Sociology FINAL

The process of labeling individuals and behaviors takes place at each level of analysis. True False

True

Wage theft is a type of organized crime that involves not paying workers the minimum wage. True False

True

______ are nonmaterial, shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, or good or bad in a culture. Beliefs Sanctions Norms Values

Values

Which of the following would be a macro-level social unit? - two partners - a tribe - a nation - an organization

a nation

A large, modern society with a complex division of labor is a(n) ______ society. mechanical horticultural herding organic

organic

Which of the following is a micro-level socialization activity? reading a religious text (e.g., the Koran or the Bible) "playing house" with a small group of friends watching a nationally syndicated TV advertisement for luxury cars none of these

"playing house" with a small group of friends

All of the following are components of many commonly held beliefs EXCEPT this: Most of the differences in the behavior of women and men are based on "human nature"; men and women are simply very different from each other. Racial groupings are based on biological differences among people. A person can be seen as one race in Brazil and another in the United States. Most marriages in the United States do not last.

A person can be seen as one race in Brazil and another in the United States.

Conflict theory states all of the following EXCEPT this: Conflict is inevitable in society. Social change is desirable. The strong exert their values over the weak. Each major part of society serves a role.

Each major part of society serves a role.

According to Mead, the critical states in development are the primary and secondary stages. True False

False

According to conflict theorists, symbolic communication helps people construct a meaningful world. True False

False

According to dramaturgy, we only perform a small portion of our interactions in front of audiences. True False

False

According to rational choice theory, interactions generally involve expectations of reciprocity. True False

False

According to the text, content analysis is unobtrusive, meaning the research does not influence the investigated subject by having direct contact. True False

False

Antigovernment "patriot" groups would be categorized as subcultures. True False

False

Because norms govern social behavior, social interaction is rarely misinterpreted. True False

False

Conflict is an essential aspect of the continuation of any society. Through this method, members of a society learn the thoughts and actions needed to survive in their society. True False

False

Countercultures are bad for society. True False

False

Ethnocentric behavior is hostile and racist. True False

False

Feminist theory focuses exclusively on micro-level processes. True False

False

Functional theorists believe that those who have power and privilege use socialization to manipulate individuals in the social world. True False

False

Grandma Elly feels role conflict because she wants to be a good grandma and give her grandson, Jackson, a cookie but knows that a good grandma wouldn't ruin her grandson's appetite with sweets. Grandma Elly is experiencing role conflict. True False

False

Inductive reasoning tests a theory by using scientific research methods to obtain relevant facts. True False

False

Most non-Western societies are isolated from globalization and global impact. True False

False

Most sociologists believe all mammals use symbols to communicate. True False

False

Much of feminist theory has foundations in the functionalist perspective. True False

False

Rates of incarceration in the United States are decreasing. True False

False

Role conflict differs from role strain in that conflict is between the roles within one status. True False

False

Social structure is the setting in which the social unit operates and includes everything that influences the social unit, such as its physical and organizational surroundings, as well as technological innovations. True False

False

The Internet is easy to police because all legal authorities have clearly delineated jurisdiction over it. True False

False

The looking-glass self refers primarily to an individual's feelings of self-worth. True False

False

The major idea of labeling theory is that if social controls weaken, people are more likely to become deviant. True False

False

How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance? Individuals are not labeled "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance. Individuals do not begin to take on a deviant identity until they commit primary deviance. Primary deviance is the violation of a norm, but secondary deviance is a violation of a law. Secondary deviance is always a less serious form of deviance.

Individuals are not labeled "deviant" unless they commit secondary deviance.

______ involves looking at intermediate-sized units, smaller than the nation but ______ than the local community or region. Meso-level analysis; larger Meso-level analysis; smaller Micro-level analysis; smaller Micro-level analysis; larger

Meso-level analysis; larger

The feelings we often have for members of out-groups can result in prejudice and ethnocentrism. True False

True

According to differential association theory, if one spends a great deal of time with deviant friends, the individual may become deviant. True False

True

According to rational choice theory, increasing awareness of the costs of committing deviant acts should decrease deviance. True False

True

Ethnomethodology and dramaturgy draw from symbolic interaction theory. True False

True

Most sociologists argue that the privatization of prisons is a bad idea. True False

True

Research methods work in tandem with sociological theories. True False

True

Secondary analysis uses existing data already collected in other studies. True False

True

Systematic observation is central in field research. True False

True

The "real you" is most evident when you engage in backstage behavior. True False

True

The economic cost of white-collar crime is vastly greater than the economic cost of street crime. True False

True

Which of the following would not be considered a conflict between social units in the same social structure? a disagreement between two individuals a conflict between two companies a conflict between religion and government a disagreement between two countries

a disagreement between two individuals

All of the following are characteristics of ideal-type bureaucracy EXCEPT this: an emphasis on democratic decision making a division of labor based on technical competence an administrative hierarchy formal rules and regulations

an emphasis on democratic decision making

What do we call the setting in which a social unit operates? This includes everything that influences the social unit, such as its physical and organizational surroundings, as well as technological innovations. a social genre a social setting a level of analysis an environment

an environment

Which of the following is a meso-level socialization activity? attending a religious study group of the Koran or the Bible "playing house" with a small group of friends watching a nationally syndicated TV advertisement for luxury cars attending a national religious conference with people from other states

attending a national religious conference with people from other states

According to the authors of the text, which of the following is an effective alternative to prison? shock probation building social capital harsher sentencing instigating a buddy system

building social capital

Smoking marijuana is a ______. conflict crime consensus crime predatory crime hate crime

conflict crime

According to Durkheim, the key finding of his study on suicide is that suicide can be predicted by the level of cohesion in the individual's social network degree to which an individual was integrated into the group number of social groups the individual belonged to individual's religious affiliation

degree to which an individual was integrated into the group

To correct some of the dysfunctions caused by bureaucracy, the Sociology Company makes all decisions as a group, emphasizes cooperation, and uses personal appeals to ensure that everyone participates in problem solving. The Sociology Company is a(n) ______ organization. informal secondary democratic-collective oligarchic

democratic-collective

Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using? symbolic interactionist structural-functionalist strain feminist

feminist

Ethnography is a form of ______. survey research field study research controlled experimental research secondary analysis

field study research

Parents and teachers can best be described as ______. informal agents of socialization formal agents of socialization generalized others disciplinary agents of socialization

formal agents of socialization

Because prison sentences are official punishments used to enforce laws, they serve as ______. informal negative sanctions formal negative sanctions informal positive sanctions formal positive sanctions

formal negative sanctions

As a child develops, the primary agent of socialization changes from the family to the child's ______. college professors television preferences music preferences friends

friends

Most of the time, we engage in ______ behavior, the behavior safest with casual acquaintances because it is scripted. backstage front-stage on-stage unstaged

front-stage

The process through which the entire globe is becoming a "single sociocultural place" is known as ______. global culture material culture globalization Westernization

globalization

According to the text, countercultures have different expectations and values when compared to mainstream society wish to violently destroy mainstream culture lack the organization of mainstream cultures are composed of distinct minority groups

have different expectations and values when compared to mainstream society

Elisa lives in a small, seminomadic society in which she tends a garden and tends to the small children in her family. Elisa most likely lives in a(n) ______. hunting-and-gathering society industrial society organic society herding society

herding society

The statement, "People who have more than 12 years of education and who own a personal computer are more likely to use online dating services than those who have less than 12 years of education and who do not own a personal computer," is a ______. hypothesis theory empirical test method

hypothesis

As a small child, Kirby was read many stories about his society emphasizing the equal treatment of all individuals, who are able to pursue their individual desires. Kirby was told about his society's ______ culture. ideal real imaginary formal

ideal

Tom is studying how changes in income affect the frequency of eating out. In this example, "changes in income" is the ______ variable, and "frequency of eating out" is the ______ variable. spurious; control control; spurious independent; dependent dependent; independent

independent; dependent

Smiles, frowns, and hugs are all examples of ______. formal external controls informal external controls formal internal controls informal internal controls

informal external controls

The self-fulfilling prophecy is associated with ______. strain theory labeling theory differential association theory social control theory

labeling theory

The statement, "Members of society create deviance by defining certain behaviors as deviant," most closely reflects ______. differential association theory rational choice theory labeling theory strain theory

labeling theory

The main purpose of a bureaucracy is to encourage development of secondary groups limit the role of primary groups in socialization maximize efficiency develop anomie

maximize efficiency

An increase in the rate at which a behavior occurs in a society cannot only be explained by small-scale interactions between individuals. Another method is to examine it from the ______ of analysis. micro level meso level major level macro level

meso level

An act that attempts to break down a prison inmate's sense of self in order to resocialize him or her is known as ______. mortification degradation resocialization recidivism

mortification

Liz works at the dean's office. She works harder than her supervisor (who is paid more and enjoys coffee breaks when Liz and her coworkers share stories about how little they are paid and how they deserve more). One day, Liz steals 15 ink cartridges to use in her home printer. Liz has committed a(n) ______. predatory crime occupational crime hate crime organized crime

occupational crime

Sara wants to study political protests in Russia by traveling to Moscow and joining one of the student protest groups. She would be using ______. participant observation nonparticipant observation secondary analysis content analysis

participant observation

Symbolic interaction theory states people create shared meanings and interact based on those meanings people are social to survive and produce offspring interaction breeds conflict, and conflict underlies all social relations those with power express their will over those without power

people create shared meanings and interact based on those meanings

Josh works as a computer software designer in a large society in which most individuals are highly educated or have specialized, technical skills. Josh most likely lives in a(n) ______. industrial society postindustrial society agricultural society hunting-and-gathering society

postindustrial society

The iron law of oligarchy states that pay and working conditions are highly influential in workers' productivity. workers are objectified in the process of creating a product that they do not see completed or from which they do not gain profits the original motives or goals of an organization are displaced by new, secondary goals power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in organizations

power becomes concentrated in the hands of a small group of leaders in organizations

Which of the following is an example of a socially constructed categorization that changes over time within societies? biological genetic race family

race

Recidivism is the extortion of funds in exchange for "protection" the conflict that occurs between the elites and minority groups returning to prison after already serving a prior term an act that marks an offender as deviant

returning to prison after already serving a prior term

Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refused. Instead, she took a 2-year course and became a librarian. Robert Merton would classify Susan's actions as ______. conformity innovation ritualism retreatism

ritualism

Isabella is a good student; she attends sociology class, does well in her other studies, and would never break a campus rule. Unfortunately, her brother Craig is addicted to drugs, steals from their mother, and lives on the streets. One day, Craig calls Isabella and asks her to let him stay in her dorm. Isabella knows that visitors are not allowed in the dormitory, but she wants to help her brother. According to role theorists, Isabella is feeling ______. role conflict role strain role reversal all of these

role conflict

Willy was unsure whether he should ask his friend Susan to help him host a party. He decided, "Susan loves throwing parties, so she would probably like helping me out with this one." Willy is ______. self-actualizing role taking reactionizing interacting

role taking

Which of the following do most sociologists see as a uniquely human characteristic? ability to feel pain ability to communicate ability to use symbols sense of self

sense of self

According to the structural-functionalist view of culture, dominant groups may impose their cultural beliefs on minorities and other subcultural groups the meaning of symbols is learned through interaction with others cultural lag occurs when shifts in society occur unequally between material culture and nonmaterial culture shared norms, values, and beliefs hold a society or subculture together

shared norms, values, and beliefs hold a society or subculture together

People who are very important to us and whom we have sustained interactions with are known as ______. social instructors role takers generalized others significant others

significant others

Our social networks include all of the following EXCEPT this: private interactions small groups global organizations singing by yourself in the shower

singing by yourself in the shower

Maria interviews Eric for an entry-level position at the firm where she works. According to Edward Hall, the two will most likely sit at a(n) ______ distance from one another. intimate social public personal

social

Kina is a 17-year-old woman. To discourage her from becoming deviant, her parents encouraged her to attend church, study hard, and believe that "nice girls finish first." Kina's parents are also sociologists. Kina's parents most likely subscribe to which theory of deviance? strain theory social control theory conflict theory international condolence theory

social control theory

A sociological perspective allows us to look beneath the surface of society and notice ______ that others tend to overlook. political patterns social patterns social problems political problems

social patterns

The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world is called ______. socialization interaction socializing role taking

socialization

Durkheim's concept of anomie refers to a ______. state of normlessness social fact small, premodern society held together by kinship ties large, modern society with a specialized division of labor

state of normlessness

Carol is examining women who work for a major corporation. She hypothesizes that the women will have difficulty meeting the expectations of the corporation while still trying to live up to what is expected of them as wives and mothers. Which theoretical perspective is she most likely using? ecological conflict symbolic interactionist sociobiological

symbolic interactionist

A cultural relativist's perspective examines cultural practices according to ______. a subculture a counterculture the culture in which the practice occurs the global culture

the culture in which the practice occurs

Hacking and cybertheft by China and other nations are especially concerning because they are considered to be victimless crimes the federal government does not have an effective way to safeguard customers' information there are no effective ways to punish the offenders the U.S. laws regarding cybertheft are unclear

the federal government does not have an effective way to safeguard customers' information

Jane recently became embarrassed for using a four-letter word in front of a group of Catholic nuns. Mead would argue that her embarrassment illustrates the internalization of ______. the looking-glass self the generalized other particular others the ego

the generalized other

All of the following are characteristics of an agricultural society EXCEPT this: the harnessing of steam power a large population compared with previous types of societies the use of advanced technologies to create greater surplus permanent settlements

the harnessing of steam power

Bob told his boss that he deserves a 40% raise because he helped the company get a big contract. When he finished speaking, Bob observed his boss frowning. Bob then said, "Even a 10% raise would be fine!" Bob offered to take a lower raise because he used ______. the "I" reductionism the looking-glass self the play stage

the looking-glass self

According to the symbolic interactionist view of culture, dominant groups may impose their cultural beliefs on minorities and other subcultural groups the meaning of symbols is learned through interaction with others cultural lag occurs when shifts in society occur unequally between material culture and nonmaterial culture shared norms, values, and beliefs hold a society or subculture together

the meaning of symbols is learned through interaction with others

Which of the following would be a meso-level social unit? an intimate relationship a tribe the state two partners

the state

Statements regarding why and how facts relate to each other and the connection between those facts are known as ______. hypotheses empirical knowledge theories levels of analysis

theories

Which of the following do the authors of the text argue is the best way to measure crime? Uniform Crime Reports self-reported surveys victimization surveys triangulation of multiple data sources

triangulation of multiple data sources

John is a supervisor of 30 employees at a small restaurant. He makes his employees work overtime without pay, and he steals their tips. John is guilty of ______. occupational fraud blue-collar crime wage theft cybertheft

wage theft

Which of the following is an example of individuals and macro-level organizations interacting? a father who joins the parent-teacher association a cat handler who shows her Devon rex cats at a state Cat Fanciers' Association show women around the globe receiving training and education from the United Nations a fan attending a regional football league game

women around the globe receiving training and education from the United Nations