Sociology Midterm 3
In 1890, the ratio of women in the work force was ________. Today, the ratio of women in the work force is approximately ________.
1:5; 1:2
The process by which we develop a sense of self referred to as the "looking glass self" was developed by ________.
Charles Horton Cooley
Functionalists believe deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos.
False
Which of the following theories least follows the principles of symbolic interactionism?
Strain theory
Social class, gender, race, and ethnicity are aspects of one's life falling into the category of social location.
True
Sexual harassment has only been recognized as a social problem since the 1970s.
true
Sociologists believe that if biology were the principle factor in determining human behavior there would be a greater uniformity of behavior among men and women around the world.
true
The total prison and jail population in the United States totals approximately ________ which is one out of every 143 Americans.
2,000,000
What is the age range of women most likely to be victims of rape?
20-24
Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. This universality reflects what sociologists describe as ________.
A latent function
People and groups that influence our orientation to life, our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior are called ________.
Agents of socialization
Conflict theorists classify the few who own the means of production as ________ and those who sell their labor to these owners as ________.
Capitalists; the working class
Your sociology professor bases her self concept as a professor on the interaction she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is your professor utilizing?
Cooley's Looking Glass Self
Violation of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ________.
Crime
Differential association theory was developed by sociologist ________.
Edwin Sutherland
The early sociologist who argued that deviance may be functional for society was ________.
Emile Durkheim
Although African Americans are disproportionately represented in the state prison population, the majority of prisoners are white.
False
Because white collar crime seldom results in physical harm to members of society violators are tried in administrative courts rather than criminal court.
False
Official crime statistics gathered by the police and FBI can be relied upon for their objectivity and accuracy for measuring crime in their respective jurisdictions.
False
Shaming is most effective as a sanction when it is used by a formal organization such as a court of common pleas or other public tribunal.
False
Sociologically an act cannot be classified as deviance if it does not cause physical or emotional harm to another individual.
False
Sociologically, gender and sex are interchangeable terms with virtually the same meaning.
False
Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and a "product of our genes."
False
The advent of Lara Croft, Xena, and other women of action has clearly divided children with an interest in action films into two camps, one supporting male characters and the other the emerging female characters.
False
The latent function of formal education is to teach knowledge and skills, such as writing, reading, and arithmetic.
False
The theory of differential association is one of the most popular psychological theories to explain deviance.
False
There is little difference today in how boys and girls interpret the culture expectations of gender.
False
The process by which we develop a sense of self referred to as the "looking glass self" was developed by ________.
George Herbert Mead
The symbolic interactionist who argued that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.
George Herbert Mead
Mead describes the active, creative and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.
I
What is the sociological significance of "marriage by capture" practiced by some cultures in the world?
It demonstrates how cultural values determine deviance
Sociologically, why is gender especially significant?
It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life.
What is the primary argument to explain what determines the type of work performed by men and women in each society?
It is a product of socialization and social control.
Which of the following statements best describes how feminists view sexual harassment?
It is based on the structural problems imbedded in society.
The concept of the relativity of deviance is best illustrated by which of the following statements?
It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.
How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?
It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ________ theory.
Labeling
When Officer Friel discovered Mark smoking marijuana outside the school, he took him home and turned him over to his parents for counseling and treatment as they felt appropriate. He also warned Mark the next time would result in a ride to juvenile hall. Which statement best describes Officer Friel's actions?
Officer Friel is employing police discretion.
Tory is five years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.
Play
When a young man or young woman enters college, especially as a resident student, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.
Resocialization
Which of the following acts does not qualify as a white collar crime?
Robbing the first national bank
What has the Supreme Court ruled as it pertains to the treatment of homosexuals in the workplace and sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment laws apply to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals or other homosexuals on the job.
Traditionally, statuses men occupy (father, husband) are given greater prestige than those occupied by women (mother, wife). This awarding of privilege and prestige to one group while denying it to the other is called ________.
Social inequality
Contemplating a particular behavior that takes into consideration an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment, such as the consequences of dropping out of college, is referred to as our ________.
Social mirror
What concept do sociologists have in mind when they say "society makes us human"?
Socialization
The two disciplines that would be most concerned with addressing qualities within the individual to explain deviant behavior are ________ and ________.
Sociobiology; psychology
Sociologists who believe we help to produce our own orientations to life by joining specific groups is most aligned with which sociological perspective?
Symbolic Interactionist
The relativity of deviance is most aligned with which sociological perspective?
Symbolic interactionism
Both the FBI and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) collect data on the incidence of rape. Which statement best summarizes the relationship between the results obtained by the FBI compared to those obtained by the NCVS?
The NCVS data suggests the incidence of rape is about three times greater than that reported by the FBI.
Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression and used to control workers are aligned most with which sociological perspective?
The conflict perspective
What term applies to the stages people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?
The life course
Infidelity, recreational drug use, and cheating on one's income tax return are behaviors that are becoming more and more common and to a degree, socially acceptable. What term do sociologists apply to this phenomenon?
The mainstreaming of deviance
What did sociologist Christine Williams find when she conducted research on men employed in positions traditionally considered "women's occupations"?
The men climbed a "glass escalator" and were promoted quickly.
What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?
The self concept begins in childhood and is a life long process until death.
In the "Nature vs. Nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.
The social environment
Which statement is least accurate regarding sex and gender?
The terms sex and gender are sociologically and biologically interchangeable.
Why do most acquaintance rapes go unreported to authorities?
The victim feels partially responsible because she knows the perpetrator.
Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a monastery have in common?
They are all retreatists
Based on differential association theory, what is the most likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?
They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.
What act did members of the National Women's Party engage in to gain the right to vote in 1917?
They picketed the White House
Based on strain theory, there are four deviant models of adaptation and one mode considered to be socially acceptable.
True
Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants.
True
Crime "in the suites" (white collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than "crime in the streets."
True
Functionalists would contend that the growing crime rates among women are the result of changing social location and gender roles giving women greater access to illegitimate opportunities.
True
Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.
True
Gender stratification refers to the ranking of males and females according to their access to power, property, and prestige based on their sex.
True
Human sexuality illustrates how a group's definitions of an act, and not the act itself, determines whether or not it is considered deviant.
True
Identical twins share exactly the same genetic heredity.
True
In Mead's theory of development, the "Me" is the "object of action" or the "self as object."
True
In hunting-gathering and horticultural societies women contributed the majority of the food supply.
True
Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of the other a child must pass through three stages, the imitation, play, and team game stage.
True
Of the one billion adults worldwide who are illiterate, two thirds of them are women.
True
Parents are the first significant others to teach children about the fundamental symbolic division of the world.
True
Sociologically, females are appropriately classified as a minority group.
True
Stigma, characteristics that discredit people, include violations of norms of ability and violation of norms of appearance.
True
The chances of receiving the death penalty are greatly affected by geography (where the murder took place), social class, and gender.
True
Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of life.
True
Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and more likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?
Vocational choice
What classification do sociologists apply to women that describes their inability to gain equal access to power, property and prestige.
a minority group
Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?
a uterus in women
Based the same levels of academic achievement, where does the greatest pay gap exist between men and women over their lifetime?
among college graduates
John desires the best things in life...a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?
an innovator
According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.
anomie
Many students, when they graduate from college, will be able to earn an extra $2,300 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. How does the student accomplish this "bonus"?
be born a male
While the notion of gender refers to sociological characteristics, the concept of sex refers to ________ characteristics.
biological
Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are most aligned with which discipline?
biology
The Supreme Court ruled that sexual harassment laws do not apply equally to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals on the job.
false
What is the philosophy that biology is not destiny, especially in regard to justifying gender stratification?.
feminism
What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children?
feral
Sociologists emphasizing which sociological perspective would consider deviance as a natural part of society?
functionalists
The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.
gender socialization
The majority of students graduating with a degree in library science are women. Research has shown that this sex-typing of majors is primarily due to ________.
gender socialization
What is the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a person's sex called?
gender stratification
What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes and expectations of the public?
generalized others
George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages which are the ________, ________, and ________ stages.
imitation; play; games
How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs?
marginal working class
As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is learning not only to read, but is also being taught lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.
part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools
Individuals who are approximately the same age, linked by common interests, and include classmates and the "kids in the neighborhood" are most appropriately referred to as ________.
peers
Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Mideast and are considered heroic warriors. This bestowing of honor and praise are examples of ________.
positive sanctions
Of the following choices, the doctorate conferred with the greatest percentage of women recipients is ________ while the doctorate with the greatest percentage to men is ________.
psychology; engineering
Our image of who we are called is the ________.
self
According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.
significant others
The theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them is ________ theory.
strain
Of the nation's top 500 corporations, referred to as the "Fortune 500" how many were headed by women in 2005?
ten
Agatha has worked for ten years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has been promoted to several higher paying managerial positions, but never to an executive position, even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion illustrates ________.
the "glass ceiling"
Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider to be the most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?
the ability to take the role of another
Video games have begun to portray women, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist and Xena, Warrior Princess in changing gender roles. This change in roles may also serve as ________.
the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males
Edwin visited with the Yanomamo, a people living in the rain forests of Brazil. There he observed tribe members appearing naked in public, using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses. This is a good example of ________.
the cultural relativity of deviance
What stage in history did Frederick Engels (or conflict theory) propose as being responsible for the development of patriarchy?
the development of private property
What term describes the invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels of a corporation?
the glass ceiling
Scott graduated from nursing school two years ago and is now the assistant director of nursing at a major hospital. He is earning over fifty percent more than the women he graduated with from nursing school. How would sociologists describe this phenomenon?
the glass escalator
What "wave" of feminism was characterized by broad goals ranging from an increase in women's pay to an antiviolence campaign?
the second wave
Which wave of the women's movement focused on the problems of women in the Least Industrialized Nations?
third
