Sociology Midterm Practice
A man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him, hoping that he will stop. The man ignores them, indicating that he
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Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
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Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology?
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Why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead?
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Why might Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim be placed far apart on sociology's family tree?
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Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?
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Why might teenagers shoplift according to Jack Katz's Seductions of Crime?
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You are doing a research project on the effects of contemporary media. What are your variables if your hypothesis is "watching violence on television causes an increase in violent behavior"?
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Émile Durkheim suggested that in traditional societies, people were bound through mechanical solidarity. What was the basis of these sorts of bonds?
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Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less and less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to
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In 1978, cult-leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, leading to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of
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In 2007, the richest 1 percent of the American population owned 35 percent of the country's wealth and the bottom 80 percent of the population owned 14 percent. Karl Marx would call this
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In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?
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In her research for The Second Shift, Arlie Hochschild interviewed married couples to find out how they dealt with changing family roles as more women entered the workforce. What advantages came from her decision to use interviews as a research method?
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According to Sigmund Freud, which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy?
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According to the Uniform Crime Report, murder is MOST likely committed by a
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According to the scientific method, what are the steps in conducting research and in what order should they be completed?
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According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is
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According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change?
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Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability or a battle with addiction or mental illness.
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Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong?In 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law. Fox News and CNN presented vastly different viewpoints of the ACA, appealing to either conservative or liberal viewers, respectively. The media's handling of this law is an example of
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Although she made contributions to sociology, Jane Addams is perhaps best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she
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Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
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As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?
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Charismatic authority is unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority in that it is rooted in
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Charles Darwin suggested that, rather than being superior to the rest of the animal kingdom, human beings are simply one part of a larger system governed by natural laws. This radically changed how people thought about almost everything. What would we call this?
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Conflicts within mainstream society about which values and norms should be upheld or shifted are called
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Durkheim theorized that the rapidly changing conditions of modern life lead to anomie. What is anomie?
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Given Jack Katz's theory of crime, what do you think would be the best subtitle for his book The Seductions of Crime?
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How do sociologists define positive deviance?
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How is a subculture different from a counterculture?
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How is culture transmitted and internalized?
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How is the study of culture different for sociologists than for anthropologists?
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If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________.
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The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the
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There are several ways in which gays and lesbians in the United States have chosen to manage their stigma. When gay rights activists chant the slogan, "We're here, we're queer, get used to it," what strategy are they using?
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To what type of group does an individual belong if the members are mostly anonymous to one another?
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Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on
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Under what circumstances does a deviant label transition from primary to secondary deviance?
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Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to
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Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of
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W. I. Thomas famously argued that if people define situations as real, then
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What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?
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What are the goals of ethnography?
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What did Max Weber mean when he said that modern people are trapped in an "iron cage"?
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What did W. E. B. Du Bois have in common with Harriet Martineau?
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What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments?
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What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?
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What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
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What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed?
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What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves—either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?
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What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
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What do you call broad theoretical models of the social or natural world?
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What does Marx see as the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes in modern society?
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What does it mean if a researcher has obtained informed consent from all of his or her participants?
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What does the sociologist Jack Katz think sociologists should study when trying to understand deviance instead of solely examining background factors?
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What has a child learned to do when he or she can internalize the expectations of other specific people?
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What has been achieved when the dominant culture, without the use of force, persuades the rest of society that its beliefs and values are the only or best values?
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What is a paradigm?
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What is a researcher guilty of if he or she allows his or her own values and opinions to affect his or her analysis?
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What is a sociologist's theoretical perspective if he or she argues we have seen the "dissolution of master narratives or metanarratives"?
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What is one of the principal reasons people turn to deviant behavior in the United States according to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton?
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What is the definition of "culture"?
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What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?
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What is the term used to describe sociological research that is intended to solve social problems, such as the research done by Jane Addams?
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What kind of question usually produces a wide variety of responses by allowing respondents to answer in whatever way seems appropriate to them?
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What kind of research are you doing if you observe a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings?
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What might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance if an upper-middle-class, white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class, black man is sentenced to jail for committing?
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What must behavior, trait, or belief do in order to be considered deviant?
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What must we do before we can experience role-taking emotions?
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What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?
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What was Marx criticizing when he said that religion is "the opiate of the masses"?
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What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?
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What will a good researcher always do after formulating a general research question?
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When Patti Sue took a world tour, she had lunch at McDonald's in Tokyo, ate dinner at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hong Kong, purchased clothes at Macy's in London, and was entertained at a Disney show in Paris. This homogenization of cultures around the world is called
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When conducting experiments, how is the experimental group different from the control group?
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When studying deviance, sociologists often focus on the most obvious and extreme forms of deviant behavior. What are the consequences of this approach?
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Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime?
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Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation?
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Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?
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Which of the following is a quality of charismatic leaders?
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Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life?
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Which of the following is an advantage of using interviews as a research method?
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Which of the following is an aggregate?
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Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?
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Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
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Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of subjects under investigation, often dispelling stereotypes about the group being investigated?
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Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most strictly enforced to the least?
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Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?
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Which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social situations?
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Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together?
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Which of these statements about roles is true?
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Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be MOST fully developed?
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Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions?
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Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds?
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Which type of group is characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships?
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Why do high schools often use surveys rather than a more direct form of communication like interviews when they ask students about sensitive subjects like drug use or sexual health?
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Why do social scientists who use interviews rarely speak with large numbers of people for a project?
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Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity?
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Why is it increasingly difficult to use sociological models that assume that interaction involves copresence?
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Considering that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance, scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas
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According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who do not believe that they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have
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The tendency to use your own group's way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others is called
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The term "socialization" refers to the
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A graduate student is almost done with his dissertation when he is informed that twenty years ago someone did a similar project and already demonstrated what he had hoped to be the first to discover. What basic step of the scientific method should have saved him from this problem?
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A man's computer is hacked; by stealing his identity, the hacker is able to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of
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A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time.
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A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of
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A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift?
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A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called a(n)
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A simple random sample is defined as a sample
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A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students including how to follow rules, remain in their seats, and other skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?
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A sociologist wants to study popular attitudes and perceptions about astrology among college students in California. She believes that people who have astrological signs associated with fire will have a greater knowledge of astrology because fire signs tend to have more interesting and attractive symbolism. What are the variables in this study?
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A study found a strong correlation between parental bonding and adolescent drug use. Children with stronger bonds to their parents were far less likely to try drugs or alcohol. However, the researchers, after examining their data more closely, discovered that parental bonding was really a predictor for teen religiosity. Consequently, high levels of religiosity prevent drug use rather than parental bonding. This means that religiosity was a(n)
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According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
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According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?
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According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but more importantly, they
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According to Karl Marx, how could a belief in heaven as a reward for earthly suffering serve the interests of the ruling class?
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According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority does a king wield?
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According to Robert Merton, which of these statements about manifest functions is true?
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In recent years, sociologists who study deviance have learned that they can measure the quantities of narcotics consumed by a community by testing its sewage before treatment. What part of the research process would the sociologists be carrying out when they visit the sewage treatment plant to test its sewage?
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In the article "Jihad vs. McWorld," Benjamin R. Barber points out that "in November of 1991 Switzerland's once insular culture boasted best-seller lists featuring Terminator 2 as the #1 movie, Scarlett as the #1 book, and Prince's Diamonds and Pearls as the #1 record album." Many people worry that the prominence of American culture goes beyond the media and represents the wholesale imposition of American values on other cultures, which is a process called
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In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality?
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In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?
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In what way is a game of football like society according to George Herbert Mead?
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Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called
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Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. During a conversation, she points to him with her index finger, which his family doesn't seem to like. Later, her boyfriend explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?
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Karl Marx's thought intellectuals should engage in praxis, meaning that they should
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Laud Humphreys wrote his dissertation on anonymous homosexual encounters in the men's rooms of public parks. To gather data, he acted as a lookout for his subjects, but he also surreptitiously noted license-plate numbers as the men left so he could get their names and addresses. The next year, he picked about fifty of the men and, claiming to be performing a health survey, interviewed them in their homes. His descriptions of the interviews made it possible for many of the men (and their families) to recognize themselves when the dissertation was published. Why do many sociologists consider this research method to be unethical?
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Lili is conducting a sociological research study on the underground music scene. She has just finished collecting data for the study. What is the next step Lili should take in the scientific method?
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Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience, such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. Today, however, most people view these actions as a form of
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Max Weber believed that as the Industrial Revolution progressed, society became increasingly rationalized. How did he define rationalization?
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Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action
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Metaphorically, what part of sociology is a zoom lens on a camera most like?
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Most sociological studies of deviance focus on elements of an individual's background that would predispose him or her to act in deviant ways. What is the key problem with such an approach?
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Researchers are often worried that interviewees have not been completely honest or forthcoming, especially when asked about sensitive subjects. How did Arlie Hochschild attempt to deal with this problem?
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Researchers should try to avoid double-barreled questions or questions that
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Researchers usually transcribe responses after they conduct a series of interviews. The transcription process is fairly time-consuming, but it is valuable, in part, because it allows researchers to
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Sociologists assert that there is a close relationship between the individual and society. How does Pam Fishman's research on gender and power in heterosexual couples characterize this relationship?
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Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because
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Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group because they
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Some researchers suggest that interviews give "voice" to people who may never have been heard before and offer privileged access to authentic experience, private worlds, and true selves. How do interviews do this?
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Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?
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Survey researchers often use Likert scales to construct the possible answers when they write closed-ended questions. How do Likert scales allow respondents to answer?
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Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward things on the basis of their meaning. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise?
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The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?
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The application of economic logic to human activity is known as
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The divorce rate has steadily increased over time and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase?
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The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand
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The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward his or her group is called
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