SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT
what are the 3 approaches to sociological research?
Quantitative= numbers, quantifiable data can be counted, analyzed statistically Qualitative= more subjective data, can change person to person, open ended mixed methods= use of both quantitative and qualitative
conflict theory
REJECTS THE STATUS QUO society is a system of structures and relationships shaped by economic forces studied in terms of how they propitiate economic exploitation and capitalism expansion
Functionalist theory
STATUS QUO KEEPS THINGS THE WAY THEY ARE society is an organized system of interrelated parts, sport focuses on positive and positive outcomes for individuals and society
A social class is a defined category of people who share a similar position in society based on their socioeconomic level. a. True b. False
A
If you wished to analyze a situation based on economics, you could use a conflict perspective. a. True b. False
A
Which of the following is the most-watched sporting event in the world? a. Super Bowl b. World Cup (soccer) c. NBA Finals d. Wimbledon (tennis)
B
Which theoretical perspective uses the concept of hegemony? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. critical theory d. figurational theory
C
why study the sociology of sport?
it builds connection, culture, traditions and value
what are 3 agents of socialization?
parents, culture, friends
what are the 3 areas of study by sociologists?
sociology, sociology of sport and socialization
sociology
study of relationships, institutions and society
As people age, they often move from participating in team sports to participating in individual sports. a. True b. False
A
Conflict theorists would likely be sympathetic to the needs of a. sport participants b. sport team owners c. sport organizations d. sport television producers
A
International sport traditions began with Greek civilization. a. True b. False
A
Many athletic departments are supported either wholly or in part by student fees. a. True b. False
A
One reason we study sport is that it affects our culture, traditions, and values. a. True b. False
A
Overall, at most levels of competition, sport in the United States is dominated by a. whites b. African Americans c. Latinos d. Asian Americans
A
Participation sport is played for a. exercise and enjoyment b. competition c. financial gain d. high performance
A
Professional sports in the United States are monopolies. a. True b. False
A
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." This statement describes which of the following? a. the Women's Suffrage Act b. Title IX c. Title V d. the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
B
The economic effects of recreational sport are measured through sales of which of the following? a. tickets to professional sporting events b. sport equipment c. high school uniforms d. marching band instruments
B
What sport has a history of participation by recent immigrants and members of the lower class? a. bowling b. football c. soccer d. boxing
D
Which item is not a way in which owners can make a profit in professional sport? a. team value appreciation b. tax savings c. depreciation of players as assets d. luxury tax payments
D
feminist theory
a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world -research focuses on how sports reproduce gendered ideas and practices related to physicality, sexuality and the body
what are 4 characteristics of sport?
play, games, sport and work
sociology of sport
study of sport and physical activities impact on socialization based off conditions and culture
what are 6 tools used in sociological research?
surveys (q&a) interviews (focus groups/one on one) thematic analysis (themed research) ethnology (observational analysis) historical analysis (trends &changes) societal analysis (use of social theories)
Sport sociology is the study of the individuals in a sport setting. a. True b. False
B
socialization
process by which persons, groups, and society presents norms, values, knowledge, and desired ways of acting and feeling to the next generation
The most significant source of annual revenue for owners of professional football franchises is a. television rights fees b. ticket sales c. luxury box sales d. stadium concessions (including refreshments, parking, and merchandise)
A
Which of the following types of research involves in-depth discussion of questions? a. focus groups b. content research c. societal analysis d. survey research
A
A researcher who embarks on a project titled "Life in the NBA" would likely use which of the following approaches? a. focus groups b. ethnography c. historical research d. content research
B
According to the textbook author, which of the following is not a sport? a. baseball b. chess c. football d. polo
B
African Americans dominate in basketball, football, and track and field because of a. a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers b. less body fat, longer arms, and slimmer hips c. cultural influence and opportunity d. coolness under pressure
B
For many individuals in the lower class, sport provides an excellent way to move into the middle or upper class. a. True b. False
B
If an activity involves formal rules, an emphasis on outcome, and specialized equipment, it is considered to be which of the following? a. a game b. a sport c. play d. a New Game
B
If you wanted to write a paper based on research indicating that males receive 90 percent of the sport media's attention, which perspective would make the most sense for you to use? a. conflict theory b. feminist theory c. critical theory d. interactionist theory
B
Many international athletes now call the United States home because a. they have come to enjoy the American way of life b. they find economic opportunity in major competitions c. their sponsorship contract requires it d. they like the favorable climate
B
Most "revenue" sports make money. a. True b. False
B
People from a working-class background are more likely to participate in a. golf b. football c. tennis d. sailing
B
Qualitative research collects information and uses statistical analyses. a. True b. False
B
Sport participants are not likely to be sport spectators. a. True b. False
B
The Olympic Games have traditionally been organized by the leaders of the upper and upper-middle classes. Most Olympic champions come from a. the lower class b. the middle class c. the upper-middle class d. the upper class
B
The female who has had the greatest effect on women's sport in our time, both during and after her playing career, is a. Babe Didrikson Zaharias b. Billie Jean King c. Brandi Chastain d. Venus Williams
B
The type of physical activity that has shown the greatest statistical growth in participation over the past decade is a. individual sport b. fitness activity c. ball sports d. female sport
B
What is ethnicity? a. A social category constructed by society b. The cultural heritage of a group c. Any group that is not "white" d. A belief in the superiority of one group over another
B
Which of the following statements is false? a. Race is determined by heredity. b. Ethnicity is determined by environment. c. Race and ethnicity are the same characteristic. d. The "one-drop rule" determines a person's ethnicity.
B
Which sport is the most successful at attracting television sponsorship? a. soccer b. football c. baseball d. basketball
B
Sports that are available through schools and community programs (e.g., football, soccer, basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball) are most likely to be chosen by the a. upper class b. upper-middle class c. lower-middle class d. lower class
C
Which of the following factors produced the global expansion of athletic clothing and equipment? a. explosion in global sport b. the Internet c. cheaper labor and manufacturing costs d. more accessible air travel
C
Which of the following theories used in sport sociology is more likely to defend the status quo rather than propose changes? a. feminist b. conflict c. functionalist d. critical
C
Which of the following patterns has not been attributed to the practice of stacking by race? a. Quarterbacks, centers, and offensive linemen being mainly white b. Pitchers and catchers being mainly white c. Running backs, wide receivers, and outfielders being mainly black d. Placekickers being mainly foreign
D
Which social class is most likely to favor hunting and fishing? a. upper class b. upper-middle class c. middle class d. lower class
D
Which theory would agree that sport reinforces society's value system? a. conflict theory b. critical theory c. interactionist theory d. functionalist theory
D
The most popular sports in the world are also the most popular in the United States. a. True b. False
B
The terms Latino and Hispanic have the same definition. a. True b. False
B
The upper class has the lowest rate of sport participation. a. True b. False
B
Which of the following is an example of social capital? a. financial resources b. private club membership c. educational level d. life experiences
B
what are the 4 elements of the sport pyramid?
play, games, sport, and work
internationalist theory
society is created and maintained through social interaction -sports are studied in terms of how they are created and given meaning by people -research focuses on how people experience sports and how identities are related to sport participation and sport cultures
why do we study sport?
sport builds connections between people a team gives a city or school identity athletes are seen as societal role models sport affects cultures, traditions, and values sport offers insight to societal issues
A social theorist with a functionalist point of view would likely make which assertion about the NCAA Division I College Football Playoff National Championship? a. The playoff must include more teams in the near future. b. Postseason bowl games are relics of an earlier era that no longer serve a competitive purpose. c. The playoff system provides advantages, such as season-long interest in the games and financial opportunities for schools that are not in the playoffs but are eligible for other bowl games. d. More minorities need to be hired for coaching and administrative
C
According to a Women's Sports Foundation study, if a girl does not participate in sport by the time she is 10, then a. she is five times as likely to be obese as an adult b. she will not make her high school varsity team c. there is only a 10 percent chance that she will participate when she is 25 d. she will miss out on opportunities to learn important leadership traits
C
Male Latino and Hispanic athletes are recognized most for their participation in which of the following? a. basketball and soccer b. jai alai and soccer c. baseball and soccer d. baseball and boxing
C
The education and life experiences that we acquire are referred to as our a. economic capital b. social capital c. cultural capital d. occupational capital
C
Which of the following is true about the media's effect on sport globalization? a. International sport dictates to broadcasters what should be televised. b. International sport is a "niche" item that is never shown on free television stations. c. As with domestic sport, broadcasters tend to dictate contract terms. d. Domestic leagues do not look to international audiences as a way to expand their market share.
C
Youth sport participation tends to a. involve individual sports b. be guided by experienced coaches c. be community driven d. involve outdoor recreational sports
C
Which of the following could be an instance of "stacking"? a. a black quarterback b. a black baseball pitcher c. a black offensive lineman in football d. a black outfielder in baseball
D
Which of the following is not a problem when using public funds for building a sport venue? a. Taxpayers end up bearing much of the cost burden. b. Teams stay and play in older stadiums. c. The money could be used instead for public education and low-income housing. d. The construction of a stadium can create local jobs.
D
Which of the following is not a reason that females were historically excluded from competitive sport? a. lack of interest from females b. sport being perceived as harmful to female bodies c. supposed lesbian tendencies of females in sport d. lack of female sport role models
D
Which of the following is not a way in which minority athletes are exploited? a. They are promoted through grades in spite of failing performance. b. They are pressured into easy majors. c. Their graduation rates are low. d. Colleges want athletes to stay in school for the athletes' own best interests.
D
Which of the following is not an example of sport being operated as a monopoly? a. Players can negotiate with only one team if they are drafted. b. New teams have to pay large fees to join a league. c. Leagues can work together to eliminate new leagues. d. Anyone can own a team.
D
Which of the following is not an explanation for the global growth of sport? a. growth of the economic model of sport b. media technology that links the world c. movement of athletes and coaches from country to country d. increase in feelings of nationalistic pride
D
critical theory
-society involves cultural production, power relations and ideological struggles -sports are social constructions that change as power relations change and as narratives and discourses change -research focuses on the meaning and organizations of sports, and sports as sites for cultural transformation
Sport can increase people's appreciation for other cultures. a. True b. False
A
Sport clothing, including footwear, tends to be manufactured in developing countries. a. True b. False
A
The average career length for a professional athlete is a. 3.5 years b. 5 years c. 10 years d. 12.5 years
A
The two most popular sports worldwide for playing and watching combined are a. soccer and cricket b. basketball and baseball c. soccer and basketball d. football and soccer
A
There is still resistance to changing the names of Native American mascots. a. True b. False
A
Which social group influences young children the most in terms of sport participation? a. family b. friends c. coaches d. school
A
Your socioeconomic class influences which sport(s) you watch. a. True b. False
A
what are the 5 theories used by sociologists to help study and explain sport?
functionalist theory conflict theory critical theory feminist theory internationalist theory