sociology quizzes thus far

Status

- a place that we occupy in society (Prof. Simpson - teacher)

In the period of life called "middle adulthood," people typically experience -the birth of their children -life circumstances becoming more or less set. -a lack of awareness of health issues. - juggling conflicting priorities

- juggling conflicting priorities

W. E. B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because ________ -African Americans are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color. -most African Americans felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. -there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. -African Americans have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward.

-African Americans are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color.

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach. -Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois -Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte -Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim -Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W. E. B. Du Bois

-Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? -Society -Social structure -Social system -Culture

-Culture

If social marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? -The wealthy -Disabled persons or people who are a racial minority -The middle class -Politicians

-Disabled persons or people who are a racial minority

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling? -Personality -Behavior -Human nature -Socialization

-Personality

According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? -Post-scientific stage -Scientific stage -Metaphysical stage -Theological stage

-Scientific stage

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences? -Manifest functions -Social dysfunctions -Social structure -Social functions

-Social dysfunctions

According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? -Human ideas -Human desire for change -Social conflict -Technology

-Technology

Communities differ in terms of the racial composition of the population. In which of the following regions of the United States is there a relatively high number of people who claim to be multiracial? -The Rocky Mountain states of Montana and Wyoming -The New England states of Maine and New Hampshire -The Southwest, including Arizona and southern California -The Plains States, including North Dakota and South Dakota

-The Southwest, including Arizona and southern California

__________ is one of the few industrialized nations that thinks children are legitimate targets for advertisers. -Norway -Denmark -The United States -Belgium

-The United States

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call _______ -future directedness. -anticipatory socialization. - group conformity. - group rejection.

-anticipatory socialization.

Sociologists define a symbol as ________ -any gesture that conveys insult to others. -any material cultural trait. -social patterns that cause culture shock. -anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

-anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

Cultural universals are elements of culture that ________ -have come to the United States from elsewhere. -have diffused from the United States to other countries. -have always been part of U.S. culture. -are part of every known culture.

-are part of every known culture.

Subculture refers to ________ -cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population. -a part of the population lacking culture. -people who embrace popular culture. -people who embrace high culture.

-cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.

Low-income countries have cultures that value ________ -individualism. -economic survival. -equal standing for women and men. -self-expression.

-economic survival.

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ -cultural relativism. -cultural diffusion. -cultural integration. -ethnocentrism.

-ethnocentrism.

We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was ________ -experiencing many social changes. -very poor. -small and socially isolated. -very traditional.

-experiencing many social changes.

Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. -general; particular -specific; general - good; worst tragedies - new; old

-general; particular

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that -girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. -girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. -boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. -the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

-girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind -imagining a situation from another person's point of view. -recognizing that people have different views of most situations. -trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people. -imagining a situation in terms of past experience.

-imagining a situation from another person's point of view.

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that _______ -long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans. -the two species react differently to social isolation. -both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long- term isolation. -even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans.

-long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Social problems in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are ________ -less serious in poorer countries. -more serious in poorer countries. -equally serious in poorer countries. -unheard of in poorer countries.

-more serious in poorer countries.

A manifest function of sports is ________ -generating jobs. -providing recreation and physical conditioning. -fostering social relationships. -teaching a society's way of life.

-providing recreation and physical conditioning.

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the ________ -structural-functional approach. -sociobiology approach. -symbolic-interaction approach. -social-conflict approach

-social-conflict approach

The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that ________ -the rate of cultural change has been slowing. -some people are more cultured than others. -some cultural elements change more quickly than others. - some societies advance faster than others do.

-some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

Agrarian technology developed based on the use of ________ -the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. -the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. -cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. -computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture.

-the plow, animal power, and the development of metals.

Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was -to foster support for a nation's government. -to compare U.S. society to others. -to bring about greater social equality. -to understand how society really operates.

-to bring about greater social equality.

Role set

ALL of the behaviors that are expected from ONE status (Prof. Simpson - citizen - vote in elections, pay taxes, support democracy, encourage others to vote, be open minded to new cultures, etc., etc., etc,)

Status Set

ALL of the different places that we occupy in society (Prof. Simpson - wife, professor, daughter, citizen, neighbor, friend, volunteer, employee, etc.).

Achieved status

a status that is gained voluntarily through some sort of effort (Prof. Simpson - professor, wife, volunteer, occasionally a traffic law violator)

Ascribed status

a status that is involuntary because one is either born with it or receives it involuntarily later on in life (Prof. Simpson - daughter, "30-something", United States citizen)

Role conflict

conflict between behaviors expected of two or more different statuses (Prof. Simpson - Ph.D. student/wife - expected to live with husband at new job in Dallas but also expected to finish classes in Los Angeles).

Role

one of the behaviors that is expected from a certain status (Prof. Simpson- professor - expected to spout loads of beneficial and extraordinarily interesting sociological information to her budding sociologist students)

Role strain

tension between two behaviors expected of one status.(Prof. Simpson - expected to introduce sociology in depth and detail but expected to do so in only 15 weeks)