Sociology Final Exam - Old Quiz Questions

(Q004) Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks? a. As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories. b. Industrial processes brought greater efficiency to the family, which made it easier for members of the household to move away. c. As children took up work in factories, they became less responsive to parental authority. d. Changes in both transportation and land availability made it easier for members of the extended family to move apart. Feedback

a. As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

(Q014) Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America? a. Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way. b. Its identification as a universal aspect of human behavior has helped us understand the relationship between different ethnic groups more effectively. c. Its applicability to both black and Latino families has helped social scientists better understand both these groups in a less judgmental manner. d. Its identification with family characteristics found in the preindustrial period of America has helped us understand the consequences of slavery more effectively.

a. Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

(Q018) Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family? a. a blended family b. an extended family c. a nuclear family d. a kinship network

a. a blended family

(Q015) Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that a. all women experience oppression in the same way. b. men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere. c. gender influences daily life. d. gender is constructed.

a. all women experience oppression in the same way.

(Q014) Although religious attendance in formal institutions in the United States is in decline, the number of Americans claiming religious beliefs or spiritual awakenings has gone up. We can understand this paradox as a. an increase in the amount and depth of individual experience. b. an increase in the ability of religious institutions to offer services to people outside the church itself. c. a change in the way that major religious figures such as the Pope have realigned institutional values with those held by individuals. d. a willingness of religious leaders to look elsewhere for more followers.

a. an increase in the amount and depth of individual experience.

(Q024) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is becoming a __________ divide. a. black-nonblack b. pluralist c. ethnic d. socioeconomic

a. black-nonblack

(Q008) In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to a. entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity. b. a perceived drop in the utility of the man in the household. c. the fact that as their parents age, one of them must take on the responsibility of caring for them. d. changes in how employers provide benefits such as child care and time off to women.

a. entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.

(Q007) Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of a. eugenics. b. nativism. c. social Darwinism. d. environmentalism.

a. eugenics.

(Q012) Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at a. forced assimilation. b. ethnic cleansing. c. linguistic purity. d. educational parity.

a. forced assimilation.

(Q003) Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the a. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution. b. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is a matter of gender and not of family. c. problem of how to fulfill the need for productive workers is more clearly understood as a symbolic process. d. entire idea of a productive worker in modern society is a fallacy.

a. function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

(Q019) Which job could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States? a. hotel maid b. nurse practitioner c. professor d. human resources manager

a. hotel maid

(Q013) Joan is a white, straight, middle-aged, working-class woman who lives in suburban New Mexico. Zia is a black lesbian woman who recently came to the United States from South Africa to attend Harvard University. Patricia Hill Collins would point out that these two women each face a different a. matrix of domination. b. glass ceiling. c. sex/gender system. d. hegemonic masculinity.

a. matrix of domination.

(Q015) Highly educated people are more likely to explore faiths that are less traditional. Given what we have studied thus far about class, inequality, and education, one of the reasons this might be true is that more highly educated people are a. more likely to have been exposed to alternative thinking. b. better able to pay for different religious experiences. c. less likely to attend church and are quick to reject religions. d. more likely to attend church services and are thus exposed to a wider array of religions.

a. more likely to have been exposed to alternative thinking.

(Q019) Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of? a. passing b. withdrawal c. assimilation d. resistance

a. passing

(Q015) Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in a. pluralism. b. ethnocentrism. c. racism. d. segregation.

a. pluralism.

(Q020) In the past year, Yolanda has voted in the midterm elections, volunteered for a congressional candidate's campaign, called her senator's office to share her position on certain issues, and attended several protests in her city. All of these activities are examples of a. political participation. b. the collective action problem. c. coercion. d. routinization.

a. political participation.

(Q022) Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of a. prejudice. b. discrimination. c. ethnocentrism. d. racialization.

a. prejudice.

(Q026) The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? a. shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior b. receiving scholarships based on affirmative action c. not having to worry about how to repay student loans d. socializing sons about how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations

a. shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior

(Q001) Following a friend's biopsy, which was benign, the doctor and the staff scheduled a few future appointments for her. Your friend tells you how difficult it was to try to stop these automatic bookings. Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to a. supplier-induced demand. b. continuity of care. c. managed care. d. patient hysteria.

a. supplier-induced demand.

(Q010) The gender wage gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea? a. the extent of male dominance in society b. the innate nature of women as child-bearers in society c. the way in which work is valued differently between men and women d. that there are few instances in any society where women are more powerful than men

a. the extent of male dominance in society

(Q002) The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "whiteness." However, the definition of whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglos by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of whiteness? a. the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States b. the migration of African Americans from the South to the North c. the establishment of the one-drop rule d. the Supreme Court's 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision

a. the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States

(Q008) In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups? a. Latinos b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. Asians and Pacific Islanders

b. African Americans

(Q016) Same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? a. Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity. b. Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. c. Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. d. There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior.

b. Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

(Q021) Jackson has a master's degree in computer science and earns a six-figure income. Talia has a high-school diploma and her income is barely above the poverty line. When it comes to political participation, which statement is most likely true? a. Talia is more likely than Jackson to vote. b. Jackson is more likely than Talia to volunteer for a political campaign. c. Talia is more likely than Jackson to donate money to a political campaign. d. Jackson and Talia are about equally likely to vote.

b. Jackson is more likely than Talia to volunteer for a political campaign.

(Q006) The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of a. the importance of teaching children to share household management duties. b. how gender roles are learned at home. c. the natural division of labor between boys and girls. d. children bearing part of the burden of women's "second shift."

b. how gender roles are learned at home.

(Q010) What is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men? a. Men are less likely than women to stick to a healthy diet and exercise plan. b. Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated. c. Even among men and women with similarly stressful jobs, men tend to cope by eating, smoking, and drinking, whereas women are more likely to exercise to deal with the stress. d. Men are genetically predisposed to develop forms of cancer that are more likely to lead to death.

b. Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated.

(Q014) Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? a. Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. b. Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. c. Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work. d. The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force.

b. Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

(Q019) Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for more than a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally? a. The federal tax code allowed same-sex couples to file a joint return. b. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down. c. A majority of Americans agreed that a heterosexual union need not define a family. d. A majority of states legalized same-sex marriage

b. The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.

(Q010) Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms? a. The threat of abuse forces them into this decision. b. The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision. c. The cost of child care leads them to this decision. d. The appeal of the "supermom" role leads them to make this choice.

b. The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.

(Q012) Which of the following statements correctly describes patterns of COVID-related mortality by race and ethnicity? a. The gap in mortality between white and Hispanic Americans has widened during COVID. b. The gap in mortality between white and Hispanic Americans has narrowed during COVID. c. Because of COVID, Black and Hispanic Americans now have higher mortality rates than white Americans. d. The gap in mortality between white and Black Americans has narrowed during COVID.

b. The gap in mortality between white and Hispanic Americans has narrowed during COVID.

(Q022) Immigrants tend to differ from native-born Americans in what way? a. They tend to delay marriage and childbearing much longer. b. They form and keep families together at a higher rate. c. Foreign-born children are less likely than native-born children to live with married parents. d. They are less likely to get married.

b. They form and keep families together at a higher rate.

(Q021) Marissa Mayer was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation from 2012 through 2017. Mayer was never the highest paid CEO in the United States, but her position suggests that more women are a. able to negotiate better salaries. b. able to break the glass ceiling. c. able to enter technical fields. d. face fewer obstacles to better pay and prestige.

b. able to break the glass ceiling.

(Q025) White supremacists who react to the "browning of America" by advocating for "white civil rights" are a. engaging in color-blind racism. b. adopting the rhetoric of minority status. c. practicing collective resistance. d. advocating for pluralism.

b. adopting the rhetoric of minority status.

(Q005) Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about a. feminism. b. biological determinism. c. one-sex model. d. the nature versus nurture argument.

b. biological determinism.

(Q003) As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the a. strong ethnic divisions among African Americans in the United States. b. continued significance of the one-drop rule. c. symbolic ethnicity of African Americans. d. recent racialization of African Americans.

b. continued significance of the one-drop rule.

(Q014) Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of a. conflict and competition. b. culture. c. accommodation and tolerance. d. the "melting pot."

b. culture.

(Q003) Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism. a. cisgender b. essentialist c. feminist d. intersectional

b. essentialist

(Q020) What is one of the strongest predictors of sibling-on-sibling violence? a. genetic factors b. fathers with short tempers c. poverty d. single-parent households

b. fathers with short tempers

(Q017) The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that a. changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." b. homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power. c. the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. d. society needs to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior.

b. homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

(Q001) Feminists argue that gender matters because a. it is the basis of sex role theory. b. it structures social relations between people. c. it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. d. there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited.

b. it structures social relations between people.

(Q024) Zaria is on her way to a job interview when she gets a call from the babysitter that her daughter Mia is sick. Zaria can't afford to miss the interview so she calls her aunt who agrees to pick up Mia and take her to the pediatrician. Zaria was able to make the interview (and get the job) because she had help and support from her ____ a. blended family. b. kinship network. c. nuclear family. d. pathological matriarchy.

b. kinship network.

(Q017) One theory about the growth of conservative churches is that a. they have been more creative and flexible in their efforts to attract new members. b. members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy. c. they have tapped into new immigrant communities who are eager to assimilate into American society. d. in a world of great uncertainty and constant change, people tend to find comfort in traditional values and institutions.

b. members value the high demands of a stricter organization and are more willing to commit time and energy.

(Q018) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is a. done after college. b. monogamous. c. not done for fun. d. a guarantee of marriage.

b. monogamous.

(Q001) The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against Roma (formerly known as gypsy) immigrants. The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of a. prejudice. b. nativism. c. primordialism. d. institutional racism.

b. nativism.

(Q002) The US television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as a. polyandry. b. polygyny. c. monogamy. d. polyamory.

b. polygyny.

(Q013) Suppose you believe your supervisor at work is jeopardizing a current project through incompetence, but you don't say anything because it won't improve anything and could result in you being removed from the project. This scenario is an example of which dimension of power, according to Steven Lukes's definition of the concept? a. first dimension b. second dimension c. third dimension d. fourth dimension

b. second dimension

(Q011) The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of a. postmodern theory. b. sex role theory. c. Marxist theory. d. "doing gender."

b. sex role theory.

(Q011) A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of a. inherited ethnicity. b. symbolic ethnicity. c. racialization. d. assimilation.

b. symbolic ethnicity.

(Q006) When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from a. a sense of medical necessity. b. the belief in a binary sex system. c. a social emergency. d. a belief that sex is socially constructed.

b. the belief in a binary sex system.

(Q023) Sara runs a blog called "Home and Hearth" that focuses on tips for stay-at-home wives and mothers to express their true feminine nature by making their homes a warm, nurturing haven for their husbands and children. Sara is promoting the notion of ____. a. cohabitation b. the cult of domesticity c. the second shift d. reproductive labor

b. the cult of domesticity

(Q005) During World War II, the US economy suffered. With imposed price and wage controls, employers were often not able to offer raises to employees who worked long hours at hard, sometimes hazardous, jobs. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit. This is often cited as the origin of a. safety monitoring in the workplace. b. the employer-based health care system. c. laws preventing the government from imposing price controls. d. tax laws allowing individuals to deduct benefits from their taxes.

b. the employer-based health care system.

(Q023) Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of a. lower incomes among nonwhites. b. the historical disadvantage of minority groups. c. the disproportionate use of government benefits by blacks. d. color-blind racism.

b. the historical disadvantage of minority groups.

(Q006) The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from a. the concept of racialization. b. the idea of social Darwinism. c. the science of phrenology. d. concerns about racial passing.

b. the idea of social Darwinism.

(Q001) It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because a. there were clear social sanctions that they chose to ignore. b. they married outside their group. c. they were from very different socioeconomic backgrounds. d. they were social equivalents with very different backgrounds.

b. they married outside their group.

(Q017) After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of? a. passing b. withdrawal c. segregation d. acceptance

b. withdrawal

(Q015) What did sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein find in their research that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers? a. It took as long as eight years for the welfare system to process a request to move off of welfare. b. Single mothers on welfare stayed only long enough to qualify for welfare-to-work programs. c. All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare. d. Most single mothers do not seek job training that would allow them to get off welfare.

c. All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

(Q010) Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than whites in the United States? a. African Americans b. Latinos c. Asian Americans d. Middle Eastern Americans

c. Asian Americans

(Q013) Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? a. Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. b. In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture. c. Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. d. The Asian American population is heavily concentrated in California, Hawaii, and New York.

c. Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

(Q008) What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? a. Indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender. b. Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures. c. Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. d. Gender can change on a daily basis.

c. Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

(Q021) What has research revealed about the effect of divorce on children? a. Divorce does not harm children. b. Divorce is bad for children. c. Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family. d. Divorce is worse for boys than girls.

c. Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family.

(Q017) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding? a. Divorce has only recently become socially acceptable in these states, leading to a sharp rise in divorce levels. b. The average age of first marriage is younger in these states, which have higher odds of ending in divorce. c. Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor. d. Higher fertility levels in these states are associated with increased pressure on couples, which is detrimental to marriage.

c. Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

(Q009) Which scenario represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? a. Kimya is primarily responsible for the children as well as cooking and cleaning during the week; Pablo takes on all those responsibilities on the weekends. b. Chandra does most of the cooking and cleaning; Shawn usually picks the kids up from school and helps them with homework. c. Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year. d. Amy does most of the laundry, cleaning, and gardening; Lucas does most of the cooking and usually walks and feeds the dogs.

c. Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

(Q023) What is an accurate statement regarding recent trends and patterns in teen sexuality? a. The percentage of high-school students who have had sexual intercourse has been steadily increasing since the 1990s. b. In recent years, surveys find that the majority of high-school students have had sexual intercourse. c. Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected. d. Rates of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers have been declining sharply since the 1970s.

c. Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected.

(Q011) What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents? a. Both partners earn at similar levels in the labor market, so they act equally egalitarian at home. b. Same-sex couples with children must do twice as much to compensate for the lack of parenting skills. c. Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity. d. Same-sex couples do not have children in the same numbers as heterosexual couples, and therefore have more time to devote to domestic work.

c. Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

(Q003) The Affordable Care Act (ACA) made numerous changes to the structure of American healthcare. Which of the following was among those changes? a. The ACA guaranteed every American healthcare. b. The ACA restored power to medical professionals to set their own prices for medical services. c. The ACA eliminated the ability of insurance companies to use risk adjustment based on preexisting conditions. d. The ACA allowed millions of formerly uninsured people to choose the doctor of their choice

c. The ACA eliminated the ability of insurance companies to use risk adjustment based on preexisting conditions.

(Q007) Height brings benefits to the tall, so we expect good things for the Dutch, who are now the tallest in the world. What is part of the reason why the United States lags behind in average height, despite the nation's general prosperity? a. Earning more money leads to poor health due to poor diet and exercise habits and excessive work among Americans. b. Shorter people in the United States lead unusually unhealthy lifestyles. c. The high level of inequality in the United States induces psychological stress. d. Compared to Americans, Dutch people spend less money on junk food when they are rich.

c. The high level of inequality in the United States induces psychological stress.

(Q011) What is the paradox of using antibiotics to fight bacterial infections? a. Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but they can also trigger other illnesses in patients who use them. b. As antibiotics have become more effective and available, their price has increased, making it more difficult for the people who need them most to obtain them. c. The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. d. As antibiotics have become cheaper, pharmaceutical companies choose to focus on developing more profitable drugs, with an accompanying decrease in research and development for basic antibiotics.

c. The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

(Q002) How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession? a. They led to an increase in demand for medical training as the profession became more appealing. b. They led to the emergence of more specialties and subspecialties in the field of medicine. c. They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power. d. They gave patients the power to hold doctors accountable for their actions through legal action. Feedback

c. They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.

(Q020) There has been a significant increase in the number of men joining the nursing profession. Since 1970, the US Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that a. a profession becomes less competitive and there is a greater emphasis on communication when it is largely a female-dominated profession. b. there is no significant difference between male and female numbers in many professions. c. a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. d. men in any given profession may initially feel threatened, but they ultimately learn to work with women and view them as equals.

c. a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.

(Q024) In neo-Marxist theory, the development of the welfare state is explained as a. the result of industrialization. b. a result of governmental bureaucrats trying to increase their power. c. a way to mediate class conflict and avoid revolution. d. the product of a collective action problem. Feedback

c. a way to mediate class conflict and avoid revolution.

(Q004) Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a a. one-sex system. b. binary gender system. c. binary sex system. d. biological basis for gender.

c. binary sex system.

(Q008) The experiences of the Irish and Muslims in the United States and Jews in Germany illustrate how racialization a. results in the adoption of new ethnic identities. b. is just one step in the process of assimilation. c. can occur for both ethnic and religious groups. d. leads to prejudice but not discrimination.

c. can occur for both ethnic and religious groups.

(Q021) Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of a. racialization. b. discrimination. c. color-blind racism. d. symbolic ethnicity

c. color-blind racism.

(Q013) In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of Black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. Sociologists such as W.E.B. Du Bois and William Julius Wilson have argued that this pattern is the result of a. Black women's greater focus, compared to Black men, on attaining higher levels of education. b. matriarchal cultural ideals in the Black community. c. economic disadvantages face by Black men. d. Black women's high levels of social capital due to their embeddedness in broad kinship networks.

c. economic disadvantages face by Black men.

(Q018) Lars is actively trying to promote a religious movement based on a single idea ("Be excellent to each other.") that he thinks will help people live more meaningful, moral lives. The religion he is trying to establish would be considered an example of a. theism. b. animism. c. ethicalism. d. fundamentalism.

c. ethicalism.

(Q005) You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of a. nationalism. b. equality. c. ethnocentrism. d. ethnicity.

c. ethnocentrism.

(Q016) The idea that there is a high level of competition among the various religions in America seems to lead religions to work harder to attract more adherents. One of the main reasons for this competition is the a. power of consumerism and marketing. b. decreased participation in various institutions. c. extensive diversity of religions found in America. d. many scandals that have plagued large religious institutions.

c. extensive diversity of religions found in America.

(Q009) Aisha is a successful television producer with two children, and is married to an attorney. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from plastic bottles. She does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor with questions. Then she replaces her family's plastic cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that after Aisha learned about the dangers, she could research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes? a. materialist interpretation b. drift interpretation c. fundamental causes interpretation d. psychosocial interpretation

c. fundamental causes interpretation

(Q004) Celiac disease affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance is claimed to be more widely spread and is more difficult to evaluate clinically. A recent clinical study found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of the symptoms commonly reported by people complaining of gluten intolerance. This is an example of a. the ease of diagnosing celiac disease. b. the reactions of others to a chronic illness. c. how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly. d. how a stigma can be attached to anyone.

c. how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly.

(Q006) Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control healthcare costs. In this model, the provider (doctor) receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that a. it still requires the patient to pay a fee. b. the incentive is to avoid going to the doctor. c. it may lead to undertreatment. d. doctors may try to see a patient more often than necessary.

c. it may lead to undertreatment.

(Q009) In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the a. need to police female sexuality. b. sharp divisions between biological males and females. c. maintenance of a gender order. d. role of language in society.

c. maintenance of a gender order.

(Q009) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because a. the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. b. of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. c. of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." d. right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim.

c. of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

(Q005) The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the a. importance of women in industry. b. role of children in the family. c. realms of the public and private. d. increasing importance of wages as a marker of social importance.

c. realms of the public and private.

(Q016) In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. According to the text, a food desert is a possible marker of a. pluralism. b. racialization. c. segregation. d. apartheid.

c. segregation.

(Q016) Which group is most likely to have a collective action problem? a. students in a statistics course trying to convince their professor to give them extra credit b. the employees of a local bookstore who want health insurance from their employer c. the residents of a county trying to block natural gas drilling in their area d. the members of a small rural church trying to raise money for a mission trip to Africa

c. the residents of a county trying to block natural gas drilling in their area

(Q008) As defined by __________, the state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." a. John Locke b. Adam Smith c. Thomas Hobbes d. Max Weber

d. Max Weber

(Q010) Why has the nation of Somalia offered a glaring exception to Weber's definition of a state? a. Ruling factions in Somalia were not established through a revolution of the masses. b. No part of Somalia has democratically elected governments. c. Somalia is ruled by a collection of self-declared governments. d. Somalia does not have a monopoly on the use of force within its territory.

d. Somalia does not have a monopoly on the use of force within its territory.

(Q007) The text discusses the concept of the "second shift," the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework? a. Technology gains have been impressive, but the manufacturers of these products have not yet attained the level of sales that they desire. b. Technology advances have helped bring more women into the workforce, but have not made the kinds of gains hoped for. c. Technology advances have attempted to sell to men unsuccessfully, resulting in women "picking up the slack." d. Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

d. Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

(Q014) What is an example of hard power? a. The New York Philharmonic Orchestra traveled to North Korea in February 2008 to perform a series of concerts and participate in workshops with North Korean musicians. b. The United States sent aid to victims of the 2005 tsunami in Southeast Asia. c. A group of American filmmakers organized a film festival in Venezuela and offered winners the chance to study for one year in the United States. d. The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.

d. The United States enforced trade sanctions with North Korea.

(Q004) How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? a. Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. b. People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. c. The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. d. There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

d. There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

(Q007) Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? a. Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. b. Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work. c. There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. d. Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

d. Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

(Q018) At his predominantly white boarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is black, but when he is at home in his predominantly black neighborhood he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of? a. collective resistance b. withdrawal c. institutional racism d. acceptance

d. acceptance

(Q020) A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this? a. withdrawal b. code switching c. straight-line assimilation d. collective resistance

d. collective resistance

(Q019) Fiona recently moved to a new city and noticed that on just one block there was a synagogue, a Hindu temple, a Greek Orthodox church, and a mosque. She thinks that this diversity in religion is a good thing. Fiona is in favor of a. secularism. b. reflexive spirituality. c. megachurches. d. pluralism.

d. pluralism.

(Q017) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Zephyr Teachout draws attention to the fact that elected officials spend a considerable amount of their time in office a. engaging with their constituents to better understand problems they face. b. meeting with lobbyists and other special interest groups. c. enjoying leisure activities that don't benefit the public. d. raising money for their campaigns.

d. raising money for their campaigns.

(Q002) At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to a. sex. b. gender. c. biology. d. sexuality.

d. sexuality.

(Q012) Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? a. conflict b. postmodern c. feminist d. structural functionalism

d. structural functionalism

(Q022) In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, whereas a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well-paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse? a. equal pay for equal work b. discrimination against working mothers c. the glass ceiling d. the glass escalator

d. the glass escalator

(Q016) The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to a. dramatic shifts in our economy since the 1900s. b. the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s. c. increased poverty in many states. d. the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

d. the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

(Q013) Jamal is a medical doctor doing volunteer work in rural India. He comes across a man suffering from leprosy (an infectious disease) and offers to provide him with antibiotics that will cure his sickness. However, the man refuses the treatment saying that it won't help, that he has been cursed by the gods for his bad behavior and must suffer his punishment. Jamal finds that this belief is widespread in the region, which is making his work very difficult. This is an example of a. the social determinants of health. b. fundamental causes. c. the decline in doctors' authority. d. the social construction of illness.

d. the social construction of illness.