Sociology Final Exam
Which of the following statements is true of dysfunctional myths?
They tend to have negative consequences that can disrupt a family
_______ calm(s) the mind, eliminate(s) pain, and reduce(s) anxiety.
Endorphins
Which of the following is a consequence of Europeans invading the early American settlements?
European missionaries were responsible for some of the cultural destruction.
Which of the following is a reason for the small size of most American Indian families in early America?
Infant and child death rates were high.
Which of the following is true of authoritarian parents?
They use forceful measures to control children's behavior.
__________ is an attitude that prejudges people, usually in a negative way, who are different from oneself in race, ethnicity, religion, or some other characteristic.
Prejudice
Which of the following is true concerning the prevalence and severity of domestic violence?
Intimate partner violence is typically not reported as victims fear reprisal.
During a debate about marriage, Bryan is of the opinion that African American women are less likely to marry than their white counterparts. However, Peter argues otherwise and states that marriage rates among African Americans are high. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Bryan's argument?
A large percentage of African American women feel that there is a shortage of marriageable African American men.
Which of the following is a true statement that is an example of the greater acceptance of LGBTQ people in society.
A majority of Americans believe discrimination against LGBTQ people is a problem.
How does a nuclear family differ from an extended family?
A nuclear family does not constitute aunts, uncles, and grandparents whereas an extended family can.
Which of the following groups of people were made to come to America involuntarily?
African Americans
Which of the following is true of "mate selection" with aging men and women?
Aging men are considered "distinguished."
Which of the following is a difference between oral and anal sex?
Anal sex involves manual stimulation whereas oral sex does not.
Which of the following is true of the differences between Asian Americans and their Latino counterparts?
Asian Americans have lower singlehood rates than their Latino counterparts.
How do Asian women differ from their Latina counterparts with regard to cohabitation patterns?
Asian women have lower cohabitation rates than Latinas
Which of the following statements is accurate of the social exchange perspective on families?
It posits that couples separate or divorce when the costs of marriage outweigh the rewards.
________ is the term that exclusively refers to marrying a second person while a first marriage is still legal.
Bigamy
Bill's family follows the patriarchal family system. Which of the following statements accurately describes how his family functions?
Bill's grandfather has control of financial issues in his family.
Alan is a 30-year-old man who has opted for a patrilocal residence pattern, whereas Penny is a 27-yeard-old woman who has opted for a matrilocal residence pattern. Which of the following statements is true of both of them?
Both Alan and Penny live in their respective parents' houses.
Which of the following traits is common to homosexual men and heterosexual women?
Both are sexually attracted to men.
Which of the following is a similarity between the feminist theories and symbolic interactionist theories with respect to gender?
Both view gender as a socially constructed role
Which of the following is a similarity between cognitive development and social learning theories?
Both view gender as existing in a relationship between cognition and behavior.
In his book on family relationships, Simon states that it is important to teach children that love and caregiving are synonymous with each other. He believes that children should understand their responsibility to care for their elderly family members when they grow up. However, Nora, a critic, states that this "affection myth" can have negative consequences on children. Which of the following true statements strengthens Nora's argument?
Children undergo undue amounts of stress when they are taught that caregiving and love mean the same thing.
Which of the following is true according to the cognitive development theory?
Children use cues to evaluate the behavior of others as either gender appropriate or not
Why was romantic love less common in the United States in the 1800s than it is today?
Life expectancy was shorter in the 1800s compared to what it is today.
Some parents believe that violence is a manifestation of love. However, several others think that parental violence and abuse toward children can have adverse consequences when they grow up. Which of the following statements, if true, is likely to support the second argument?
Children who are subjected to physical abuse by their parents are often unable to distinguish between love and violence.
The study of individuals or small groups of people who seek help from mental health professionals or other social scientist is called ______.
Clinical research
__________ refers to a living arrangement in which two unrelated people, who aren't married, live together and are in a sexual relationship.
Cohabitation
Which of the following data-collection methods systematically examines some form of communication, such as speeches, TV programs, newspaper articles, advertisements, diaries, and advice columns?
Content analysis
Which of the following is true of low SES-families?
Mothers in low-SES families are more likely to be depressed than those in high-SES families.
During a debate about cohabitation, Corey states that cohabitation is likely to affect children adversely. However, Karl states that cohabitation has certain positive effect on children. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Karl's argument?
Even at lower economic levels, children are likely to benefit financially from having two income earning adults in the home rather than living with single mothers
The ___________ on families views family as a group whose members accomplish specific behaviors or tasks in a series of stages.
Family development perspective
Professors Dylan and Cole discuss family theories. Dylan supports the family systems perspective on families, whereas Cole backs the ecological perspective. Which of the following is an accurate statement that supports Dylan's views?
Family is a functioning unit that solves problems, makes decisions, and achieves collective goals.
Which of the following statements supports the "family is declining" perspective?
Fewer adults are married now than in the past.
Robert works as a maintenance engineer at ASL Corp., a steel plant. His coworkers are planning to form a labor union to lobby for better employee facilities. Robert is unsure whether he should be a part of the labor union and support its formation. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen his decision to do so?
In the past, the formation of labor unions has helped in providing greater workplace safety to employees.
_______ refers to a social norm that prohibits sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brother and sister.
Incest taboo
__________ refers to being treated unfairly because of one's homosexual orientation.
Heterosexist discrimination
__________ generally limits the pool of eligible mates across social classes, regardless of race.
Homogamy
International adoptions increased steadily from 1998 to 2004 but then started dropping. Which of the following is a reason for this?
Host countries have curtailed international adoptions for cultural, political, and economic reasons.
__________ refers to marrying up to a higher social class.
Hypergamy
Megan is of the opinion that prenuptial agreements (prenups) do not serve any purpose, setting a pessimistic tone for a marriage and fostering a lot of problems. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Megan's argument?
If one partner has considerable assets, a prenup will help make the divorce less complicated.
Which of the following statements is true of a matriarchal family system?
The oldest females have considerable authority and influence.
Ralph believes that families now are happier than ever before and are more resilient. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Ralph's point of view?
In the past, many people stayed in unhappy marriages because of strong social norms and legal divorce obstacles.
__________ refers to the cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brother and sister, father and daughter, uncle and niece, or grandparent and grandchild.
Incest taboo
__________ gender ideologies endorse women's and men's shared breadwinning and nurturing family roles.
Egalitarian
Harry and Jessica move back in together after separating for a brief period. Harry's father tells him that he is experiencing the midseparation phase and that he doubts that it will last. Which of the following is an accurate statement that will strengthen the father's argument?
Couples in midseparation often reunite briefly but separate again because their underlying problems resurface.
__________ refers to behaving in ways that are consistent with traditional masculine or feminine-typed expectations.
Doing gender
__________ explains domestic violence by analyzing the relationships between individuals and larger systems such as the economy, schools, state agencies, and the community.
Ecological systems theory
Commuter marriages have the disadvantage of involving extra costs. Which of the following is a reason behind this?
Frequent traveling and maintaining two homes tend to be expensive for the couple.
__________ occurs when people engage in threats, assaults, or acts of violence directed at homosexuals.
Gay bashing
_______ refers to characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females.
Gender role
__________ refers to characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females.
Gender role
__________ are expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.
Gender stereotypes
_______ refers to people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, opportunity, and other valued resources because of their sex.
Gender stratification
Which of the following best describes how gestures in long-term love differ from gestures that are most common in romantic love?
Gestures in long-term love include honesty, listening even though you'd rather be watching TV, and making sacrifices.
Gina works as an architect at AMZ Corporation. She recently had a baby and plans to take 2 months of leave from work. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which of the following benefits can she take advantage of?
Gina can take leave from work without losing her job.
__________ is the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.
Globalization
Which of the following is an example of a boomerang child?
Greg, who is married with children, is moving back into his parents' home.
________ single's are primarily older, divorces, widowed, and never married people who would like to marry or remarry but haven't found a suitable mate and now accept their single status as permanent. This group also includes singles who suffer from some physical or psychological impairment that limits their success in the marriage market.
Involuntary stable
Which of the following is a criticism of the attachment theory?
It does not address cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices.
Which of the following is a drawback of online dating?
It does not collect crucial information about individuals.
Which of the following is true of sex?
It does not determine how we act.
Research indicates that our cultural values encourage individualism and competition. Which of the following is a characteristic of individualism?
It encourages the individual to have a preoccupation with self.
Which of the following is a limitation of the cognitive development theory?
It exaggerated gender learning as something that children do themselves
Which of the following is true of the ecological systems theory?
It explains domestic violence as an effect of the relationships between macro and micro variables.
Which of the following is true of the Global Gender Gap Index?
It gauges the relative equality between men and women.
Which of the following is true of deindustrialization?
It has been accelerated by globalization.
Which of the following is true of offshoring?
It helps reduce a company's costs in the home country.
Which of the following definitions best describes endogamy?
It is a cultural practice that requires marrying with one's group.
Which of the following is true of sexual arousal?
It is a physiological response.
Which of the following is true of gender?
It is based on cultural expectations.
Which of the following statements best describes qualities research
It is one in which scientist examine interpret none numerical material
From a historical perspective, which of the following best describes the current tendency to delay marriage until the late 20s?
It is the norm, especially for men.
Which of the following best describes occupational sex segregation?
It is the process of channeling women and men into different types of jobs.
What is the strength of a evaluation research as a data collection method?
It is valuable in real life applications
Which of the following is true of coparenting?
It isn't a legal type of custody.
Which of the following statements is true of content analysis?
It may reflect social class bias
Which of the following statements reflects a limitation of the symbolic interaction theory on families?
It often overlooks irrational and unconscious aspects of behavior
Which of the following statements is accurate of the social exchange perspective families?
It posits that couples separate or divorce when the costs of marriage outweigh the rewards
Sociologists Carrie and Jerome debate over family theories. Carrie criticizes the conflict perspective on families, whereas Jerome rejects the ideals of the feminist perspective on families. Which of the following is an accurate statement that supports Carrie's criticism?
It presents a negative view of human nature as selfish and neglects the importance of love and self-sacrifice, which characterize many family relationships.
Which of the following is the best definition of a racial group?
It refers to a category of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color, that members of a society consider socially important.
Which of the following statements is true of a common-law marriage?
It represents a nonceremonial relationship in which the couple lives together.
How does a conflict perspective view a family?
It views family as a group that experiences problems due to social inequality.
Which of the following is an example of a conflicted mother?
Jane feels that her being employed is detrimental to her children.
Jane and Collin were married during the Colonial period, and their relationship was very characteristic of this era. Which of the following is likely to be true of their relationship?
Jane would have to obey Collin.
Which of the following nations has one of the highest divorce rates in the world?
Japan
Which of the following is true of second-generation Asian Americans
Japanese Americans are less likely to face a marriage squeeze
Which of the following is true of second-generation Asian Americans?
Japanese Americans are less likely to face a marriage squeeze.
Which of the following is an example of indirect reinforcement?
Joey observes a male friend being punished for crying, so he learns that boys do not cry.
Jane wants to set her sister Johanna up with Pete, her husband's colleague. However, Jane's friend Chloe feels that Pete is a narcissist and hence a poor choice for Johanna. After hearing Chloe's opinion, Jane is unsure of what to do. Which of the following strengthens the case that dating Pete would be a bad choice for Johanna?
Johanna is interested in a healthy long-term relationship.
Understanding is one of the eight qualities of friendship. Which of the following best represents this quality?
Juan and Pete are considerate toward each other's feelings.
Which of the following is an example of socialization, a latent function of dating?
Ken and Sharon talk about their families and cultures.
Which of the following is true of the differences between Latinos and their African American counterparts
Latino women are generally less likely than African American women to experience a shortage of marriageable partners
Which of the following is true of the differences between Latinos and their African American counterparts?
Latino women are generally less likely than African American women to experience a shortage of marriageable partners.
Which of the following is an example of a macro reason for extramarital sex?
Leonard works 60 hours a week and has an affair with his colleague.
Some scholars state that gender is a more powerful factor than sexual orientation in shaping a person's behavior. They assert that there are more similarities between straight and gay men and between straight women and lesbians than there are between lesbians and gays. Which of the following, true statements supports this argument?
Lesbians and heterosexual women are more likely to believe love and sex go hand-in-hand.
Mark and Lily, an unmarried couple, live with Lily's son from a previous relationship. Mark possesses a large life insurance policy under his own name. Which of the following is likely to happen if Mark dies unexpectedly, without leaving a will?
Lily cannot claim the insurance money as they are not legally married.
Which of the following is a difference between romantic and long-term love?
Long-term love is altruistic, whereas romantic love is often self-centered.
Which of the following is an accurate difference between manifest functions and latent functions?
Manifest functions are intended and recognized while latent functions are unintended and unrecognized.
Research indicates that stay-at-home mothers are more likely than employed mothers to report experiencing negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and depression. Which of the following is most likely to strengthen this statement?
Many husbands in traditional relationships take their wives for granted which makes them feel unappreciated.
Kelly believes that her friend Mark's parents are in the emotional stage of divorce, while her brother, Jacob, believes that the divorce is in the legal stage. Which of the following indicates that Jacob is correct?
Mark's parents are trying to decide on child support payments.
Harry believes that men are more likely than women to pass religious values to their children. However, Steven disagrees and argues that religious values are most often passed down by women. Which of the following is a fact that is likely to weaken Harry's argument?
Men are proactively involved in public life that demands more of their time and energy than their families.
Which of the following is typically a reason why many women in their middle and later years experience a marriage squeeze?
Men their age are looking for much younger women.
Which of the following is true concerning the health and economic well-being of African American families?
Minorities, including African Americans, typically receive lower quality health care.
How do most parents respond when sibling violence occurs in the home?
Most parents don't take it seriously.
During a debate about marriages, Marie argues that African American women are less likely to marry than their Asian counterparts. However, Joanne disagrees and argues that Asian women have equally poor marriage rates. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Marie's argument?
National data from the FBI show disproportionately large numbers of urban black men in their 20s and early 30s are in prison or jail or are victims of homicide.
According to the biological perspective, which of the following is a reason why lovers may feel "high" or as if they are being swept away?
Norepinephrine produces sleeplessness, elation, and euphoria
Which of the following is true of being a stay-at-home dad?
Only 8 percent of Americans believe that it's acceptable for a father to care for children.
Peers are among the most common sources of information about sex. Which of the following statements supports this claim?
Peers are likely to be more open than parents about discussing sex.
Which of the following is a micro-level reason why STI rates are rising?
People aren't aware of a partner's sexual activities.
Which of the following is a benefit of remaining single in later life?
People do not have to worry about widowhood or divorce.
Which of the following is an important side effect of self-love?
People who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others.
Which of the following is an example of nonverbal sexual harassment?
Peter stares and leers at Lupita while she works at her desk.
According to the filter theory, propinquity limits whom we meet, get to know, interact with, and marry. Which of the following, if true, supports this statement?
Research indicates that 39 percent of U.S. workers have dated a coworker.
Rita works as a teacher at a high school. She is in charge of the school's abstinence program and opposes Comprehensive Sex Education programs. She believes that abstinence programs are more effective in decreasing sexual behavior among teens. Which of the following is a true statement that weakens her argument?
Research indicates that abstinence only programs do not increase the age of sexual initiation.
Dr. Gerard, a social theorist, believes that love is responsible for the survival of the human species. However, Dr. Blake, a historian, disagrees. He finds that love is dysfunctional and creates rifts and conflict in society. Which of the following true statements would weaken Dr. Blake's argument?
Research shows that love creates an interest in people to care for their offspring and feel responsible for them.
why is arranged marriage the norm in many countries across the world?
Respect for parents' wishes and family traditions are more important than the individual's feelings
Why is arranged marriage the norm in many countries across the world?
Respect for parents' wishes and family traditions are more important than the individual's feelings.
Nestor is in an endogamous marriage and Ron is in an exogamic marriage. Which of the following statements is accurate of their marriages?
Ron has not married any of his relatives, whereas Nestor has married within his own group.
Which of the following is true of same-sex marriages?
Same sex marriages are legal in all 50 states in the U.S.
How does secondary analysis differ from content analysis?
Secondary analysis office longitudinal and historical data collected at two or more points in time, whereas content analysis does not provide such data
How do secondary group members differ from primary group members?
Secondary group members are emotionally detached from that others, whereas primary group members are sympathetic and care for others.
__________ refers to biological characteristics that determine whether people have male or female genitalia, whether they menstruate, how much body hair they have, and whether they are able to bear children.
Sex
__________ is an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
Sexism
________ is the process of acquiring language; absorbing accumulated knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of one's society and culture; and learning the communal and interpersonal skills needed to function effectively in society.
Socialization
___________ is the process of acquiring language; absorbing accumulated knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values of one's society and culture; and learning the communal and interpersonal skills needed to function effectively in society.
Socialization
Which of the following is a macro-level reason why STI rates are rising?
Societal stigma and a lack of information promote infections.
James believes that male violence rates across the world are determined by cultural attributes of a society. Which of the following is a fact that is most likely to strengthen James's argument?
Societies in which men are cooperative and sensitive, rarely engage in violence or warfare
______ argue that evolution and genetic factors can explain why men are generally more aggressive than women.
Sociobiologists
__________ argue that evolution and genetic factors can explain why men are generally more aggressive than women.
Sociobiologists
Stanley was born in 1990, his father was born in 1950, and his sister was born in 1978. Which of the following individuals in Stanley's family would be considered part of the baby boomer generation?
Stanley's father
Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful stepfamily?
Stepparents let children mourn their losses.
Kat is a sociologist. Her primary work involves studying the contribution of families to a society. She believes that family chores are best achieved when partners perform instrumental and expressive roles. Kat illustrates the beliefs of a
Structural functionalist
Ethan, a social scientist, claims that women are more likely to suffer from depression than men. However, Ryan argues otherwise and states that depression rates among both men and women are similar. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Ethan's argument?
Studies have shown that across all age groups, women are more likely than males to often feel depressed.
Dr. Calvillo, a sociologist, believes that love improves the well-being of people in a society. She finds that relationships based on love create stable, happy societies. Which of the following statements, if true, is most likely to strengthen Dr. Calvillo's argument?
Studies show that individuals not involved in any kind of romantic relationship are at a greater risk of using drugs.
Dr.Calvillo, a sociologist, believes that love improves the well-being of people in society. She finds that relationships based on love create stable, happy societies. Which of the following statements, if true, is most likely to strengthen Dr.Calvillo's argument?
Studies show that individuals not involved in any kind of romantic relationship are at a greater risk of using drugs.
The _________ is a micro-level theory that examines the everyday behavior of individuals through words,gestures, or pictures
Symbolic interaction theory
How are symbolic interactionists different from social exchange theorists?
Symbolic interactionists overlook the irrational and unconscious aspects of behavior, whereas social exchange theorist put too much weight on rational behavior
How are symbolic interactionists different from social exchange theorist?
Symbolic interactionists overlook the irrational and unconscious aspects of behavior, whereas social exchange theorists put too much weight on rational behavior.
In 2006, the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act required U.S. men seeking a visa for a prospective bride to disclose any criminal convictions for domestic violence, sexual assault, or child abuse. Which of the following is a reason why the act was not effective?
The act was not enforced effectively.
During a debate about divorce rates, Charlie states that divorce rates are extremely high among Latin Americans. However, Simone argues otherwise and states that divorce rates are lower among most Latino communities. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Simone's argument?
The concept of "familism" ensures that most people do not consider divorce as an option even under extreme circumstances.
The Adams owned a home located in a part of the suburbs during the 1950s. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for the Adams to have bought a house in the suburbs in the 1950s?
The federal government underwrote the construction of homes in the suburbs.
Which of the following statements is true of a matriarchal family system.
The oldest females have considerable authority and influence.
In the nature-nature debate, which of the following differences between males and females do biologists propose?
The sense of smell is more acute in women than in men
Which of the following statements is accurate of demographic transitions in U.S. families?
There are fewer two-parent families and more one-parent families due to an increase in the births to unmarried women.
Which of the following best describes intersexed individuals?
They are born with non-differentiated genitalia.
Which of the following is an best describes elements of traditional dinner dates?
They are highly scripted in nature.
Studies show that parents or guardians should be the first and best sex educators for children. Which of the following, if true, supports this finding?
They are more likely to have the children's best interests at heart.
According to symbolic interaction theory, which of the following statements is an accurate characteristic of family roles?
They are relational or complementary by nature
Which of the following is true of most cohabitation relationships?
They are usually short lived
Which of the following is true of sexual fantasies?
They can boost people's self-image.
Which of the following statements is accurate of macro-level influences on a family?
They focus on large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole
Which of the following is true of IPV in Latino households?
They have a greater likelihood of mutual IPV when the cohabitors live in high-crime neighborhoods.
Which of the following statements accurately describes people in a social class?
They include people with a similar rank in society based on valued resources.
Which of the following statements is true of those who espouse the 'family is more resilient' perspective?
They maintain that changes in family life have strengthened family relationships.
Which of the following statements is true of an extended family?
They make it easy for a single parent to work outside the home.
Which of the following statements is true of incest taboos?
They prevent doubts about the legitimacy of an offspring
Which of the following is a benefit of traditional gender roles?
They provide stability and continuity
Which of these statements best describes the population of multiracial Americans in the U.S.?
They tend to be younger than the general population.
During the Great Depression, many men and women who had been raised on farms moved to the cities. What motivated this migration?
They wanted to find jobs and help their families by sending money home.
__________ are people who have part-time jobs but want full-time work or whose jobs are below their experience, skill, and education level.
Underemployed workers
Which of the following is true as a difference between contemporary children and Puritan children of Colonial America?
Unlike contemporary children, Puritan children were expected to be extraordinarily well behaved and docile.
Studies have shown that women across all racial groups are far more likely to finish their higher education than men. Moreover, one-third of all doctoral recipients are women. However, the percentage of women found in STEM fields is relatively poor. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this?
Women are less likely than men to be hired in STEM fields.
Which of the following best describes "the feminization of higher education"?
Women are most likely than men to finish college
Paul has been researching women's role in politics. During his research, he observes that women often spend many hours organizing support for a candidate instead of running for political office themselves. Which of the following best explains the reason behind this?
Women see themselves as supporters rather than leaders.
Which of the following is true of how women were viewed during the golden fifties?
Women were encouraged to be full-time homemakers.
During a debate about marriages, Jim is of the opinion that there is a direct correlation between a woman's salary and her willingness to get married. However, Carlos disagrees and states that there is no direct relationship between salary and marriage. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Jim's argument?
Women with high salaries and education levels are often unwilling to settle down with men who earn less than they do.
A macro explanation for extramarital sex is __________.
a changed purpose of marriage
Maggie, was an African American slave who worked at a plantation. Her typical day included a full day of domestic chores plus a full day of work outside the home. She also acted as "mammy" or caretaker to the plantation owner's children, apart from raising her own children. Maggie was experiencing a situation referred to as __________.
a double day
In southern colonies, it was difficult for a slave to find a spouse because __________.
a very small number of slaves lived on each plantation
____________ is an altruistic, self-sacrificing love that is directed toward all humankind.
agape
Monetary payment made by one ex-spouse to the other after a divorce is known as __________.
alimony
Frank, age 28, falls in and out of love easily. When in a relationship, he often expects commitment instantaneously from his partner. Based on Ainsworth's attachment styles, Frank is displaying a(n) __________ style.
ambivalent
Padmaja, age 22, works in Mumbai. Her parents have been in the process of negotiations for Padmaja to marry a young man from a similar background as Padmaja. This is an example of a(n) __________.
arranged marriage
Which of the following theories proposes that infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver, usually the mother, for normal social and emotional development?
attachment theory
The glass ceiling refers to __________.
attitudinal workplace obstacles faced by women
Eric, age 6 months, is looked after by his nanny while his mom is at work. His nanny is also responsible for to her household chores and is often unable to give him sufficient time and attention. When his mother returns, Eric often tends to be unresponsive to his mother and ignores her. In this scenario, Eric is displaying the ________ infant-mother attachment style.
avoidant
Which of the following factors most shaped marriage practices among early American colonists?
politics and economics
James, who has a history of drug and alcohol abuse, has been living on the streets for the past 10 years. In this scenario, James can be classified as a(n) __________.
chronic homeless
In Jewish communities, __________ is a rite of passage for boys which mark the end of childhood and readiness for adult responsibilities and rights.
bar mitzvah
Roxanne is legally married to Adam. She marries Luke without annulling her marriage with Adam. Roxanne is guilty of ___________.
bigamy
Which perspective maintains that love serves the evolutionary purpose of drawing males and females into long-term relationships that are essential to child rearing?
biological
In honor of her impending marriage, Jenna's female friends and relatives organized a get together in which they presented her with personal and household gifts. This ritual is often referred to as a(n) __________.
bridal shower
Edward's mother met with an accident and was hospitalized. To take care of her, her partner Jim took 2 weeks of leave from work and helped her recover. Which of the following components of love does this scenario demonstrate?
caring
In the nineteenth century, childhood changed in that __________.
children began to spend more time playing than working
Harry, a serial dater, has lived with several women over the past few years. He believes that all relationships are temporary and views living together as an alternative to marriage. Harry is also extremely independent and is unable to sacrifice for the common good of a relationship. This scenario illustrates the __________.
cohabitation effect
Jim found out that his fiancée will be unable to bear children as a result of a childhood accident. Despite his family being unsupportive of the relationship, he decides to marry her and prove his loyalty. In this scenario, which of the following components of love is Jim exhibiting?
commitment
Which component of love refers to a person's intention to remain in a relationship and work through problems?
commitment
A key similarity between romantic and long-term love is that both involve __________.
communication and friendship
One key similarity between romantic and long-term love is that both involve _________.
communication and friendship
Larry and Kim, a married couple, work in different cities. Due to the economic recession, they were left with no choice but to accept jobs in different places. However, they travel to meet each other every weekend. Identify the type of marriage seen in this scenario.
commuter marriage
Barry and Lorna have been dating for the last 4 years. Over time, they have become an integral part of each other's lives and enjoy spending time together. This is an example of __________, a function of dating.
companionship
In a __________ stepfamily, both adults have children from previous marriages.
complex
Which of the following social theorists views family as a group that experiences problems due to social inequality?
conflict theorists
The __________ proposes that the struggle for power and competition for wealth is desirable because it improves people's lives.
conflict theory
Alan is an information analyst. He is given the job of analyzing car advertisements in the month of July to record the brand, price, fuel capacity, and mileage of all advertised cars. For this purpose, he watches TV commercials, listens to the radio, reads the newspaper, and checks his mails. Which form of data-collection method is being employed by Alan?
content analysis
Generally, men are able to speak more frequently and for longer periods without being interrupted by others. This trait is referred to as __________.
conversational dominance
Women are much more likely than men to engage in which of the following behaviors?
conversational maintenance
An advantage of flextime is that it __________.
decreases the likelihood of exhaustion
Sexual harassment includes verbal behavior, nonverbal behavior, and physical contact. Which of the following is an example of verbal behavior?
demands for sexual favors in return for promotions
Pete conducts a sociological survey on families in his country. When compared to the previous year, he finds a significant spike in the life expectancy rates of people and discovers that 67 percent of women are employed and belong to single-parent families. All these factors are ideally indicative of the ______ on families.
demographic changes
Which of the following is the final stage of the family development life cycle
death of one or both spouses
William, who recently lost his wife, is in a constant state of sorrow and has a loss of interest in everyday activities. He is unable to perform even the most menial tasks and is only interested in drinking heavily. William is likely to be suffering from __________.
depression
Which of the following is an example of secondary data?
diaries
Dorothy, a teenager, is often expected to help out her mother with household chores. Her mother often scolds her when she does not help out. However, she notices that Harold, her brother, is never expected to perform any domestic chores. Dorothy soon learns that girls need to perform domestic chores whereas boys need not. Which of the following best represents this scenario?
direct reinforcement
Money that remains after the costs of basic necessities have been paid is known as __________ income.
discretionary
In __________, both partners work in professional or managerial positions that require extensive training and ongoing professional growth.
dual-career couples
Which of these are common problems for AIAN families living on tribal lands?
economic and housing problems
In a(n) _______ family system, both partners share equal power and authority in all family decisions.
egalitarian
In the early 1960s, there was a reduction in industrial activity, especially manufacturing, because __________.
employers replaced the lowest skilled workers with automation
Felix is divorced and remarries Anna. They belong to the same ethnic community and social class. Their marriage typically illustrates __________>
endogamy
Felix is divorced and remarries Anna. They belong to the same ethnic community and social class. Their marriage typically illustrates ____________.
endogamy
In the first stage of Reiss's wheel theory of love, partners __________.
establish rapport
The process of determining whether a social intervention has produced the intended result is called _________.
evaluation research
A micro explanation for extramarital sex is __________.
excitement
Which of the following terms refers to an individual marrying outside one's group?
exogamy
According to the ecological, _______ comprises events that a person does not experience directly but that can affect her or his development.
exosystem
According to the ecological, ________ comprises events that a person does not experience directly but that can affect her or his development.
exosystem
Early Mexican society was characterized by __________.
familism
A _______ refers to a family that a person forms by marrying and having or adopting children?
family of procreation
Measures that governments take in order to support the formation, or improve the well-being, of families are known as __________.
family policy
The ______ perspective provides a micro-level analysis of families and views family as a unit whose daily functioning and survival depend on the interactions of its members with each other and the larger society.
family systems
Which of the following best describes corporate welfare?
favorable treatment that the government creates for businesses
Any person who believes that both sexes should have equal political, educational, economic, and other rights is a(n) _______.
feminist
Brenda believes that both men and women should not be solely labeled and identified based on their sex. She opines that they should have equal opportunities in politics and education. Based on her belief, it can be said that Brenda is a(n) _______.
feminist
Liam, a theorist, believes that patriarchal societies tend to make men more violent toward women. He also believes that variables such as power, privilege, and status influence the level of violence that men display toward women. In this scenario, Liam subscribes to __________.
feminist theories
Many Mexican baby girls—but not boys—have pierced ears, and hairstyles and clothing for American toddlers differ by sex. This is an example of an aspect of __________, which is learned in early childhood and usually remains relatively fixed throughout life.
gender identity
Propinquity, one of the filters in the filter theory, refers to __________.
geographic closeness
Janet and her friends are planning to meet at a classmate's birthday party over the weekend. If the party does not turn out to be a fun event, they plan to go over to Janet's place and have a party there. Everyone in the group will pool in their money to buy alcohol and food. This scenario is an example of __________.
getting together
Melissa and her friends of ten meet at the mall during weekends. They text each other and set up a time to meet. Once they meet at the mall, they decide what they want to do. This is an example of _________.
hanging out
Hooking up is an example of casual sex that serves which of the following functions among young adults?
having fun
Caroline is an interfering and intrusive parent to her daughter Melody, age 16. She wants to know where Melody is at all times. Whenever Melody steps out of the house, Caroline calls her every hour to check in on her. In this scenario, Caroline is a(n) __________ parent.
helicopter
The belief that being straight is superior to and more "natural" than being gay is called __________.
heterosexism
Jeremy married Sarah, who belongs to the same ethnic group as him. Additionally, she is a Christian like him. In this scenario, Jeremy is engaging in __________.
homogamy
Kimberly watches her mother vacuum the house and asks for a toy vacuum so that she can also clean the house. According to the social learning theory, Kimberly is learning gender roles through __________.
imitation
Sociologist Erving Goffman refers to __________ as a process in which we provide information and cues to others to present ourselves in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing our less appealing qualities.
impression management
Which of the following is the reason why never-married single mothers are likely to remain single?
inability to find a suitable husband
Voluntary stable singles differ from voluntary temporary singles in that voluntary stable singles __________.
include single parents—both never married and divorced—who are not seeking mates
At school, Timothy notices that his friend Albert is teased by his classmates because he wore pink colored pants. They tease him saying, "Boys don't wear pink. Don't you know that?" After the incident, Timothy refuses to wear pink clothes. According to the social learning theory, Timothy is learning gender roles through __________.
indirect reinforcement
Which of the following is a micro-level influence on a family?
individual choice
Ken and Carla, an unmarried couple, have been living together for the past 3 years. They have made numerous decisions together such as splitting their finances, getting a dog, and buying furniture. Eventually, without making a conscious decision or commitment, the couple slide into marriage. In this scenario, the couple experiences the __________.
inertia effect
Norman believes that men and women as husband and wife should share district familial roles. He is the earning member in his family and does not do any household work and his wife exclusively takes care of their children and involves herself in domestic chores. Norman performs a)n) _______ role.
instrumental
Maria, a Latina, is engaged to Leon, an African American. Despite their different backgrounds, they consider themselves to be suitable for each other. This scenario is an example of __________.
interdating
Which of the following functions does sex serve in long-term relationships?
interdependence
Tyesha suggests that children who grow up in divorced families tend to model their parents' conflictual relationships and experience adverse consequences after a parent's divorce, including selecting partners with emotional problems. Tyesha most likely subscribes to the __________ perspective.
intergenerational transmission of divorce
A major advantage of commuter marriages is that they __________.
involve high-paying jobs
Masturbation __________.
is the most common of all sex acts
An advantage of online dating is that __________.
it allows subscribers to sift candidates based on different traits
which of the following is a criticism of the attachement theory?
it does not address cross-cultural differences in child-rearing practices
The person, usually the mother or a daughter, who spends a lot of time emailing family members, visiting friends and families, and organizing family gatherings during special events like birthdays and anniversaries is called a(n) __________.
kin-keeper
Which of the following was a significant problem for immigrant families in the late 1800s?
lack of decent housing
Sexual experimentation is a(n) __________ function of dating.
latent
Which of the following groups has the lowest marriage rates?
low-income African Americans
James, a middle-aged man, found his bride through an online international service. The website posted photographs and descriptions of prospective brides. James had to choose a wife and pay a fee to the website for selecting her. This scenario is an example of the __________ industry.
mail-order bride
According to sociologist John Lee, which style of love is characterized by obsessiveness, possessiveness, and intense dependency?
mania
Stuart and Kelly have been married for 10 years. Over the past few years, Kelly has become disenchanted with the marriage and the couple has experienced a loss of emotional attachment. Stuart provides for the family but does not confide his problems with his wife and prefers his friends' company. In this scenario, the couple is experiencing __________.
marital burnout
The gradual deterioration of love and ultimate loss of an emotional attachment between married partners is called __________.
marital burnout
Sexual self-pleasuring that involves some form of direct physical stimulation is called __________.
masturbation
Approximately 25 percent of North American Indian tribes were __________, which means that children traced their family descent through their mother's line rather than through that of the father.
matrilineal
Which of the following is a manifest function of dating?
maturation
Clara is the mother of Ashton, age 5. Ashton is an energetic child who often behaves violently and goes into rages when he doesn't get his way with things. Ashton's doctor has diagnosed him with a behavioral disorder. In this scenario, Ashton's diagnosis is an example of __________.
medicalization
People who may be treated differently because of their physical or cultural characteristics, such as gender, sexual orientation, religion, or skin color, belong to a(n) __________ group.
minority
In _______, one person is exclusively married to another person.
monogamy
In ___________, one person is exclusively married to another person.
monogamy
Children growing up with cohabitating couples differ from children growing up with married couples in that children growing up with cohabiting couples are ________.
more likely to experience domestic violence
Ben and Melissa, a married couple, agree that they will share household duties such as cooking, cleaning, and washing equally. Also, since both partners are working, they decide to hire a fulltime babysitter for their son, age 1. Which of the following steps in the process of learning marital roles and identity bargaining is seen in this scenario?
negotiating changes in their new roles
The _______ residence pattern is characterized by newly married couples setting up their own residence.
neolocal
The _________ residence pattern is characterized by newly married couples setting up their own residence.
neolocal
A(n) __________ is made up of married parents and their biological or adopted children.
nuclear family
A(n) is made up of married parents and their biological or adopted children.
nuclear family
Of all those living alone, the vast majority are __________.
older women
A typical characteristic of polygyny is that ________.
one man is married to two or more women
A typical characteristic of polygyny is that __________.
one man is married to two or more women
The __________ stage involves developing a relationship between a partner and the children of the new spouse.
parental remarriage
Which of the following is an example of a direct family policy measure?
passing a domestic violence law
Male violence is more likely to occur in __________ societies.
patriarchal
Sam's family compromises his father, mother, and his grandparents. His grandfather has the sole authority over financial and cultural matters in their family. His father, mother, and grandmother have fewer decision-making powers and abide with what Sam's grandfather says. Their family system is typically _____ by nature.
patriarchal
Charles's family lives in a suburban neighborhood. He plays and socializes with kids of his age living in the neighborhood. His parents often discourage him from playing with kids outside the neighborhood, who belong to a different socio-economic group. In this scenario, the kids Charles plays with can be referred to as his __________.
peer group
Bronfenbrenner argues that children's characteristics, such as their physiological tendencies, __________, and environment interact in shaping development.
personality
Which of the following is a micro-level factor that affects love?
personality
Nova lives in a social group that has few women when compared to men. Her culture forbids interracial marriage, and she is forced to have four husbands. Her marriage is reflective of ____________.
polyandry
The Great Depression had the most devastating effect on __________.
poor families
Carlo is using computer dating services to find a marriage partner for himself. He is looking for a partner who will have an economic and social background that is similar to his own. In this scenario, Carlo demonstrates the ________ style of loving.
pragmatic
Jess and Alicia just moved in together after dating rather seriously for 2 years. They are seriously considering getting married but want to live together before making a final commitment. Their living arrangement would be called __________.
premarital cohabitation
Maria, a wealthy businesswoman, was engaged to Ryan. Before the marriage, Maria's parents insisted that Ryan should sign an agreement that would absolve Maria from parting with her wealth to Ryan in case of a divorce. Such an agreement is known as a(n) __________.
prenuptial agreement
The first phase in the separation process is the __________ phase.
preseparation
According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, a ________ group compromises a small group of people with close, enduring, intimate, and face-to--face interaction.
primary
In Latino communities, the rite of passage that celebrates a girl's entrance into adulthood is called the __________.
quinceañera
Akello, an African American woman enrolls her 3-year-old son, Ababuo, at Redwood Learning Academy. Within the first few days of attending school, Ababuo begins to notice that he differs from his classmates both physically and culturally. Akello notices her son's confusion and decides to teach him to overcome race-related barriers and to be proud of his cultural heritage. In this scenario, Akello is actively engaging in the process of __________.
racial socialization
An advantage of two-income families is that they __________.
raise the family's standard of living
Wealth has several components. Which of the following is an example of property, one of the components of wealth?
real estate
People who have traditional values about gender roles are likely to also consider __________ important.
religiosity
Captives are those who __________.
remain in the labor force reluctantly
Sefa does not always agree with the choices her friend Rachel makes, but she always honors her decisions. Sefa is demonstrating which of the following qualities of friendship?
respect
Jacob and Amy have been dating for more than a year. Recently, Jacob found out that Amy cheated on him. Feeling betrayed and hurt, he engages in a physical relationship with Marie in order to get back at Amy. Jacob having sex with Marie can be attributed to __________ reasons.
revenge
The employees of The Cupcake Shop share t he collectives objective of making 100 cupcakes every Tuesday. They work in tandem to achieve this goal, and their relationship is strictly official. One of their unique characteristics is that they disband once they reach their goal. The employees typically represent a _______ group.
secondary
An examination of data that have been collected by someone else is called _______.
secondary analysis
Diane's project requires her to analyze statistics on people who died from road accidents. She gathers information from public records and state archives for her research. In this scenario, Diane is performing __________.
secondary analysis
According to the social scientists, ________ is an important basis for self-esteem.
self-love
According to the social scientists, __________ is an important basis for self-esteem.
self-love
Steve has lived with four different women over a period of 2 years. However, while he was dating these women, he was unable to make a commitment to any of them, and all of them moved out of his house. This situation is an example of __________.
serial cohabitation
________ refers to biological characteristics that determine whether people have male or female genitalia, whether they menstruate, how much body hair they have, and whether they are able to bear children.
sex
A psychological state in which a person wants to obtain a sexual object that one does not now have, or to engage in sexual activity which one is not now engaging, is referred to as _________.
sexual desire
The sexual drive that makes us receptive to sexual activity is called __________.
sexual desire
People's preference for sexual partners of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes indicates their __________.
sexual orientation
The biological aspects of sexuality that include experiencing pleasure or orgasm is called __________.
sexual response
Fathers-to-be who provide the mothers with emotional support and participate in doctors' visits are said to have greater __________ capital.
social
Benjamin believes that sexual behavior is largely the result of societal pressure. He finds that culture plays an important role in forming our sexual identity. With which of the following theories does Benjamin's belief coincide?
social constructionist theories
The __________ theory states that people will begin and remain in a relationship if the rewards are higher than the costs.
social exchange
Eugene signed up for an event at a local restaurant that required him to meet several women within a short time span. During the event, he was allowed to meet and speak to each woman for a maximum of three minutes before he needed to move on to talk to the next woman. In this scenario, Eugene was engaging in __________.
speed dating
In __________, singles attend an event where they engage in brief face-to-face interactions with several potential romantic partners.
speed dating
Though Kelly and Brook are engaged, they have decided to have sex only after they get married. Their relationship is stable and does not have any ecstatic highs or great lows.
storgic
Which of the following family theories is a macro-level analysis that examines how a society's interdependent parts work together to ensure survival?
structural functionalist theory
Leon and Maria have been married for 5 years. Due to an economic recession, Leon has lost his job and is unable to support the family. Lately, they have been having regular arguments about Leon's unemployment. Which of the following describes the reasons for their arguments?
structural reasons
Kat is a sociologist. Her primary work involves studying the contribution of families to a society. She believes that family chores are best achieved when partners perform instrumental and expressive roles. Kat illustrates the beliefs of a ________.
structural-functionalist
A __________ is a long-term commitment between two people who don't plan to marry.
substitute marriage
In which type of cohabitation do two people make a long-term commitment but do not get legally married?
substitute marriage
Shaun and Stacey, a couple, live together but are unmarried. They do not believe that a legal ceremony is relevant to their commitment to each other and view their nonmarital cohabitation as equivalent to a common-law marriage. This scenario is an example of a __________.
substitute marriage
Which of the following data-collection methods systematically collect information from respondents through questionnaires or interviews?
surverys
The _____ is a micro-level theory that examines the everyday behavior of individuals through words, gestures, or pictures.
symbolic interaction theory
Ruth is a sociologist. She studies the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes of people through their choice of words and gestures. Ruth is a(n) ________.
symbolic interactionist
Ruth is a sociologist. She studies the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes of people through their choice of words and gestures. Ruth is a(n) __________.
symbolic interactionist
Which of the following is a macro-level factor that affects our decision to marry?
technological advances in contraceptive techniques
James is an employee of RVC Corporation. He works from home and regularly communicates with employees at the central office via email and other modes of communication. This type of a work arrangement is an example of __________.
telecommuting
Stepfamilies differ from nuclear families in that stepfamilies typically __________.
tend to create new roles in the family structure
A disadvantage of speed dating is that it __________.
tends to rate potential daters lower on substantive traits and more on superficial criteria
Which of the following is the best example of a positive communication style?
thanking your partner
Which of the following is a common myth about what is natural in families in the Western world?
that motherhood is natural for women
Which theory argues that children acquire male or female values on their own by thinking, reasoning, and interpreting information in their environment?
the cognitive development theory
In what era was the average of marriage the lowest in U.S. history?
the fifties
Evan, a social advocate, remarks that there has been a perceptible decrease in the unauthorized immigrant population since 2007. Which of the following could be a reason for this?
the increase of deportations
A limitation of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is that __________.
the leave is unpaid
Which of the following is a primary reason why many American women are increasingly choosing to live alone?
the postponement of marriage
Which theory focuses on how the parts of a society work together in ensuring the survival of the whole?
the structural functional perspective
According to _______, gender roles are socially constructed categories that emerge in social situations
the symbolic interaction theory
Lin and Cho have been in a relationship for the past 2 years. They share a sense of comfort and often communicate their fears and hopes for the future with each other. However, their relationship has not yet reached a point where they make mutual decisions or support each other's goals. According to Reiss's wheel theory of love, they are in the __________ stage.
third
According to the text a __________ is a unit made up of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption; live together; form an economic unit; and bear and raise children.
traditional family
Avery was both with both male and female sex organs. During early childhood, Avery's parents decided to treat Avery as a boy. As an adult, Avery identified as a woman rather than as a man and underwent sex reassignment surgery. In this scenario, Avery is _______.
transsexual
Pablo, age 33, likes dressing up as a woman for fun and as part of his job. However, he does not consider himself a woman. In this scenario, Pablo can be classified as a(n) __________.
transvestite
Ronald and William wish to get married; however, they are unsure about what exactly married life entails. In order to gain some first-hand experience, they decide to move in and live together for a period of 6 months. This scenario illustrates a ___________.
trial marriage
Matt and LeeAnn are uncertain about their relationship and want to see what marriage might be like although they don't necessarily believe they will end up married to each other. Their situation illustrates __________.
trial marriage cohabitation
Anthony and Yoshiko have been dating each other over the past year. Over the year, their relationship has strengthened and Yoshiko often confides in Anthony about her fears and insecurities. She trusts Anthony with her innermost thoughts and knows that he will not judge her. In this scenario, Yoshiko and Anthony's relationship reflects __________ intimacy.
verbal
Stan and Lily have been married for over 10 years and their lives are closely intertwined. They like to spend a lot of time together and are quick to resolve any disputes that may occur. Also, they are willing to make sacrifices for each other in order to make the marriage work. In this scenario, the couple has a __________.
vital marriage
Laura, a student, never plans to have children in the future. If she decides to marry, she plans to marry someone who also does not want children. In this scenario, Laura is considered to be __________.
voluntarily childless
Julia, a mother of two, decided that she would not remarry due to a loss of faith in men. However, she was not averse to having short-term relationships. In this scenario, Julia is considered to be a(n) __________.
voluntary stable single
The gender pay gap is also known as a __________.
wage gap
Which racial group experienced the most protections from job loss during the Great Depression?
white Americans
The working poor are those __________.
who earn wages that fall below the official poverty level