Sociology Final: Test 1

which women made a mark as an early sociologist by studying the evils of slavery and also translating the writings of aguste Comte?

Harriet Martineu

who was the pioneering sociologist who founded Chicago's hull house to assist immigrants and who was awarded the Nobel peace prize?

Jane Addams

which early sociologist claimed that the important task was not to simply understand society but to change it?

Karl Marx

which of the following statements is TRUE?

Learning more about other societies helps us better understand our own way of life.

"the systematic study of human society"

Sociology

the early US sociologist who earned the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard university to a person of color was:

W.E.B. Du Bois

which US sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)?

W.E.B. Du Boise

science can be referred to as:

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

which of the following concepts refers to social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a lot of personal ability and effort?

achieved status

according to Comte, during the middle ages most people in Europe thought of society as:

an expression of God's will

the cultural values that largely define a culture:

are sometimes in conflict with one another

which of the following concepts refers to social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life?

ascribed status

making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs

which is NOT the focus of Lawrence Kohl berg's development in moral reasoning?

cognition

the three role strains indicate:

complete role conformity is impossible

culture is a source of human freedom because:

cultural creatures must make and remake the world for themselves

the concept "counter culture" refers to:

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

the concept "subculture" refers to:

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population

what is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

culture

the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as:

dramaturgical analysis

the concept " presentation of self" refers to:

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

in the US, eye contact generally serves to:

encourage interaction

(T/F) commonsense ideas are the best topics to choose for sociological research because they represent "what everybody knows"

false

(T/F) the most used research design is field research

false

(T/F) the research method that provides the most accurate information is the survey

false

what is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?

feildwork

it is correct to say that the development of more complex technology:

has both positive and negative effects

what are the three qualities on which research ethics is based?

honesty; truth; openness

in terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization leads to the conclusion that:

human beings are spontaneous and creative human beings are affected by society, but also act back on society human beings can never be completely free of society

sociologists use the concept "empirical evidence" to refer to:

information people can verify with their senses

what is the defining characteristic of a random sample?

it gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen

in research, to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that the sample must posses?

it must be representative of the total population

the concept "ethnocentrism" refers to:

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

keeping young people off of the streets would be a _____ of sports.

latent function

unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called:

latent functions

based on both the Harlow's research with the Rhesus monkeys, and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that:

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both humans and monkeys

the recognized intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:

manifest functions

the English language often treats as____ whatever has greater value, greater power, or greater significance

masculine

which of the following concepts refers to a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

master status

what is not a dimension of culture?

material

the Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on the Rhesus monkeys showed that:

monkeys isolated for as little as six months were permanently damaged

culture acts as a restraint to human freedom because:

much culture is habit and is repeated again and again

the ideal of objectivity means that a researcher:

must strive to be personally neutral about the outcome of the research

family is important to the socialization process because:

parents greatly affect a child's self-concept families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion family members are often what mead called "significant others"

Jarrod is conducting research on the homeless. for six weeks, he has lived among the homeless 24/7, sleeping on the street or at a shelter, and engaging in the same activities as the population he is studying. by doing so, Jarrod has been able to gather a broad understanding of the homeless, their needs, and characteristics. in view of this, Jarrod is using the _____as a method of gathering data.

participant obseration

cultural transmission refers to the process of:

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

all around the world, what we find everywhere is:

people creating cultural systems

cross-cultural research on human emotions shows that:

people display emotions according to cultural norms

when Charles Horton Cooley used the term "Looking-glass self" he was referring to the fact that:

people see themselves as they think others see them

which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik. H. Erickson's view of socialization?

personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways

according to Comte, what is a way of understanding the world based on science?

positivism

women often take the family name of men upon marriage, in sociological terms, this is an example of how language can be used to convey:

power over others

which is the best example of a manifest function of sports?

providing people with recreation and physical conditioning

th eterm" ____" refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.

reliability

Tiffany has a keen interest in the original theories of William Sheldon regarding the relationship between body type and juvenile delinquency. she has duplicated the study using Sheldon's original methodology to see if her results are compatible to Sheldon's. such a study illustrates the concept of ______

replication

sociologists use which of the following concepts to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

which of the following concepts refers to conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

role conflict

which of the following concepts refers to the process by which people disengage from important social roles?

role exit

what is the term for the tension among roles connecting to a single status?

role strain

norms are:

rules defining appropriate behavior

learning more about sociology helps us to:

see the constraints in our lives see the opportunities in our lives be more active participants in society

all three role strains are solved by _____ and _____.

setting priorities and planning

according to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead refers to these important people as:

significant others

the Thomas theorem states that:

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. what concept refers to these negative consequences?

social dysfunctions

taken together, the cases of Anna and Genie provide strong evidence that:

social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality, any negative effects of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time, both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development.

the process by which people act and react in relation to others, is:

social interaction

which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

socialization

the largest and most self-suffecient type of groups is or should be

society

which of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation to others?

status

walker is conducting research on scholarship recipients at Faber College. in his sample of 20 students, he is ensuring he has a proportionate number of students based on class standing, race, sex and major course of study. Walker's sample is an example of a(n)_____

stratified random sample

the theoretical approach in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:

structural-functional approach

which research method involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?

survey

which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as the meaning they attach to their behavior?

symbolic-interaction approach

____distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between polite, and rude.

taboos; mores

Gerhard Lenski focosed on which of the following factors as having great power to shape a society?

technology

human guide to reality is determined by:

the command of language

one of the early concerns of IQ tests was that they tested the subject's knowledge of the upper-class white culture of the scientists who developed them, and not the true educational potential of the person tested. in view of this, which assessment of the early IQ tests is MOST accurate?

the early IQ tests lacked validity

which of the following play a part in creating a global culture?

the flow of goods the flow of information the flow of people

George Herbert Meade considered self to be:

the part of an individuals personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:

the reality people construct as they interact with one another

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is:

the social-conflict approach

what historical challenge DID NOT stimulate the development of the discipline of sociology?

the spread of the roman catholic church

"personal space" refers to:

the surrounding area in which an individual makes some claim to privacy

(T/F) two types of knowledge are scientific and nonscientific

true

(T/F)nonscientific knowledge is often wrong and/or misleading

true

standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

values

studying the meaning people attach to their everyday lives is the search for:

verstehen

the tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that:

without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action