Sociology Final Exam

________ is a form of government that strives to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status. Another important fundamental part of this government is the establishment and governance of a just and comprehensive constitution that delineates the roles and responsibilities of leaders and citizens alike.

A democracy

Some nations called ________ recognize kings, queens, princes, princesses, and other figures with official royal titles. The power held by these positions varies from one country to another.

A monarchy

The increase in our senior population as baby boomers begin to retire, which will in turn change the way many of our social institutions are organized, reflects ________ that impacts all other aspects of society.

A population trend

Name the group whose ancestors did not come here by choice.

African Americans

The ________, which replaces workers with technology, is another cause of the changes in the job market.

Automation of the workplace

The earliest economies were _____________________

Based on trade.

Which woman was believed to have "heaved a brick through the rose-colored picture window of the American bungalow" by writing her book for the second wave of the women's movement?

Betty Friedan

As ________ began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.

Capitalists

Individuals are socialized around their parents' occupations and thus, have a higher likelihood of entering similar lines of work. This is known as ________.

Career inheritance

People standing in line at the post office would represent which type of crowd?

Casual

Followers accept the power of ________ because they are drawn to the leader's personal qualities. The appeal of such a leader can be extraordinary, and can inspire followers to make unusual sacrifices or to persevere in the midst of great hardship and persecution.

Charismatic authority

President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign used social media to engage volunteers who had typically not bothered with politics and empowered those who were more active to generate even more activity. This demonstrates how helpful social media can be during the ________ stage of social movements.

Coalescence

________ states the problem in a clear, easily understood way.

Diagnostic framing

Social movements have a life cycle, they ________. All social movements go through this cycle.

Emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out.

Health in the United States is a complex and often contradictory issue. As one of the wealthiest nations, the United States ________ in health comparisons with the rest of the world, yet it does not provide equal care to all.

Fares well

Research indicates that the average life expectancy for white males was approximately ________ years longer than for black males.

Five

Sexual orientation is typically divided into at least ________ categories.

Four

According to ________, the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. According to this theory, all aspects of society serve a purpose.

Functionalist theorists

There is no minority or majority group that fits easily in a category or that can be described simply, however white ethnic Americans are made up of many immigrants including:

German, Irish, Italian, and Eastern European immigrants.

When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions, these are referred to as

Global assembly lines

Social organizations worldwide take stands on such general areas of concern as poverty, sex trafficking, and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are examples of a

Global level social movement.

One implication of the ________ is that employees have access to email and information 24 hours/7 days a week and are expected to be more available and responsive.

Immediacy of information transfer

Voter turnout has ________ in the past 12 years.

Increased dramatically

The irrational fear of or hatred against Muslims is called ________ and does not show signs of abating.

Islamophobia

________ believed that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.

Karl Marx

________ describes the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society.

Modernization

People developed the idea of a means of exchange that could be used at any time, through the use of ________. Precious metals quickly became the preferred means of exchange in many cultures because of their durability and portability.

Money

Successful social movements use three kinds of frames to further their goals, diagnostic, prognostic, and ________.

Motivational

________ might span an entire country, perhaps led by a national organization.

National level social movements

________ encompasses all interactive forms of information exchange. These include social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, wikis, and virtual worlds.

New media

In any given election year roughly ________ of the population does not vote.

One half

The 1960s saw other important reforms in U.S. voting. Shortly before the Voting Rights Act was passed, the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims changed the nature of elections. This landmark decision reaffirmed the notion of ________ a concept holding that all people's votes should be counted equally. Before this decision, unequal distributions of population enabled small groups of people in sparsely populated rural areas to have as much voting power as the denser populations of urban areas. After Reynolds v. Sims, districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

One person, one vote

________ arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work.

Organic solidarity

Which of these terms represents the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl" where a mixture of different cultures is accepted and tolerated with each culture retaining its own identity and being valued equally with mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate?

Pluralism

________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group while ________ refers to actions against a group of people.

Prejudice; discrimination

________ is a socially defined category based on physical differences between different groups of people.

Race

________ are "meaning seeking," and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.

Redemptive movements

________ seek to change something specific about the social structure.

Reformative movements

Although real poverty exists In the United States, we tend to have what is called ________, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country.

Relative poverty

Since the term ________ refers to biological or physical distinctions, these characteristics will not vary significantly between different human societies.

Sex

________ is viewed as a person's capacity for sexual feelings.

Sexuality

The Black Lives Matter movement grew into a national network of chapters and joined forces with other, more organized groups, creating a ________ of more than 150 organizations across the United States that represent the interests of black communities.

Social movement sector

________ are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal.

Social movements

What type of economy have conflict theorists have historically supported?

Socialism

________is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.

Socialism

One critique of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is that it will create a system of ________ medicine, a term that for many people in the United States has negative connotations lingering from the Cold War era and earlier.

Socialized

A ________ might be based on an interest that just affects one area of the United States.

State level social movement

People with disabilities can be ________ by their illnesses.

Stigmatized

________ would argue that since the sick are unable to fulfill their normal societal roles, their sickness weakens the society.

Structural functionalists

According to ________, the sick role exemption is temporary and relative to the severity of the illness. The exemption also requires that a physician must certify that the illness is genuine.

Structural-functional theorists

Of industrialized nations, ________ is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness. The country has very few regulations on sexual images in the media, and sex education, which starts around age six, is a compulsory part of school curricula in that country.

Sweden

According to ________, health and illness are both socially constructed, so they focus on the specific meanings and causes people attribute to illness.

Symbolic interactionist theorists

________ is a driving force behind globalization, while the other forces of social change (social institutions, population, environment) play comparatively minor roles.

Technology

The increase in computer use and robots to do many rote tasks are representative of the ________, also known as the information era. Those who have the means to produce, store, and disseminate information are leaders in this type of society.

The Post-industrial revolution

According to Weber, power which is made valid by laws, written rules, and regulations is termed________. In this type of authority, power is vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine. A nation that follows a constitution applies this type of authority.

Traditional authority

There is no single, conclusive explanation for why people are ________. Their expressions and experiences are so diverse that it is difficult to identify their origin.

Transgender

Research also describes the infant mortality rate in the United States. This is the number of deaths of children under one year of age in a given time or place. The rate for blacks was nearly ________ that of whites.

Twice

Some diseases, like cancer, are ________ across all countries.

Universal

________ is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur.

Value-added theory

Evidence suggests that legal protection of ________ does not directly translate into equal voting power.

Voting rights

________ are affected adversely both by unequal access to and institutionalized sexism in the healthcare industry.

Women

The difference between the terms "Arab" and "Muslim" is that Arab refers to ________ and Muslim refers to ________.

an ethnicity; a religion

A small city government works to reduce racism by hosting several events and providing opportunities for the majority and minority groups to work together on projects, thereby increasing interpersonal communication. This is an example of the ________ in action.

contact hypothesis

Even in levels as low as kindergarten, schools subtly convey messages to girls indicating that they are less intelligent or less important than boys. For example, in a study of teacher responses to male and female students, data indicated that teachers praised male students far more than female students. Teachers interrupted girls more often and gave boys more opportunities to expand on their ideas. This is an example of

gender socialization

Which of the following involves the deliberate, targeted annihilation of a subordinate group?

genocide

In recent years, blacks' overall equality level with whites has dropped from 71.5 percent to 71.1 percent in 2010. The Index, which has been published since 2005, notes a/an ________, especially in the areas of unemployment, insurance coverage, incarceration, economics, health, and education.

growing trend of increased inequality with whites.

Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. In other words, both gender and sexuality are ________.

socially constructed

In sociology, economy refers to _________________________

the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed.

A person's sex, as determined by their biology, does not always correspond with their gender. Therefore,

the terms sex and gender are not interchangeable.

Transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy are called

transsexuals

The eradication of Native American culture continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans.

were able to participate in and benefit from the civil rights movement.