denton, Jr., article, "Language, Symbols, and Media", the reader is introduced to the work of Alex Schmid and Janny DeGraaf who present arguments that "terrorists' acts of violence are really acts of communication...and should be viewed as 'violent language'." What are three results the terrorists are hoping to achieve with their "communication"?

produce fear in the society targeted, disrupt normal everyday life for the people and promote their organization with propaganda.

_______ research methods uses large surveys, questionnaires, secondary research and reporting data primarily in numerical form.

quantitative

A conflict theory view of racial prejudice and discrimination and its intended harm is the exploitation theory wherein:

racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool cheap labor, which then restricts the wages of all members of the working class.

______________ is a scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity, although may involve a violation of a norm.

range of tolerance

The term "white flight" brings to minds issues surrounding racial conflict and tension within America's cities. What is frequently overlooked are the ways the federal government facilitated, and in fact subsidized, the exodus of whites from central cities. One such subsidy was the federal government's guarantee of mortgages for home ownership. The practice of ___________ emerged from the system used to determine areas ineligible for loans.

redlining

A sociologist wanted to examine if there was any correlation between the region of the United States wherein an individual lived and the number of individuals who owned guns. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?

region of the country?

nt2------Occupational prestige has two components. They are:

salary earned and educational attainment required

The ______ is a systematic, organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or concept.

scientific method

nt2-----According to the World Systems Theory, in __________ nations production is based on a mixture of intermediate levels of machinery and human labor.

semi-peripheral

_nt3---____ refers to biological distinction between females and males, while _____refers to the socially constructed understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity.

sex; gender

nt3---One major area of socialization is __________. It is a process of teaching and encouraging the development of an understanding of what is socially appropriate and the means to act and think sexually. Children learn very early what behaviors toward their own bodies and the bodies of other are acceptable in their society

sexual socialization

______ is an understanding, internalization and emotional response to the acknowledgement of self as an innately physical and sexual being. An individual is aware of his/her own physical presence is usually more aware of how to interact with a partner.

sexuality

nt3-----Race as construed in the United States is based on ______ and is considered to be _____

skin color; socially constructed

nt2----The systems of social stratification are:

slavery, caste, estate, and class

What are the social processes that lead to large numbers of people being marginalized in a society? The idea of ____ refers to new sources of inequality. It is a broader concept than that of the underclass.

social exclusion

_________________ view education as serving both the manifest and latent functions of an institution, which include cultural transmission, socialization and integration.

structural functionalist

In postindustrial societies, some nations are facing ____ fertility rates due to an aging population and lack of immigration

sub-replacement

______________ is the notion that economic growth should proceed only insofar as natural resources are recycled rather than depleted; biodiversity is maintained; and clear air, water and land are protected.

sustainable development

The conflict perspective does not view schools as responsible for creating social inequality; rather, it views the educational institution as a reflection and perpetuation of _________.

the hierarchical system outside of the schools and within the society

nt3----Scientific Racism is defined as:

the use of research or data (often biased or flawed)to justify beliefs about the superiority or inferiority of particular racial groups.

British sociologist, Harriet Martineau, compared ______ while American sociologist, ______, was concerned with issues of poverty and homelessness in Chicago, founding the Hull House.

the positions of women to that of American slaves in society; Jane Addams

nt2------In "Sick around the World", some of the nations visited are sharing a common problem connected to health care. That problem is:

the prices for health are so low, the system is not generating enough money to support itself.

A random sample is a sample in which every member of an entire population being studied has _____

the same chance of being selected

gerontology

the scientific study of aging and the elderly; its practitioners are gerontologist

Sexual Orientation (Sexual Identity) refers to ____________.

the sex of the people an individual tends to be emotionally, physically and sexually attracted to

social capital refers to:

the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence.

Sociologists use the term ________ to refer to all of the formal political institutions of any society. In the United States these include the three branches of government, _________, _________ and ________; along with the ________ that support the work of each branch.

the state; executive; legislative; judicial; bureaucracies

Sociology is:

the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society

nt2-----Dependency Theory: maintains that rich industrialized nations keep poor countries from advancing through various dependency relationships. Three of the most important forms of dependency are ____, _____ and _____.

trade; industrial; investment

The four forms of authority are ________, _______, _______ and _______.

traditional, legal/rational, charismatic and expertise

nt2----Blue and pink collar jobs are those that _________ and ________.

typically pay low wages; involve manual or low-skill labor

As the industrial revolution spread from Western Europe to the United states, three processes were set in place. They are ______, ______, and _____.

urbanization, industrialization, and mass immigration

Comte penned Positive Philosophy which was the first systematic sociological approach to the study of society. He emphasized "Positivism" which included the concepts of:

use of observation, comparisons, experimentation and looking at history to analyze society

Deviance is defined sociologically as _______________________.

violation of cultural norms

Rape culture, a social context where attitudes and norms perpetuate the treatment of women as sexual objects and instill in men sense of sexual entitlement, is one explanation for the continuing rise in ________________.

violence against women