Sociology Final- Chapter 5

The concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to

McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.

Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger?

Organizations create alienation.

In brief, what does Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research show?

Organizations must "open up" their structure in order to bring out the best in their employees.

Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?

Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others in specific reference groups.

What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"?

a category

A prisoner would consider a maximum-security prison

a coercive organization.

Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as

a primary group.

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

a social group

A "triad" is

a social group with three members.

You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have?

an instrumental leader

Robert Michels to referred to the rule of the many by the few as

an oligarchy.

The concept "bureaucracy" refers to

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals?

bureaucratic ritualism

A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a

crowd.

Imagine you are watching several dozen passengers sitting in an airport gate area waiting to board a plane. These people are an example of a

crowd.

Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?

democratic leader

A social group with only two members is called a

dyad.

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

A secondary group is a social group that

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity.

Simmel interpreted the dyad as

less stable than groups with many members.

In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to

tradition.

Which type of formal organization do people join in order to obtain money and other material benefits?

utilitarian organization

_________ _______refers to group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being.

Expressive leadership

The scientific management approach was developed by

Frederick Taylor.

One of the traits Max Weber noted about bureaucracy was that it

provides workers with highly specialized jobs.