Sociology Final Exam (Building Blocks: Social Institutions)

Charles Handy

"The corporation or organization of tomorrow will be nothing more than a box of contract" - The avg young person today will change careers 3x, one of which hasn't been invented yet (advice for college: take your time, expand/broaden your knowledge base while in college (compared 2 focusing on one particular thing & thinking ur gonna be doing same thnig 4 rest of life -- get a good college education)

Adam Smith

"Wealth of Nations" (1776) - Smith argued the "barter system" should be replaced by money (Capitalism) - Money was an agent of social change -> he was arguing 4 capitalism, saying it could fix some inequalities compared to barter system

The "Global Economy"

(& global recession) 1. Global Division of Labor: 2/3 of world is Agricultural (Developing Nations countries) and 25% is Industrialized (China, Mexico, etc) The percentage of countries living as US (post-Ind) 10-15% Global unempl. rate 7% 2. Products Passage: increasing #s of products pass thru several countries b4 ending up on one's market (rubber from Africa/South Am., --> shoes in China, --> sold in USA) 3. Multi-National Corporations: friend or foe? Conflict theorist: Do these companies hurt 2nd & 3rd world countries? - DEPENDENCY THEORY = multi-nationals rape the natural resources, employ by slave wages) Functionalist: Or are they helping these countries? - MODERNIZATION THEORY = industrialize & post-industrialization makes life better 4 those in Ind & Developing nations

Economy in History (Chp 14) : Agricultural Revolution: Primary Sector Economy

- Agricultural Revolution: Primary Sector Economy: generates raw materials directly from natural environment - today: less than 2% of US workforce works in agricult. - today: Farming & Agriculture is profitable bcuz of CORPORATE AGRIBUSINESS (2/3 of most countries today function on Agriculture economy -- "developing nations")

Health Risks

- Cigarette Smoking - Eating disorders - Sin taxes - Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Chp. 14: Capitalism & The Economy

- Economy is a social institution that organizes the production, distribution, & consumption of goods (food, clothing, autos, houses, etc.) & services (doctors, lawyers, software engineers ,etc.) - MARX: how & what we produce & how much & what we consume defines us as a society

Theoretical Analysis of Power in Society

- Functionalists PLURALIST MODEL: power as dispersed among many different competing interest groups - SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGS): organization of ppl interested in some economic/social issue -> sigs include groups like: AARP, NRA, ACLU, Sierra Club, NOW, etc. -> sigs employ lobbyists as prof. advocates - POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES (PACS): organization whose aim is to raise & spend money on election or defeat of certain political candidates -> Campaign Finance Reform was aimed specifically @ PACs & Super-PACs (beyond reporting) -> Individual & corporations were 2 be limited in what they could give particular candidates (hard money) & PACs (soft money)

Politics in the USA -

- Generally, ppl in US describe themselves: - Liberal (25% of pop) - Conservative (35%) - Moderate (40%) Moderates are plentiful bcuz most ppl are conservative on some issues/liberal on others -> Media makes it seem blue/red -> money/ratings Economics & social issues conservatives tend 2 vote Republican while, econ & social issue liberals tend 2 vote Democratic Party ID is weak in US: 2014: - 39% identified themselves as independent - 32% Democratic - 23% Republican - 39% "lean Republican" - 48% "lean Democratic" - 14% claim "strong Democrats" - 15% claim "strong Republicans" - Independent up from 12% in 1992 - 2012 Presidential Election: Barack Obama Mitt Romney -> most expensive election in history: $2.2 billion raised/spent by all parties and candidates from primary to election -> add in congressional races, total over $6 billion in 2012

Industrial Revolution: Secondary Sector Economy

- Industrial Revolution: Secondary Sector Economy: transforms raw materials into manufactured goods - today: less than 20% of US workforce now - FIVE MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS (took place bcuz of:): 1. New Forms of Energy (steam, electricity) 2. Centralization of Work (factories, urbanism) 3. Manufacturing & Mass Production (turn raw materials -> salable products) 4. Specialization (division of labor) 5. Wage Labor (selling yourself 4 wage, "salary system" (Simmel))

Information Revolution: Tertiary Sector Economy

- Information Revolution: Tertiary Sector Economy: generates services rather than goods; productive system based on service work & extensive use of information - more than 80% of US workforce today is in tertiary sector - Service sector jobs include everything from secretarial, food service & clerical jobs, to white collar jobs such as sales, law, accounting, banking, advertising, & teaching --> if you're providing customer or client a service (and not producing a tangible product) you're in tertiary sector - THREE MAJOR TRANSFORMATIONS (bcuz of Info Rev): 1. from Tangible products --> ideas (manipulating symbols) 2. from Mechanical --> Literary skills (reading & writing) 3. Decentralization of work (computer, internet, etc. make where you are physically less important)

6. Credentialism

- Randall Collins callus us a credential society; we evaluate a person's worth based on how many degrees he or she has; turns culture capital (privilege) into social capital (personal merit)

Recent Issues

- School choice (vouchers) - Magnet schools - Home schooling

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

- There are more than 50 STDs; - 1/5 of US adult pop. (45-50 mill) has an STD other than AIDS, killing approx. 7,000 annually --> bcuz no healthcare - AIDS-related deaths have dropped 2 roughly 15,000 in 2014 in US, but almost 50,000 new HIV cases are recorded annually - bringing total of more than 1.1 million reported cases since epidemic began 25 yrs ago --> of those million cases, roughly 565,000 have died & nearly 1/5 of infected don't know it --> Homosexual & Bisexual men account for 48% of AIDS cases in US --> 52% amongst heterosexual men, women, & children Globally: 34 million ppl infected by HIV --> 60% OF WHOM LIVE IN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA; more than 1/2 are young ppl (under 25) & 1/2 are women - In Africa, there are more than 11 million AIDS orphans The epidemic has killed 25 million ppl around world since 1981

Health & Class

- among the POOR: --> infant mortality rates r twice that of middle/upper class infants --> cancer & heart disease rates increase in lower SES --> rates of mental illness higher in lower class (consequence or cause?)

4. Inequality Between Schools

- bcuz of way schools are funded (50-55% local property tax, 35-40% state funds, less than 7-10% federal) - not all students receive same funding; directly affects the quality of education received Between Public and Public: - those schools that are less well-funded generally turn out students who do poorer on stand. tests, attend less prestigious colleges, have lower GPAs than those in well-funded schools Between Public and Private: - 10% of school age children attend parochial, denominational, and non-denom. private schools; as a whole, private schools prepare their students academically, socially, and educationally to do better in life than those from public schools

Health & Race

- being disproportionately associated w/ poverty, Af. Am, Latinos, & Native Am. suffer more health maladies than whites

Eating Disorders

- both intense diet & weight control - mainly women - mainly white college women

Max Weber, Bureaucratic Inertia

- in 1950, more than third of workers were in Unions, today LESS THAN 12% (varies by sector: 37% of gov't workers vs. 7% private sector) - Public Sector Unions (Police, Firefighters, Teachers) face challenges due to Recession, while Private Sector Unions struggle to make inroads in service sector economy (Hospitality; Vegas) -> still, support 4 Unions (55-70%) far surpasses support 4 politicians who bash Unions (5-20%)

Cigarette Smoking

- in 1960: 45% of adult pop. smoked in US - in 2013: 18% smoke (20% of men, 15% of women) - Smoking is more common in the working & lower classes (30% below poverty line, 19% above) - Varies by race/ethnic: 26% NA, 19% Whites, 18% Af. Am., 19% Hisp, 10% Asian - While 60% smoke regularly, 40% are "social smokers" who smoke intermittently or socially - Smoking varies by education: -> 45% HS dropouts/GED -> 24% HS grad, -> 9% college grad -> 5% post-grad - Smoking is higher in South, in LGBT community, & among persons w/ disabilities - 42 mill. Am. smoked in 2013 (1 in 5 adults) - 78% of whom (34) smoked daily (22% occassionally) - while 10% of smokers will get lung cancer -> that's 400,000 adults who die prematurely each yr as direct result of cig. smoking (including emphysema) - sharp declines amongst college students (from 24% in 2005 --> 18% in 2014), yet tobacco industry continue to be $89 billion industry

5. Access to Higher Education

- inequality continues after secondary school when it comes to access to college & university - one must have means 2 send children 2 an Ivy League school, where tuition can be more than $40,000 annually HOPE: Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally: - Originally, HOPE made available 2 graduating seniors w/ B avg/higher who were from lower to middle income families; prevent "brain drain" from GA - The income cap in 1993 was $50,000; $100,000 in 1994; and in 1995 eliminated entirely - The # of HOPE recipients doubled following elimination of cap --> as a result, competition @ state's more prestigious universities (UGA) increased --> UGA: 1992 = 3.1 GPA // 1050 SAT 2015 = 3.9 GPA // 1301 SAT - 98% of incoming 1st year students are HOPE recipients - 1% of out of state students fell from 20% in 1993 -> less than 10% in 2008 --> However, out of state students have been increasing the past few years due in part to recession (they pay full tuition, HOPE recipients pay 10% of that) - Result, an affluent student body (more bars & restaurants, high membership in Greek organizations, local music replaced by clubs/DJs, businesses relying on college labor find employment pool scarce)

Tertiary Labor Market: Volunteerism

- more than 1.4 million registered non-profit agencies in 2014 - more than 25% of Americans (65 million) volunteer in 2014 (close to $175 billion (value of donated hrs)) - age 35-50 highest volunteer rates; early 20's lowest

Academic Standards

- overall SAT test scores of college-bound seniors have been declining since 1960s, from median scores of - 1968: 516 Math, 543 Verbal (reading & writing) - 2014: 513 Math, 497 reading, 481 writing - functional illiteracy amongst adults: 30 mill. (15%) adults read @ or below 8th grade - innumeracy = 22%

Contingent Work

- part-time, temporaries, contract, on call workers - nearly 33% of US labor force - temping & on-call work can be low wage, dead end work, but some part-time & contract work is quite lucrative - still, contingent work is secondary labor market work

3. The Sorting Machine: Tracking

- the assignment of students 2 diff. types of educational programs Pros: we can't teach every student the same thing at the same pace. Tracking allows those w/ more aptitude to excel & offers programs 4 those less able to do well - Teaching everyone same thing @ same pace would hurt everyone Cons: tracking has more to do w/ social background than personal aptitude - Stand. tests are used to determine (lock) the track; wealthier/affluent kids do better on stand. tests than those who are poor/minority, tracking effectively segregates students, academically & socially into diff. worlds - Wealthy stud. attend college prep courses/tracks - Poor/minority stud. attend general diploma courses/tracks in HS --> schools reserve best teachers 4 higher tracked students. --> rigid tracking has detrimental impact on student's learning & self-concept (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Chp. 11: Health & Medicine

--

Chp. 12: Family

--

Medicine in US

--

Social Epidemiology

--

World Religions

--

Economic Systems

1. Capitalism 2. Socialism 3. Communism

Society affects morbidity (rate of illness) & mortality in 4 ways

1. Cultural patterns define health: - ideas about health amount 2 a form of social control which encourage conformity 2 cultural norms (competition, hard work over health; cooperation, welfare are unhealthy) 2. Cultural standards of health change over time: - 200 yrs ago, being "overweight" was a sign of prosperity & good health - 100 yrs ago, women going 2 college was seen as danger 2 their health - 50 yrs ago, smoking not seen as health risk - today, sex can kill 3. Technology affects health: - Industrialization improved healthcare amongst infants & children; - Post-Ind. improved healthcare amongst the elderly - Top 3 Killers in 1900: --> Influenza/Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, & Stomach/Intestinal diseases - Avg life span 40 - Top 3 Killers in 2014: --> Heart disease, cancer, stroke - Avg life span 76 4. Inequality affects health: - lower SES persons have less access to healthcare & longevity decreases, - pre & post-natal care varies dramatically based on class, wealthy live better, longer lives; poor live unhealthy, shorter lives

Stages of Family Life: 1. Dating

1. Dating: Arranged marriage in pre-Industrial societies took guess work out of marriage. Romantic love had lil 2 do w/ it - Industrialization eroded importance of extended fam. so personal choice was enhanced when it came 2 selecting mate - Dating sharpens courtship skills & serves today as period of sexual experimentation. The basis 4 marriage rests ultimately on "romantic love" an emotion, feelings of affection & sexual passage towards another person. - "Falling in love" & marriage are strongly guided by social forces

Alternative Family Forms

1. One-Parent Families: Nearly 27% of US families w/ children under 18 have only one parent in house (85% of which r single mothers) - in 2012, higher than 40% of live births in USA were to unmarr. women (1.7 mill) - On avg, children growing up in single parent families start out poorer, get less schooling & end w/ lower incomes as adults. Are also likey 2 end up single parents themselves

Max Weber: 3 Types of Authority & 4 Types of Intersecting Political Systems

1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY: power legitimized thru respect 4 long-established cultural patterns --> MONARCHY: political system to support traditional authority --> ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES: existed during pre-Indust. times (hereditary rule) whereas (-> absolute monarchy as Saudi Arabia still exist) --> CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHIES: today are more symbolic 2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY: power legitimized thru extraordinary personality that inspires devotion and obedience --> AUTHORITARIAN political systems (denies popular participation in gov't) OR --> TOTALITARIANISM (seeks 2 extensively regulate all aspects of ppl's lives) (-> goes beyond Authoritarianism) 3. RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY: power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulation --> DEMOCRACY power exercised by ppl as whole, support rational-legal authority --> REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY places authority in hands of office and elected leaders who are accountable 2 the ppl (US). In pure democracy, majority rules, regardless of rights of minority --> CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC, majority rules, but rights of minority are protected - All these authority/etc. are not mutually exclusive -> we as USA practice monarchy, totalitarian, etc. strains of it in USA modern/history (even GA gov., etc.)

The Electronic Church

10 mill. ppl watch religious programming daily, while up to 40 mill. watch @ least once a week

Judaism

14 mill. followers worldwide (0.6 mill in US) - Denom: Orthodox, Reform, Conservative - There are similarities amongst 3 (Abraham, Jesus Christ, congregative worship, etc) - These "western religions" form congregation & focus on a clear, monoth deity - "Eastern religions" see divine power in everything, and express religion & spirituality outside rigid schedules

HOPE's Problems

1st) 40% of incoming 1st year students will lose the scholarship by May - 80% by 3rd year -> grade inflation (financial incentive: local schools receive lottery proceeds based on # of HOPE students) - Students entering college in 1969 v. 2015: -> 1969 = 24% of stud. entering college had a C or below avg, while 17% had A avg -> 2015 = # of C's dwindled -> 5% and # of A's -> 49% - If 95% of students are "above avg", what's avg? 2) In 2000 UGA ended use of the TSI (Total Student Index) which allowed 4 preference on borderline students for admission based on race (affirmative action), class, gender, activities, legacy. - Minority student populations & students from rural parts declined dramatically (w/ 60% females, males seem 2 be disappearing as well) why? 3) Research has shown working & poorer classes play the lottery @ a far greater rate than middle/upper classes do; de facto the poor are paying for rich and their children to attend college

2. Marriage

2. Marriage: - In 1950: mean age for first marriage for women was 20; men 22 - in 2014: women is 26; men 28 -> first children, 25 & 27, respectively - Only after marriage do couples get 2 know each other (infidelity: 25% men, 20% women) - marriage changes things, suddenly you wake up in bed nxt to a relative

3. Child Rearing

3. Child Rearing: - in pre-Ind. societies: families had avg of 8 children - children were ECONOMIC ASSETS, needed 2 perform necessary labor & take care of parents in old age - child mortality: in 1900 1/3 of children born in USA died by 10 - Industrialization: turns child into economic liabilities -> median # of child per fam in 2014 was 0.99 -> (for whites .89, Af. Ans 1.15, Latinos 1.53) -> the ideal # of child remains btwn 2&3 (75% of respondents) -> 2014 census: 1/2 with 15-44 do not have kids Abortion & Reproductive Technologies: How we "feel" about abortions (pro-life/pro-choice) is often dependent on social factors & demographics According 2 GSS (2012): - Males slightly favor pro-choice more than women (44% vs 41%) - the less educ. are more inclined 2 favor abortion restrictions (70% of those w/ less than HS educ. vs. 50% w/ college) - person's in their 40s tend 2 be most pro-choice; those over 60 the most pro-life (younger person more inclined 2 be pro-life 58% vs. 42% pro-choice) - Regionally NE --> pro-choice SE or "Deep South" --> pro-life (over 80% in Deep South vs. 20% pro-choice) - those wealthier, less religious, more likely 2 vote Democ. are more pro-choice - while those less wealthy, more religious and more likely to vote republican are more pro-life Reproductive technologies: - to facilitate pregnancy incl. artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, & in-vitro fertilization - 1st: these procedures raise several sociological issues, particular discrimination: only wealthy can take advantage of methods ($100,00 in vitro alone) - 2nd: what it means to be a "parent" can also become confusing. it's possible, using a combo of methods, for a child to have 5 parents - could we see class split eventually, where wealthy buy sperm & eggs @ genetic auctions on internet in order -> "super child"? Is this an evolutionary instinct or something more sinister? Child Care: 2/3 of both husband and wives w/ children work - 1/3 of children remain @ home (parents & other relatives); 1/3 spend time in some other home; 1/3 go to organized child care facility - more than 5.6 million "latchkey" kids (15% school-age child) come home 2 empty homes after school

4. Family in Later Life

4. Family in Later Life: "Empty nest" myth: parents don't divorce once children have left home; statistics show opposite: higher lvls of marital satisfaction once kids have departed Class, Race, and Gender: Rubin found difference in what wives expect from husband to be class-based (lower-class women: doesn't drink excessively, not violent, maintains a steady job; middle class women: ability 2 communicate & share feelings w/ a "soulmate"; successful profession) - Jesse Bernard: "His and Her Marriage" - Rates of depression are higher among married women than single women; - Rates of depression are higher among single men than married men - Why? Socialization: women still socialized 2 believe their identities are inextricably tied to men they marry, men socialized 2 avoid marriage @ all costs Extended families still more common amongst Latino families (as well as traditionally male auth. over women) - while 70% of Af. Am. children born 2 single women - 45% of all Af. Am. families are headed by single women, compared to 33%, Latino families, 18% Asian, 18% White

Buddhism

400 mill. adh ww (2500 yrs old) 1.2 mill Buddhists in USA

Domestic Violence in US

600,000 acts of domestic violence every year, 85% of which are men abusing women (20 mill. women overall) - Economic inequality, patriarchy, & cultural battering myths ("she prob. deserved it", "if it's so bad, why not leave?" all perpetuate the problem) - much like rape myths that exist Myths: 1. "based on how she looked or acted, she deserved it" 2. "if no physical injury, not a real rape" 3. "no means yes, w/ a little pressure" - this objectification of women have real & violent consequences in society: Dating/Domestic Violence on Campus: 1/5 of intimate relationships on campus (from "hookups" to dyads) involve violence - Approx. 20-30% of college women have reported a completed or attempted rape while on campus; 40% of college men say they "would likely attempt rape if they would never get caught"

Recession 2008-2009

8.5 mill. jobs were lost in a 2 year period (14 mill. jobs have been added since 2010) - the unemployment rate as of March, 2016 was 5% - there are 8 mill. unemployed ppl of which 2 mill. are long-term unemployed (27+ weeks; 27% of unemployed) - By Race: Whites 4%, Af. Am. 9%, Hisp 5%, Asians 4% - By Age: All teenagers 15-19 unempl. rate is 16%; White teens 13%; Latino teens 15%; Black teens 25% - By Education: W/O HS Diploma 7%, HS Diploma 5%, some college 4%, college degree & more 2% - While those w/o HS degree hit unemployment rates of 15% during recession, for college grads, never above 5% - By Gender: recession hit men hardest, 2/3 of 8.5 mill. jobs lost Unempl. rate 4 men peaked @ 11.4% (now 4.5%), women's rate peaked @ 8.8% (now 4.6%) - By Industry (non-farm): construction (9%), leisure & hospitality (7%), manufacturing (4%), retail (4%), office & admin. supp (4%), Gov't (3%), educ./healthcare (3%), management, business, financial (2%), prof & related (2%) - Clearly, primary labor market did not suffer 2 extent of secondary labor market And unemployment remains high among uneduc, blue-collar occup.

3. Gay and Lesbian Couples

Approx. 800,000 same sex couples live 2gether in USA, raising approx. 270,000 children - Resistance 2 same sex marr. has faded, though still prevalent in some areas of country - 56% of Am. now support same sex

Chapters

Chp 14 & 15: Economics & Authority Chp 12: Family Chp 16: Religion Chp 13: Education Chp 11: Health & Medicine

Other World Religions

Confucianism: strict code of moral conduct that adherents follow (was ecclesia of China until 1949) Sikhism: more than 30 mill. adh. Shintoism: Taoism

Problems in the School

Discipline & Violence: - Several 1000s students & @ least 1000 teachers are physically assaulted on school grounds each yr; student routinely arrested 4 behaviors (fighting) once routinely handled by schools/parents; the "criminalization of childhood" bullying Student Passivity: - more than violence, schools are plagued w/ boredom - emphasis on rigid uniformity, numerical ratings (SATs, GPA's, Stand. Test scores, etc) & little individual responsibility (keeping student from learning on their own) makes schools = recipe 4 boredom College: The Silent Classroom: Karp & Yoels: - the only voice you hear is the professor's - student know instructor come 2 class w/ prepared lectures, so are unwilling 2 participate - the #1 reason why students don't talk in class: "I HAD NOT DONE THE ASSIGNED READING" = 80% --> followed by "I don't know enough about subj. matter" = 79% --> the class is too large = 70% --> the chance/might appear unintelligent in the eyes of the other students/prof. = 46% The "Talkers": - 3 to 5 students who can be counted on to respond to questions or comments by prof. - They account for 50% of classroom interaction - Students also learn 2 "maintain the social situation" by showing "civic attention" & showing enough interest w/o becoming 2 involved in situation --> prof. interpret these "shows of attention" as indicating real involvement --> students therefore know it's the rare instance when they will be called upon directly by name in a college classroom --> the end result = most students feel safe coming 2 class w/o having read assignment

Religious Nationalism

During time of rapid social & cultural modernization & economic changes, unshakable ideas have strong appeal & ppl often embrace traditional religious views more fervently - the rise in religious conservatism (in US; Middle East, India, Syria) is a reaction to modernity - Oftentime, via terrorism & war, the reaction is violent - Nationalist movements don't simply revive ancient religious beliefs; they invent an idealized past that never existed (caliphates, crusades, etc.) - yet ironically, they also use tools of modernity 2 spread their beliefs (social media, TV, etc) - Enemies become not just secular entities or societies, but other religions or even other denom. of same religion - Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan are all seeing Religious Nationalism on the rise; US & EU exp. it less violently, but more politically - This is due to what Lenski called SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION: as speed of technology changes picks up, so too does reaction - And many cultures/societies do not embrace these changes the way the US & other AHISTORICAL (where you don't care or know about history) societies do

Chp. 13: Education

Education = social institution which guides a society's transmission of knowledge, basic facts, job skills, & cultural norms/values to it's members

Social Prestige of Religion

Episcopalians, Presbyt., & Jews enjoy high social standing Methodists & Catholics = moderate Baptists, Lutherans, and members of sects = lower What's connection btwn income, occupation prestige, educ. & religion? SECULARIZATION = historical decline in importance of sacred, reliance on science vs. RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM = conservative religious doctrine that opposed intellectualism in favor of strict interpretation of sacred texts

Pre-Industrial Society: Extended Family

Extended Family: family unit including parents, children, other kin were norm --> also known as FAMILY OF ORIENTATION (central 2 socialization) --> Extended families emphasized ARRANGED MARRIAGES that were either: - ENDOGAMOUS = btwn persons of same social category (more common result) OR - EXOGAMOUS = persons of different social categories (goal = to marry up)

Theoretical Analysis of Family: Structural Functionalists

Functionalists: family is the "backbone" of society & provides several key functions: - socialization: most important agent - regulation of sexual activity: the Incest Taboo - social placement: ascribed status - material & emotional security

Theoretical Analysis of Medicine

Functionalists: ppl play roles necessary to keep society's members healthy THE SICK ROLE (patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for ppl who are ill) and the THE PHYSICIAN'S ROLE (behavior defined as appropriate for doctors) all keep the emphasis on the individual

School Re-segregation

Jonathan Kozol: American is practicing "education-apartheid" Schools are more segregated today than in 1954 when Brown v Board of Education came down. Schools with 96-99% all black and/or all white student populations are not diversified Standard. testing & the "sociopathic emphasis" on them is "pure Skinnerian, rat-control psychology" --> Disadv. lower class, especially Af. Am. & Latino kids (why is curric. bi-lingual but stand. tests aren't?) Solution: "INTER-DISTRICT INTEGRATION": Poor kids who go 2 school w/ middle class kids do better: housing vouchers rather than school vouchers Problem: De facto segregation (racial segregation in schools by FACT not by LAW [de jure]) is now consitutional

Industrial Societies

NUCLEAR FAMILY = family unit composed of 1 or 2 parents & their children --> norm --> also known as FAMILY OF PROCREATION or CONJUGAL FAMILY --> ppl left their extended families 2 seek work in Ind. urban centers (leave extended fam -> cities/urban century 2 find work) - societies continue 2 arrange many marriages: majority are ENDOGAMOUS - laws prescribe MONOGAMY (marr. joining 2 partners) as norm - tho w/ rates of divorce & remarry. considered, 1 can engage in serial monogamy (why is polygamy illegal?) - don't want multiple children bcuz gov't was 2 take care of - today, couples reporting higher lvls of marital satisfaction are those who live in: - NEOLOCALITY settings (away from both sets of parents) & most practice: - BILATERAL descent (important of both blood lines)

Voter Demographics

Obama (Democ) won among: - Millenials 18-29 (60%) over Romney (35%) - Gen X 30-45 (52%) - Women (55%) - Af. Am. (93%) - Hisp. (71%) - Asian (73%) - Unmarried men (56%) - Unmarried women (67%) - Catholics (51%) (First time 4 Demo since Kennedy) - Jews (70%) - Unaffiliated (70%) Romney (Repub) won among: - Older votes 65+ (56%) - Men (53%) - Whites (60%) - Married women (53%) - Married men (60%) - Protestant (57%) - Mormons (79%) - Evangelicals (80%) (very powerful vote) Voter apathy (political alienation): while 60% of electorate voted in 2012, it was down from 63% in 2008. Mid-term ("off yr") elections are worse. In 2010, despite "voter anger" meme, 42% of eligible voters turne out, in 2014 just 36% showed up - Repub win in off-yrs bcuz voter motivation is higher among demog. in their wheelhouse (older, wealthier, white) - Apathy, alienation, & non-participation remain a huge prob. in Democ. demographics (young, poor, minorities)

Chp. 15: Authority & The State

POLITICS = the social institution which distributes power sets a society's goals, and makes decisions - GOVERNMENT = a formal organization that directs the political life of a society, while - AUTHORITY = is power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive (the second that ppl perceive as illegitimate, will lose power) (How ppl in society cede power & authority 2 gov't is what sociologists are concerned about)

4. Singlehood

Starting in 2008, more Am. 15 & older were single than married 4 first time in century - in 1968: 28% of women 20-24 single - in 2012: 76% However, w/ fertility declining in women after age of 27 & men after 35, growing segment of middle age ppl are finding themselves childless & w/o spouses (problematic also 4 couples who delay having children)

Theoretical Analysis of Religion

Structural Functional: ppl engage in religious life 2 celebrate awesome power of society - belief is stronger amongst the less educated & poor, yet higher educ. & more income spurs increased participation in religious ogranization Durkheim: religion provides 3 main functions 2 society 1. Social Cohesion: shared symbols, values, & norms of religion bring ppl 2gether 2. Social Control: many cultural norms & values have religious justification Also, religion is used to legitimize political system 3. Provide Meaning & Purpose: religious beliefs offer a comforting sense. Major life-course transitions (birth, marriage, death) are usually marked by religious observances

Theoretical Analysis of Education

Structural Functionalism: formal education contributes 2 operation of society in 4 distinct ways: 1. Socialization: schools transmit cultural values/norms, as well as civics classes 2. Cultural Innovation 3. Social Integration: schooling helps forge a cultural-diverse mass of ppl into a unified society. It fosters social integration & teaches new immigrants the majority's way of life 4. Social Placement: educ. helps young ppl assume cult. approved statuses & perform roles that contribute 2 ongoing life of society - teachers encourage the best & brightest 2 pursue most challenging & advanced studies, while guiding stud. w/ more ordinary abilities into programs suited 4 them. - Schooling enhances MERITOCRACY - Latent Functions of Schooling incl = child care, adolescent care, and networking

Parents Involved v. Seattle School District (2007)

Supreme Court ruled the use of race in drawing neighborhood districts 2 be unconstitutional "the way to stop discrimination on basis of race is to stop discriminating on basis of race"

Health & Gender

THE MORBIDITY PARADOX: - women outlive men --> 79 yrs vs. 73 yrs ---> gap is increasing - Masculinity is associated w/ "coronary-prone behavior" - Type A personality = aggressiveness, competitiveness, repressed emotions, cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol, sexual promiscuity are seen as "masculine" & lead to shortened lives & increased rates of heart disease, cancer, & strokes among men

Power Beyond the Rulesi'

Terrorism: random acts of violence/threat of such violence employed by an individual/group as political strategy Four Characteristics: 1. Terrorists try to paint violence as legitimate political tactic. Terror is therefore as weak organization's strategy 2 harm stronger foe 2. Terrorism is employed not just by groups (Al-Qaeda) but by gov't's (State Terrorism) State Terror is lawful in some auth./totalit. regimes 3. Democratic societies reject terrorism, but are especially vulnerable 2 terrorists bcuz of extensive civil liberties & freedoms 4. Terrorism is always matter of definition one person's "terrorist" is another's "freedo m fighter" (or "extremist group" or "militia") Part of what makes the "war on terror" practically unwinnable is the fact that very few country's can agree on definition - in USA, definition of terrorism wake of 9/11, also highly variable - Do "lone wolf" events not fit definition of terrorism were the Charleston shootings (June, 2015) terrorism?

Divorce

There are approx. 2.2 million marriages annually in USA & 1.1 divorces - while divorce rate (3.4/1,000) is 1/2 the marriage rate (6.8/1,000) (half of all marriages do not end in divorce) - Around 20% end w/n 5 years, 35-40% longitudinally 4 first marr. -> but its effect is widespread: of all adults over age 18, 21% of men & 22% of women have been divorced @ some point Causes of divorce are numerous: - divorce is more socially acceptable - divorce is easier to legally obtain (No-Fault Divorce Laws). ROLE EXIT. Who divorces: - young spouses who marry after brief courtships, few financial resources, and yet to mature emotionally - w/n 10 years of marriage, thee divorce rate is 50% for couples 18-21, 35% for couples 21-25, 30% for couples 26+ ("starter" or "trial" marriages are a myth) - less religious ppl divorce @ higher rate, as do couples who both have successful careers - those who have divorces once are likely 2 divorce again (50%+ remarry w/n 5 yrs) - child support is awarded in 51% of all divorces, yet there are more than 3.5 million "dead-beat dads" who fail 2 supp. their children ($4 billion in arrears -- amount of child supp. owed in USA) - During the Great Recession (2008-11): divorce filings went down, rates of domestic violence due 2 financial stresses & unemployment went up

Symbolic Interactionist:

Weber: Protestantism & spirit of capitalism (religion dictated the economy); religion is highly variable construct; not a static concept, but a dynamic concept - To some God does not exist, to others God definitely exists; the "religious experience" is real to the believer; Besecke's "reflexive spirituality" suggests most believers look 2 religion 4 meaning, wisdom or purpose, but not 4 absolute or literal truths from sacred texts Liberation Theology: fuses Christian principles w/ political activism Thru traditionally leftist in nature (Civil Rights movement coalesced in the church), today's counter-liberation theology is more conservative (Christian Coalition, Moral Majority))

Labor Unions

Worker organization that seek 2 improve wages & working conditions thru strategies like collective bargaining & strikes

Ecclesia

a church formally allied w/n the state, Anglican Church in England, Islan in Iran, Pakistan

The Megachurch

a church where more than 2,000 ppl worship weekly - in 1970's 50 such churches existed, today more than 1,300 w/ total membership over 4 mill. (1/2 in South) - 1/3 = non-denominational - 1/5 = Baptist, rest primarily Protestant in nature - less rigid than traditional denominations - more service-oriented 2 members; sometimes called "Cafeteria Christianity" use video games, music, glossy ads, sports & sexuality to sell religion

Marriage

a legally sanctioned relationship designed 4 economic cooperation & childbearing

Standardized Testing Industrial Complex

a multi-million dollar a year industry (test administration, test prep, tutoring services, Foundations and Businesses dictating reform) - threats to the system result in stern action

Testocracy

a person's value & worth to society is determined by how well they take a standardized test

Protestant denominations

account for 32% of US (52% of churchgoers) - largest denom: Baptists (19%) Methodists (6%) Lutherans (4%) Presbyterians (2%) Episcopalians (1%) Largest denomination = Catholicism (25%) Fastest growing segments of Christianity are "Christian Generic" @ 26%

Sin Taxes

can taxing socially undesirable behaviors (cig, alcohol, tanning booths) discourage behavior? should a "fat tax" be implemented 2 curb the costs of healthcare related 2 obesity & being overweight? --> becomes a tax on poor ppl

Atlanta Public Schools

cheating "scandal" in 2009-2010 led to 1/4 of GBI's agents investigation "erasure tampering". - Now a state crime, punishable by up to 10 years in prison April 2015: 10 teachers sentenced 2 prison terms ranging from 2-8 years - Similar investigation & prosecutions are taking place across state and country (mainly in low-income, inner city, predominantly Af. Am. districts)

Denomination

church indep. of the state that accepts religious pluralism

Health & Demography

death is rare amongst the YOUNG w/ 2 exceptions: 1. ACCIDENTS 2. AIDS

Socialism

economic system in which natural resources & means of producing goods & services are collectively (gov'tally owned) Tenets of Socialism: 1. Collective ownership of property 2. pursuit of collective goals 3. Gov't control of markets

Capitalism

economic system in which natural resources & means of producing goods & services are privately owned Tenets of Capitalism: 1. Private Ownership 2. Pursuit of Profit 3. Free Competition (Laissez-Faire or Market Economy)

Conflict Theory

educ/schools reproduce the class structure from 1 generation 2 next by providing learning according 2 student's social background, thereby perpetuating inequality. - schooling reinforces norms/values of society's most elite members & gives affluent more educ. opport. than poor 6 Distinct Ways that Educ. perpetuate inequality: 1. Social Control: via the HIDDEN CURRICULUM: subtle presentations of political (Pledge of Allegiance) or cultural ideas in the classroom; education serves as form of social control, reinforcing acceptance of status quo. --> things like compliance, discipline, punctuality, respect 4 auth., prepare stud. 2 be docile & discipline in workforce BOWLES AND GINTIS = mandatory educ. laws came about @ exact time capitalists were seeking docile/disciplined industrial workforce 2. Standardized Testing: inherently biased based on class, race & ethnicity - Questions reflect society's dominant cult. & put minorities @ a disadvantage. - Stand. tests measure nothing more than a student's test taking ability, yet the drive 4 teacher "accountability" & "end of social promotion" has led 2 an increasing reliance on stand. tests --> "No Child Left Behind" (NCLB): 2001: pass/fail stand. tests after every grade, 3rd thru 8th, schools get black-listed 4 poor perf.; parents feel trapped (falling test scores = falling property values); teachers r threatened w/ termination if student don't perform @ certain lvls; "teaching to the test" becomes the norm; critical thinking skills "outside the box" are sacrificed

Atheists/Agnostics/No Religion

fastest growing segment of US pop. - 1990 = 8.2% claimed no belief - 2013 = 20% --> Agnost 3%, Atheists 2%, No Relig Pref. 15%

Polygamy

form of marriage uniting 3 or more ppl, as more common usually: - POLYGYNY = one male and 2 or more females - POLYANDRY = 1 female and 2 or more males (rare) - Couples lived w/ Husband's family (PATRILOCALITY) or wife's (MATRILOCALITY) - in agrarian societies, PATRILINEAL descent (tracing kinship thru male's family) was norm - in horticultural societies, some evidence of MATRILINEAL descent (thru female's side)

Schooling

formal instruction by which learning is transmitted

Communism

hypothetical economic system where all members of society are socially equal (from each accumulating 2 their ability)

Symbolic Interactionist

individual construct family life. Families are not a rigid conception, but an ongoing process - Social Exchange: dating & marriage are forms of negotiation. Individuals shop in marriage market, & dating sharpens the skills needed 2 make best deal possible. Terms of exchange are in fact converging: men have 2 concetrate more on how they look; women have 2 concentrate on careers & what they can bring 2 table financially

Racial Profiling

is it terrorism only if participants are young, Arabic-descent males who practice Islam? What was fundamental diff. btwn San Bernardino & Charleston? Are we safer today or are things like the Patriot Act (& hacking into your iPhone) just so much social control?

Christianity

largest religion in world - more than 2 bill. adherents or 1/3 - many denominational differences

Conflict Theorists (T.A. of Medicine)

medical care and health are forms of social control; profit motive supersedes everything, including access to healthcare, insurance and the politics of medicine. Medicine explains things in terms of the biological, viruses and bacteria, while ignoring the damaging effects of poverty and social class on health. Hospitals, doctors and insurance companies waste billions of dollars in unnecessary tests and KILL 200,000 PATIENTS each year (via unnecessary surgeries, reactions to prescription drugs, staph infections, etc.) Going to the doctor can be dangerous to your health

Symbolic Interactionist (T.A. of Medicine)

medical care and health are subjective social constructions, constantly changing (ADHD; "fat pride") "Illness" is socially defined ,and the "Sick Role" is how we expect the afflicted to behave

Religious Pluralism in US

more than 280 denominations & 300,000 congregations exist in US (not incl. sects and/or new cults)

Child Abuse

more than 3 mill. reports of child abuse & neglect every yr, of which 800,000 children are confirmed victims of abuse & neglect (80,000 physical abuse, 56,000 sex. abuse, 440,000 neglect, 31,000 psychological maltreatment, 7,000 medical neglect) - Economic inequality, patriarchy (girls more likely 2 be abused than boys), & cultural myths ("kids deserve a good, hand spanking") all contribute

Secondary Label Market Jobs

most service oriented work provides little income or benefits and often fewer rewards than factory work - includes self-employment (approx. 7% of workforce today) - women now own 30% of all businesses, 40% of small businesses, over 50% of startups

Dropping Out

nationwide in HS (2014) - 26% of students (3.3 mill) dropped out b4 graduation; - in largest 50 cities: 47% of students did not graduate w/ their class (dropouts, those retained 4 failure, students who may drop out & then return, etc.) - in GA, 50% of HS freshmen do not grad. w/ their class

Hinduism

oldest of world's religions (6500 yrs ago) - 870 mill. adherents worldwide - sometimes referred 2 as ETHICAL RELIGION - spiritual progression via reincarnation

Health

physical, mental, & social well-being

Conflict Theorists POWER ELITE MODEL

power concentrated among rich - SIGs, PACs, Super PACs are not political democracy; they keep the ppl @ top in power w/o any real opposition - The 2 party system is corrupt, as candidates the ppl vote on have already been hand-picked by power elite in society 2 favor their interests, no matter what the outcome - Supreme Court: Citizens United v. FEC (2010): restricting what corp & organ. spend in political process "chills political speech" campaign finance reform was unconstitutional corp. considered "naural persons" under 1st amendment & may now spend unlimited amount of money in political process - McCutcheon v. FEC (2014): struck down individual limits 2 candidates/parties -> as a result, Super-PACs not growing - Citizens United & McCutcheon will further entrench the corporation & individual power-elite in society, making "avg. persons" concerns & vote less relevant

Primary Labor Market Jobs

professions, white-collar, high-salaried, high-benefit work

Social Conflict (T.A of Religion)

religions support of social hierarchy enforces inequality & stratifies society: religious salience higher as income decreases & as ppl age, & religious belief is stronger amongst racial/ethnic minorities & women - thus, groups already marginalized in society (poor minorities, women, elderly) under social control of religion - Religion serves the ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo & diverting attn away from social inequality in 3 ways: 1. Class Diversion: religion encourages ppl 2 look w/ hope 2 a "better world 2 come" --> minimizing social problems of this world -> Marx: "Religion is the opiate of the masses." 2. Gender Diversion: virtually all world's major religions reflect & encourage male dominance 3. Racial & Ethnic Diversion: MLK: "Sunday @ 11:30am America is more segregated than at any other time of the week."

Cult

religious org. substantially outside mainstream of society cultures typically form around charisma PROSELYTIZING 2 new members as many as 5,000 cults operate @ any given time in US

Sect

religious organization that stands apart from larger society (Amish, Krishnas, Jehovah's Witnesses) sects are less formal than churches in terms of organization & can be breakaway groups from estab. churches

Church

religious organization well integrated into larger society

Industrialism

required a semi-skilled, semi-literate workforce - Basic reading, writing, & arithmetic were necessary 2 function not only economically but also 2 participate in political democracy (it's political) - Education in USA inherently political from beginning --> 1850 states began passing: MANDATORY EDUCATION LAWS: which required children 2 attend school until age of 16 or completion of 8th grade -> By 1918 = all states passed (GA was last one to) HS Graduates (or equivalency) have increased dramatically --> from 13% of adult pop. in 1900 -> 88% in 2014 - Higher Educ. is more attainable 3% of adult pop (25+) w/ 4yr degree in 1900 vs. 31% in 2014

Pre-Ind. Societies

rudimentary - Formal education (where it existed) consisted largely of Technical or Trade schools; members learned 2 participate in agrarianism - higher educ. (lit, arts, hist, sci) was 4 elites

Islam

second largest world religion - 1.6 bill. adherents/20% of world pop. -fastest growing of world's religions - denom. differences (Sunni, Shi'a)

Chp. 16: Religion

social institution involving beliefs & practices based upon conception of the sacred The SACRED (awe-inspiring or reverential) and the PROFANE (everyday) help us understand society Religion and Social World have a dialetical relationship: how is faith infl. by society, & how does faith shape our social world? (Sociology doesn't seek 2 pass judgment on any religion as right or wrong Rather, sociology seeks 2 explore role of religion in society & how religious beliefs/practices guide human behavior) Pre-Industrial societies: ANIMISM (elements of natural world are conscious life forms; today's Native Am's beliefs) Belief involved in divine power --> DEISM OR THEISM --> various forms of POLYTHEISM (multiple gods) & ETHICALISM (adhering 2 certain principles) Industrial & Post-Industrial Societies: - science v. religion: MONOTHEISTIC (focusing on 1 god) - also ATHEISM (the denial of existence of God or Gods) - AGNOSTICISM (skepticism whether the existence of a God or Gods can be proved or disproved) --> are creations of The Enlightenment

Medicine

social institution that focuses on combating and improving health

The Family

social institution that unites individual into cooperative groups that oversee the bearing & raising of children Traditionally family was persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption

2. Cohabitation

step towarrd marriage or an alternative 2 marr? - It's sharing of a household by an unmarried couple, has increased from 550,000 couples in 1970 to 7 mill. today (6% of all households) - Almost 1/2 of women 15-44 cohabit w/ partner today as a first union; 70% of women w/ less than HS diploma cohabit, vs. 47% of women w/ bachelors degree or higher 40% of will transition 2 marr. by 3 yrs, 30% remain intact, 30% dissolve By education, however: - 55% of women w/ bachelor degree transition 2 marriage by 3 yrs vs. 30% of those w/o HS diploma - 20% of cohabitors will exp. pregnancy in 1st yr of cohabitation; this now constitutes almost 25% of all live births annually in USA - Domestic violence & violence are greater amongst cohabiters than married couples - Despite its prevalence, most research suggests that living 2gether actually discourages marriage

Social Conflict

the family unit perpetuates inequality from 1 generation to next by stressing following things: - Property & Inheritance: reproduces class structure in each succeeding generation - Patriarchy: families that transform women into sexual & economic property of men - Race & Ethnicity: emphasis on endogamy shores up the racial and ethnic hierarchy

Revolution

the overthrow of 1 political system in order 2 establish another American, French, Russian Revolutions share # of traits: Rising Expectations, Unresponsive Gov't, Radical Leadership, Establishing Legitimacy

Types of Religious Organizations

type of religious organization is determined by degree w/ which each is integrated into society

The Biomedical Culture

which vaunts physicians and puts them on a literal pedestal ("GOD COMPLEX") is new --> historically, medicine was viewed as low-ranking, non-prestigious job (in Rome, doctors were slaves) --> as late as 19th cent., doctors were considered no better than Shaman or other soothsayers (astrologists, fortune tellers, etc.) - The profession originally evolved from barbering, since barbers were considered skilled w/ scissors/cutting --> Yet, the rise of MEDICALIZATION beginning in 19th cent., and w/ it institutionalized medicine, than insurance (which ironically was illegal in many states until 20th cent bcuz it was deemed "gambling") & hospitals to Big Pharmaceuticals has allowed virtually any social problem or deviant behavior to be seen in medical terms - Yet even w/ so many covered now, medical bills (MEDICAL BANKRUPTCY) and the #1 leading cause for personal bankruptcies every yr (60% of all bankruptcies; almost 2 mill. ppl annually) And majority of those (1.4 mill) had insurance at the time of their bankruptcy. More than credit cards, mortgages or stud. loans, getting sicks and falling behind can cause you to lose everything

Underemployment

workers w/ low salaries, fewer benefits, disappearing retirement - rate of underemp. is 13%