Sociology

Emile Durkheim uses the word anomie to refer to very specific condition. What is that condition?

a feeling of aimlessness or despair, due to the constant change typical of modern life

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

a high school girl's clique

Standard deviation

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

An ideology is a

a shared set of ideas or beliefs that justify the interest of dominant groups

Primary group

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

Which item is an example of comparative research as defined in this chapter?

a study comparing gender roles during the 1950s in the United States to gender roles in present-day Japan

Social fact

a thing originating in the institutions or culture of a society that affects the behavior or attitudes of an individual member of that society.

Values are

abstract ideals about what is good and bad

You might want to be part of a secondary group to

accomplish a specific goal, such as graduating from college

The use of the Internet e-mail chat rooms and social networking sites such as Facebook

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life

In which type of society do most people live and work on the land growing crops for food and to sell?

agrarian

Theda Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions

applied comparative research in a historical context that examined the social change of revolutions

In the United States a commonly held assumption about women and work is that women

are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions

When a group assumes the attitudes and language of the dominant community, it has engaged in:

assimilation

Why do sociologists analyze and critique US census categories for race and ethnicity?

because they are official categories and counts used by the government

Organizations such as the world trade organization argue that liberalized trade regulations and reduced trade barriers will

benefit developing countries

Gender socialization begins

birth

Mislabeling of behavioral problems in school, according to sociologists, may have resulted in the placement in special education programs of dramatically higher numbers of:

boys

People sharing a common characteristic—such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity—but not necessarily interacting with each other, are called a social:

category

Which of the following norms is a cultural universal?

prohibition against incest

the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics

racism

Much of what is learned in school has nothing to do with the formal content of the lessons. The teaching of values, attitudes, and habits constitutes the:

hidden curriculum

What is the central message of postmodernism?

history follows no overarching plot or narrative

When Alice Goffman studied the role of home and work in the lives of young, black men prone to running afoul of the law, what did she find?

home and work provided police with the means to track down the young men'

What is the most important asset in the net worth of most American families

homes

Studying the sexual behavior of white Americans in the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey found that ___.

huge differences existed between public standards and private practices

The idea that people who invest more in their schooling on the job training and work experience are paid more is known as the ___ theory

human capital

Which sociological concept describes ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups?

ideologies

A recent study of Facebook users that attempted to predict whether our romantic relationships would last found that:

if two people had the same group of friends, they had a higher likelihood of staying together

According to George Herbert Mead children develop a sense of self by

imitating the actions of other people

The World trade organizations position on free trade is that it

insists that poor countries open their markets while industrialized countries maintain barriers

According to your textbook intelligence is actually very difficult to define because

intelligence covers qualities that may be unrelated to each other

Sexual harassment in the workplace involves unwanted sexual advances remarks and behavior that are offensive to the recipient and that

interfere with job performance

Diane Vaughan

interviewed people about their romantic breakups

The campaign for global justice

is a movement to protest the World Trade Organization's emphasis on economic issues over human rights issues

A defining characteristic of a modern state is that

it has institutions such as a parliament, prime minister, or other public officials

a system of symbols used by people to communicate

language

What is the main difference between microsociology and macrosociology?

level of analysis

The examination of gender inequalities in terms of social and cultural attitudes and the argument that gradual reform of existing social institutions is the best way to avoid these inequalities stem from

liberal feminism

Marriage is a cultural universal, which means

marriage is present in all societies, but norms related to marriage may differ across societies

The physical objects a society creates are known as

material culture

The mean median and mode are all

measures of central tendency

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

movement of Europeans to other parts of the world

The salad bowl metaphor is used to describe:

multiculturalism

When ethnic groups have achieved a distinct but equal status, the society is said to exhibit:

multiculturalism

There is no inherent difference between different races. *norm *value *neither norm nor value

neither norm nor value

Whether a movement of people is an example of immigration or emigration depends on whether

one is talking about the country of arrival or of departure

The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:

our need to congregate and belong

Which item represents a difficulty in social science that is normally not encountered in natural science?

outcomes are affected by the presence of the observer

Recent sociological studies on the relationship between social networks and health outcomes such as obesity demonstrate that:

people develop their ideas about what is acceptable behavior by looking at those in their social groups

Which of the following is a social aggregate?

people waiting at Terminal C for flight 181q

In addition to sociological analysis, Marxist sociologists believe that sociology should also include:

political reform

In the colonial model of migration

preferences are granted to immigrants from former colonies

a fundraising website for a county historical society

preservation of a local culture

Place the steps for reading a table in order from first to last

read the title, read any explanatory notes, read the row and column headings, identify units, consider possible conclusions

Caste as a stratification system affects contact between people by:

regulating contact between people of different caste levels

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development men develop their sense of masculinity by

rejecting their closeness to their mothers and learning what is not feminine

The concept of childhood as a particular stage in the life cycle has its origins in

relatively recent modern times

The additional income received in the workplace for each additional year of schooling or academic degree is referred to as

returns on education

Oligarchy means

rule of the few

A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?

scapegoating

The main purpose of sampling is to

select a set of people who are representative of the population

What is the name for the form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation?

settler colonialism

The source of many of the problems of aging, according to social conflict theories, is that:

social institutions favor those who have the most economic power

According to the postmodernist theory

society is highly pluralistic and diverse

The twentieth century was a time of major change in race relations for black and white Americans. Based on your knowledge of civil rights history place the following events in chronological order

the founding of the NAACP Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansasthe Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King Jr. led the march on Washington the Civil Rights Act was signed into law

What is a common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?

the goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities

Why does Amy Chua argue that democracy and a free market would not solve the problem of ethnic conflicts?

the introduction of democracy may trigger a backlash

What is one possible reason for the reversal of the gender gap in education?

the introduction of gender-neutral learning materials

What is the definition of socialization?

the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to one's social position

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

What is the definition of rationalization according to Max Weber?

the organization of public life according to principles of efficiency

One serious ethical consequence of the technological changes in childbirth is that:

the parents can learn of any abnormalities in their child before birth and then decide on their options

What do unemployment statistics, such as the unemployment rate, measure?

the percentage of people out of a population who have no job and are looking

What happens to group dynamics as the number of people in the group increases?

the possible number of relationships increases

Efficiency

the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources

The word bureaucracy as coined by de Gournay literally means

the rule of officials

What is Frances National policy on wearing face covering veils in public?

there is a ban on wearing veils in public

According to Auguste Comte what is the proper role of sociology?

to study human society scientifically

Regarding bureaucracies, Max Weber concluded that the closer they were to the ideal type, the more they would become:

effective in achieving their objectives

A common criticism of functionalist theory is that it

emphasized the need for the elderly to adjust to existing conditions rather than participate in changing them

Strategic alliances formed among the largest corporations for the purposes of planning production and managing problems are known as

enterprise webs

In Waves of War Andreas Wimmer reported the finding that since 1800 wars around the world have increasingly resulted from

ethnic and nationalist concerns

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

If a researcher would like to get in depth information based on interviews and firsthand observations she should use the methodological approach known as a

ethnography

According to dependency theorists colonialism played a vital role in the impoverishment of poorer countries because powerful countries

exploited others for their raw materials

The rise of eating disorders in non-Western societies coincides with the globalization of:

fashion industry

In research by John Meyer and Brian Rowan what aspects of a bureaucracy were often found to be ceremonial or ritual serving mainly to justify the way things are really done?

formal procedures

The sociologists who reexamined the data in Richard J Herrnstein and Charles Murrays the bell curve reiterated that race and intelligence are best understood

from social as opposed to biological causes

What are the four basic standards that establish social research as scientific?

generalizability, replicability, uncertainty, and reflexivity

An open access information site such as Wikipedia

global spread of one culture or kind of culture

Which of the following is an informal method of social control enacted when a person fails to conform?

gossip

According to the leading research findings on academic achievement, which of the following has the greatest influence on a student's success in school?

- parents' socioeconomic status Children's background (P536-537) decisive influence was the children's background pg. 536

Place the events for the origins of hip-hop music in chronological order.

1) Jamaican tradition of chanting stories along to music 2) DJ Kool Herc dvp's rapping in the Bronx, New York 3) grp's from Queens and Long Island bring the new music style to a wider audience 4) Gangsta rap becomes established in major US cities 5) Hip-hop becomes popular in GB

According to how Karl Marx explains the global spread of Western industry, place the events in chronological order.

1. Several producers sell products in the same market. 2. Competition motivates producers to manufacture their goods more cheaply and sell them more cheaply. 3. Producers seek new, cheaper sources of labor and materials, and new markets where their products will command higher prices. 4. When several producers have entered a new market, the cycle repeats.

Place the steps for conducting a survey in order from first to last.

1. create a preliminary draft of survey questions 2. conduct a pilot study 3. identify problems with the survey questions 4. revise and finalize the survey questions 5.collect data from the main survey sample

Place the steps of the research process in order from first to last.

1. define the research problem 2. review the literature 3. make the problem precise 4. work out a design 5. carry out the research 6. interpret the results 7. report the findings

According to Jean Piaget place the stages of a developing child in chronological order

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Organization

A group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose

correlation coefficient

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

In the experiments conducted by Albert Bandura which experimental condition was found to have the most power in influencing children to act aggressively?

Aw

Compared to traditional societies which of the following statements concerning self identity today is true?

We have unprecedented opportunities to create our own identities.

The Supreme Court decision that established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the 1950s through the 1970s was

Brown vs. Board of Education

Behavior that is oriented toward self interest is often called

C. instrumental or rational action

Modern medicine

Characterized by the implementation of standards for sanitation, ventilation, hygiene, and nutrition; in addition, choosing health care as a profession became more acceptable, hospitals were reformed, and training of physicians and nurses improved.

An example of a world-affirming movement would be the:

Church of Scientology

Which of the following is a social group?

Your college sociology class

Jesus was the fulfillment of the covenant God made with ____ promising him a descendant to reign on his throne forever.

David

Identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve.

Define the research problem

Dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas often in a forced way or under traumatic circumstances is known as:

Diaspora

Alice Goffman

Ethnographer who studied crime rings in the inner city.

The idea that individuals need to adjust to changing social roles as they age and that society needs to find useful roles for older people reflects on which theoretical perspective?

Functionalism

Who had the greatest influence on the theoretical approach known as symbolic interactionism?

George Herbert Mead

Early sociological theorists often differed in their analyses of social behavior and social institutions. Nevertheless Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx and Max Weber strove to explain the new relationships that emerged as an outgrowth of the

Industrial Revolution

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power sources, is known as:

Industrialization

The ethnic group in the United States that was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II is:

Japanese American

Form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation

Make the research problem precise.

According to sociological research what was one unintended consequence of public policy initiatives that led to large public housing blocks built in city centers following World War II?

Many people who moved to the large apartment blocks felt isolated and unhappy.

The theorist who saw religion as a potential source of social transformation was:

Max Weber

On a sociological level how does gender inequality negatively affect men?

Men are more likely to commit crimes and more likely to commit suicide.

Identify each question as a topic in either microsociology or macrosociology.

Microsociology: - How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? - How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? Macrosociology - Why do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others? - Why does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy?

Which of the following best explains why different groups of people created different cultures

People learned to adapt to their physical surroundings.

When listing countries in the order of money spent on the military, the United States spends more than 15 countries combined. The public figure who warned the country to beware of the expanding military and the industries that cater to it was:

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Max Weber considered the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West to be:

Protestantism

Based on the text discussion, one can infer that for humans to be adequately socialized, it is imperative that they have:

Regular social interaction with adults

Which of the following describes an advantage of survey research?

Results can be easily quantified and analyzed

When the U.S. Census Bureau calculates racial and ethnic composition, why might the population totals sometimes exceed 100 percent?

Since the year 2000, respondents have been allowed to identify as more than one racial-ethnic category on the U.S. Census.

Which of the following hold the perspective that regionalization within the world economy produces less integration and that national governments continue to play a vital role in the economy?

Skeptics

Why are experiments much less common in sociology than in the natural sciences?

Sociological researchers can bring only small groups into a laboratory setting, where people may behave unnaturally because they are being watched.

What are the three son names of Jesus?

Son of Man, Son of God, Son of David

How has women's participation in the paid labor force changed during the past 50 years?

The presence of women in the paid labor force has risen steadily, with a slight drop since 2009.

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.

Beginning in the 1920s in American sociology, largely at the University of Chicago, the discipline of sociology began to transform in what way?

There was a stronger attempt to ground sociological concepts and theories in facts and data

What did Robert Park and William Ogburn do in the 1920s to usher in a new era in sociology that demanded more than mere theoretical speculation?

They grounded theory in data and facts.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act

This act prohibited Discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions

Colonialism may involve either large-scale immigration and settlement by the colonizing population or only a small-scale influx of administrators who govern the native population for the benefit of the colonizing power. Historically, what has been the relation between the type of colonialism and the eventual industrialization of the colonized nation?

colonization by large-scale settlement leads to greater industrializations

Which concept emerged from the work of sociologist Eduardo Bonilla Silva

color blindness

Today, a person with an illness can seek assistance from both a medical doctor and a homeopath. This is why some sociologists call unorthodox techniques:

complementary medicine

A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:

conurbation

Sociological research projects usually

create more research questions and problems

a website for people interested in fine food and drink

development of a non-geographic subculture

Mortgage companies that offer high interest subprime mortgages tend to target minority communities because it is more difficult for racial minorities to obtain mortgages due to

discrimination

When we look at the micro and macro connections that shape social issues such as the harassment of women on the street, we see that the:

solution must address the larger underlying issues, such as gender inequality

Why did Karl Marx call religion the opium of the people because religion

soothes and hides the reality of economic oppression

Which group fits the sociological definition of a minority group?

spanish speakers in the US

Harold Garfinkel developed ethnomethodology which is the

study of folk or lay methods people use to make sense of what others say and do

Smaller segments of a society with distinct values and norms and their own unique patterns of behavior are called:

subcultures

Information about our lives is gathered by all types of organizations. This might be called a ____ society

surveillance

The term meaning "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" that originated from a report by the World Commission on Environment and Development is:

sustainable development

one item used to stand for another, such as a flag

symbol

Max Weber regarded Christianity as a salvation religion in which human beings can be "saved" if they follow its moral tenets. According to him, Eastern religions differ from Christianity in that they:

tend to lack emotional dynamism and cultivate an attitude of passivity or acceptance

According to George Herbert Mead what separates human society from the animal kingdom?

the ability to interpret and understand symbols

Mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A defining characteristic of a nation state is that

the citizenry enjoys a common identity that fosters a sense of belonging

The word bureaucracy refers to _____.

the departments and agencies responsible for implementing the law

What did Andreas Wimmer determine was the best sociological predictor of war within a geographic territory in the twentieth century?

the existence of nationalist organizations

Like plant and animal populations, cities grow following principles of adaptation and equilibrium so that neighborhoods were settled in a process of competition, invasion, and succession. This is the idea behind:

urban ecology or the ecological approach to urban analysis

All people should have the chance to advance by pulling themselves up by their bootstraps

value

In Marxian analysis, which group makes up the largest component of society?

wage workers

Why is it important to consider the history of Western colonialism if we want to understand todays racial and ethnic divisions?

western colonialism created divisions between racial ethinc groups

One significant conclusion that can be drawn from the recent research on sexuality in the United States such as that by Lillian Rubin 1990 and Edward Laumann et al 1994 is that

young people are more sexually active before marriage than was true in the past