Sociology First Test Sample test
Some Marxists believe that conflict between medieval burghers and small merchants onthe one hand, and the nobility on the other, led to the creation of modern capitalism, which was distinct from either of the opposing forces. What would Marx call this model of historical change?
b. a dialectical model
In Émile Durkheim's study Suicide, he reported that suicide rates went up when the economy slumped but they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates?
b. anomie
What was probably Harriet Martineau's most important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline?
b. her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into english
According to Robert Merton, which of these statements about manifest functions is true?
b. manifest are intended and obvious
A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift?
b. new data forcing a new way of looking at the world
Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations?
b. symbolic interactionism
If someone has no way to make money but to sell his own labor, then he must be a member of what social group?
b. the proletariat
If a researcher has obtained informed consent from all his participants, it means that
b. they all understand the nature of the study and what ill be asked of them.
A closed-ended question is one that:
c
According to Karl Marx, the most important factor in social life is a person's:
c
Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward things on the basis of their meaning. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise?
c
The analysis of documents—such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, and song lyrics—uses which of the following types of data?
c
The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called:
c
What did Karl Marx think the lower classes needed to develop in order to endtheir oppression?
c
What is the scientific method?
c
What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures, each of which contributes to the equilibrium of the whole?
c
Which of the following is a DISADVANTAGE of using ethnography as a method of socialresearch?
c
Who were the two anthropologists who studied the Hopi of the southwestern United States and concluded that language not only expresses our thoughts but also shapes the way we think?
c
Why do social scientists who use interviews rarely speak with large numbers of people for a project?
c
how is a subculture different from a counterculture?
c
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
c language can structure our perception of reality
Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, religious, linguistic, andnational backgrounds?
c multiculturalism
Even though the number of people have been trained academically as sociologists, we can all be described as "everyday sociologists" because:
c.
Some sociologists use a macrosociological approach, whereas others take a microsociological approach. How does this difference affect the ultimate goal of their research?
c.
Max Weber believed that modern industrialized societies were characterized by which of the following institutions?
c. bureaucracies
Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life?
c. enthography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.
Which methodology most closely resembles the scientific method?
c. experimental research
Harriet Martineau supported many ideas that were radical for her time, including:
c. labor unions and the abolition of slavery.
if you observe a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings, then what kind of research are you doing?
c. qualitative
If a piece of sociological research is representative, it means that the:
c. smaller groups of people studied can tell us something about a larger group.
In the United States today, the richest 1 percent of Americans have 40 percent of the country's wealth. Karl Marx would call this:
c. social inequality
The divorce rate has steadily increased over time, and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase?
c. structural factors
Look at the graphic representation of sociology's family tree. Given that they were both very influential in the classical stage of sociological theory, why are Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim depicted so far apart?
c. the theoretical schools they founded are very different.
What are the goals of ethnography?
c. to describe activities sociologists observe and to understand what those activities mean to the people involved.
Jane Addams was an early advocate of applied sociology. This means that she did not just do research, but that she also:
c. tried to address social problems through the hands on activity in the communities she researched.
Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory, because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action:
c. with verstehen, which emphasizes the need for empathy with individuals experiences.
A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a
d
According to Karl Marx, how is class consciousness, or revolutionary consciousness, developed?
d
Sociologists use which of the following terms to describe a group whose values and norms oppose the dominant culture?
d
Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because:
d
The Egg McMuffin is a vastly more efficient version of eggs Benedict. Egg McMuffins are cheaper, are ready almost instantly at drive-through windows, and can be eaten with one hand while driving. However, they do not improve on the taste or the experience of eggs Benedict. Max Weber might have described the Egg McMuffin as the ________ of breakfast
d
What do sociologists call informal rules and guidelines for behavior that is considered acceptable within a group?
d
What does Marx see as the primary tool for the oppression of the lower classes in modern society?
d
What economic system emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
d
What is the term used to describe sociological research that is intended to solve social problems, such as the research done by Jane Addams?
d
Which of the following is an example of something that would be part of a person's symbolic culture?
d
What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?
d cultural leveling
How are informal norms different from formal norms?
d informal norms are implicit and unspoken
What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow, as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed
d real culture
Recently, curators at museums have experienced problems with the preservation of plastic objects, almost all of which disintegrate over time. The Smithsonian collection contains the first-ever plastic toothbrush, which soon will be nothing more than a pile of crumbs. This problem is leading many historians to worry that we will lose the history of our:
d.
Sociology can be approached from both a microsociological and a macrosociological perspective. Which is more useful?
d.
Who coined the phrase "the survival of the fittest"?
d. herbert spencer
Every four years when it is time to elect a new president, we pay much attention to surveys, which we usually call "polls." Even though there are more than 300 million people in the United States, most political pollsters ask about a thousand people who it is they plan to vote for and use that information to predict how the election will turn out. Who is the sample for a presidential poll?
d. the 1000 people who are asked whom they will vote for
As a way of facilitating social change, tweets and hashtags are a new social phenomenon in which people are able to use social media in an effort to
organize and protest political policies
What is the sociological imagination?
the ability to understand the connections between (biography and history, or the interplay of the) self and the world
Émile Durkheim suggested that in traditional societies, people were bound together through mechanical solidarity. What was the basis of these sorts of bonds?
b.
Howard Becker said that sociology can best be understood as the study of people "doing things together." This definition reminds us that
A.
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior. Given this definition, which of the following levels of social structure best describes what sociologists might examine?
A.
Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patent medicine, designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned but widely demonized. This is an example of
a
If you possess a sociological imagination and someone asks you to study unemployment rates in a city of fifty million people where fifteen million are unemployed, where should you start?
a
It's all too common to see someone driving a car on a busy freeway while cursing and gesturing at another motorist whose poor driving has offended him. Cursing and gesturing are an individual's attempt at
a
Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it:
a
The theory of symbolic interactionism was developed by:
a
There is a close relationship between sociology and the other social sciences. Given how much overlap there is between these fields, why doessociology still exist as a discipline?
a
Which of the following is an example of something that would be part of a person's or a society's material culture?
a
Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of subjects under investigation, often dispelling stereotypes about thegroup being investigated?
a
You are doing a research project on the effects of contemporary media. If your hypothesis is that "watching violence on television causes an increase in violent behavior," then what are your variables?
a
the tendency to use your own group's way of things as the yardstick for judging others is called:
a
unlike a folkway, amore is closely related to
a
In 2005 the Northwestern University women's lacrosse team won an NCAA championship and was invited to the White House to receive congratulations from the president. Controversy erupted after their visit, when the official photograph revealed that several team members were wearing flip-flops. Despite the outcry, the athletes tookthe criticism in stride, talking about it on TheToday Show and auctioning the offending footwear for charity. Given the reaction and the team's response, what kind of norm did the athletes break by wearing flip-flops to the White House?
a a folkway
In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama took 53 percent of the vote, while JohnMcCain took 46 percent. However, in the early months of 2009, when Obama's approvalratings were still very high, post-election polls found that a significantly larger number of people claimed to have voted for him. Historians report that the percentage of people who remember voting for any president rises and falls with the president's approval ratings. More people seemed to believe that they "should" have voted for Obama. This belief is an example of:
a ideal culture
Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit, made up of interrelated partsthat work together?
a structural functionalism
Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions?
a symbolic interactionism
In many Middle Eastern countries, showing someone the bottom of your foot or shoe is considered very rude, so American military personnel stationed in the Middle East are instructed to keep their feet inside helicopters when flying low. Why is this instruction needed?
a the meaning of gestures is not universal
Imagine that you are trying to rewrite a survey. You find a multiple-choice question that asks, "What is your favorite recreational activity?" and gives three response options: watching television, shopping, or sports. You add a fourth response option, "other," and invite respondents to write an activity of their choice. What kind of question have you just made?
a.
Many everyday cultural practices-- such as greeting a friend, giving someone flowers, or using the thumbs-up sign-- seem like natural ways of acting? why does having an awareness g how these practices vary across cultures demonstrate a healthy sociological imagination?
a.
Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology?
a.
what is a pilot study?
a.
Structural functionalist theory is very concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?
a. a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in the scientific method?
a. conduct a literature review
Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead toanomie. What is anomie?
a. normless, or a loss of connections to the social world.
What do you call broad theoretical models of the social or natural world?
a. paradigms
Designer labels on purses and athletic logos on shirts are both examples of
b
During the American occupation of Japan after World War II, the Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball and later adopted it as one of their favorite pastimes. This is an example of:
b
If the federal government conducts research on the value of checking batteries in home smoke detectors, what method will produce data that is easiest to transmit to many people?
b
Lili is conducting a sociological research study on the underground music scene. She has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Lili should take in the scientific method?
b
Many Marxist sociologists assume that large-scale economic structures arethe most important factors in people's lives. This assumption is an example of:
b
The ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values, without reference to any other culture's standards, is called
b
The article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is useful to sociologists because
b
The famous anthropologist Margaret Mead said that the United States of America is the best place to raise a female child. Her assertion is an example of
b
Together and in groups, people organize their lives and their social interactions to produce a real and meaningful world. Sociologists can study this because:
b
What can an institutional review board do if it has reservations about the safety or ethics of a research project?
b
What is the link between feminist theory and conflict theory?
b
Which of the following is a latent function of the educational system in the United States?
b
Why do ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal?
b
how are norms enforced in everyday settings
b
if a researcher allows his own values and opinions to affect his analysis, he is guilty of...?
b
what is the difference between basic and applied research?
b
what is the sociological term for signs people make with their body?
b
which of the following groups is a subculture
b
why did C. wright Mills think that it is important for everyone, even people who will never take a sociology class, to develop a sociological imagination?
b
When Patti Sue took a world tour, she had lunch at McDonald's in Tokyo, ate dinner at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hong Kong, purchased clothes at Macy's in London, and was entertained at a Disney show featuring Mickey Mouse and Pluto in Paris. This homogenization of cultures around the world is called
b cultural leveling
10.What do sociologists claim is the most significant component of culture
b language
Macrosociology and microsociology approach the study of society from different perspectives. How does sociology, as a discipline, deal with these two very different approaches?
b.
according to C. Wright Mills, what one quality of mind do all great sociologists have?
b.