Sociology Set G
Social Imagination
"A quality of mind" that a) helps us see relationship between man/ biography/ self & society/ history/ world b) distinguishes between personal troubles & public issues c) is an awareness of the social structures that affect our lives
Double Consciousness
"It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness, an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder
Harlambos
"The process by which individual learn the culture of their society"
Scapegoat
(n.) a person or thing carrying the blame for others
10 cultural universals
- names - sports - cooking - marriage ceremonies - death rituals - medicine - music - tools - education - dancing
Industrial revolution
- people are socializing more rather than chilling with family - A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Why is cooking food so important? (p.79)
-Kills any contaminating pathogens or parasites, preventing food poisoning from microbes or infection -Helps soften tough fibrous foods to release simpler compounds that are easier to digest -allows our bodies to extract more energy
3 basic assumptions
-We learn the meaning of a symbol from the way we see others reacting to it - once we learn the meaning of symbols we base our behavior on them - we use the meaning of symbols to imagine how others will respond to our behaviors
Why is wood so useful? (p.123)
-building materials: planks, poles, beams, etc. -fire
survey design
-population : people who are the focus of the social research -sample: small proportion of the entire population -sampling: studying a proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population as representative of that population as a whole -Random Sampling:sampling method in which the sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability
power
-power is connected to our basic assumptions about whats normal and whats deviant -power determines whether and how authorities enforce norms and punish deviance -access to power enables some privileged groups to engage in distinct forms of deviant behavior -power allows some people to escape being branded or punished as deviant
*Three Types of Cities
1) Industrial Cities 2) Global Cities 3) Megacities
steps of research process
1) defining a research problem 2) reviewing evidence 3) Making a problem precise 4)working on design 5) carrying out the research 6)Interpreting the results 7) report of the experimental findings
False consciousness
A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position.
Sociological Imagination
A tool or device used by sociologists to remove any biased/ judgment and to look at an issue through a different lens.
Social control
A way of crontolling cultures and beliefs in society
Bureaucracy: main features
A way to manage human action, establishment of a stable, lasting form of organization
Parsons AGIL Scheme
Adaptation Goal Attainment Integration Latency
Networks
A &B ;dependence/patronage, or A& B, C = less balanced
Anomie
A SOCIAL CONDITION MARKED BY A BREAKDOWN OF SOCIAL NORMS
positivism
A belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry
Institutional review board
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.
Society
A community of people who share a common culture
Culture shock
A condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes
Counterculture
A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.
Finding
A description of a result of research
Social conflict approach
A frame work for building theory that sees society
Postmodernism
A general term used to refer to changes, developments and tendencies which have taken place in literature, art, music, architecture, philosophy, etc. in the post WWII era.
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
Culture
A group of people that believe in perticular things.
Subculture
A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations
Society
A large collectivity of persons who share a common territory
Reliability
A matter of whether a particular research technique applied repeatedly to the same object yields the same result each time Consistent
Assessment of the situation
A person's partly tacit knowledge of the situation in which she is interacting
Race conflict
A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
Gender conflict approach
A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
Scientific method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Language
A set of symbols, words, gestures allowing for communication
Proposition
A skin-in thing made up of a set of integrated concepts
Term
A skin-out word or phrase that points to a skin-in concept.
Collectivity
A small (group) or large (organization, city, society) set of persons
social stratification
A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Culture
A system for symbols for representing and communicating information, norms, values, beliefs and knowledge Socially transmitted information that shapes human action
A society is
A system of social interaction within a geographic territory, there can be multiple cultures, and are often classified as nation states
Herbert Spencer
Macro levels of societal change
Dominant culture
Mainstream culture of the majority group within a society
Robert Merton
Manifest functions
Stigma
Mark of disgrace, a figurative stain or mark on someone's reputation
Symbolic Boundaries
Markers of cultural membership such as race, ethnicity, religion and politics
Weberian theory
Max Weber - Power to impose ones will on others through wealth, power, and prestige. (social honor is granted to people).
Karl Marx
Means of production
Emile Durkheim
Mechanical solidarity
How are metals different from other natural materials? (p.130)
Metals are exceptionally strong and hard and can resist very high temps, natural materials exhibit plasticity
Symbolic interactionism
Micro level of social life
Brockerage
Middle man has the power to make or break the deal, they bridge the gap between two powerful entities (real estate/ lobbyists)
Goal attainment
Mobilize its resources and energy to attain system goals and priorities
Event
Most concrete of a social thing- something that is happening right here, right now
*Megacities - characteristics
Most densely populated cities Migration and urbanization Crime, congestion, pollution, major system demands
History of Formal Organizations
Most people worked for themselves, owners managed their own businesses, no large private corporations or professional managers
Latency
Motivated to play their parts
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism describes the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction, usually considered in terms of the culture associated with an ethnic group
What is likely to happen to our cities & urban spaces after "the termination of routine maintenance"? (Ch.1; "Recolonization by Nature")
Nature will seize its opportunity to reclaim our urban spaces
Adaptation
Need to secure sufficient resources from the environment
Re-socialisation
New things you learn in life
Why do you want to avoid being infected after a collapse? (p.147)
No antibiotics
How is Amish culture different?
No electricity, no phones, all live in one big house. Women clean and cook, men do labor.
Selection of Innovations: main ideas; "Cultural Variants"
Adopting new ideas and techniques impacts culture, society, and people
*Global Cities - characteristics
Command centers for knowledge, production, service operations People working with ideas: tech, engineering, artists Wealthy elite and working class
Types of "Social Cohesion":
Community- family, town, shared beliefs, shared culture, shared norms Society- division of labor, mutual dependence, city/nation, requires gov't laws
deterrence
Debates about punishment those who agree with this rationale believe that when potential criminals see the consequences of committing a crime, they will be less likely to pursue criminal activity
Benefits of Modern/Rational Systems & New Problems
Designed to fix the problems of chaos, uncertainty, and abuses of power, new problems --> bureaucracy
Global Risks: main issues & types
Destructive event itself and impact on social order Scope (how many are affected) Intensity (how badly) Probability (how likely to occur) Risks from nature Risks from unintended consequences Risks from hostile acts
Karl Marx
Dialectical model
Max Weber
Disenchantment
Efficiency
Do things to achieve things (why we eat oatmeal)
Institutional myth
Doctors held to high standards for society
Hegemony
Domination, authority; influence by one country over others socially, culturally, economically, etc.
Social & Physical Environments are tied together
Economic changes bring environmental changes (physical and social) to cities.
Agricultural
Economy: Farm-based Rise of property and the state Greater social inequalities
Industrial
Economy: manufactoring/ industrial Machines, electricity, mass production Rise of Large cities Inequalities: mixed
Post-Industrial
Economy: service based, information based New kinds of jobs, new skills needed less manufacturing
Max Weber
Efficiency is key to a successful society
"McDonaldization" (G. Ritzer):
Efficiency, Predictability, Calculability, Non-human technology
Modern Societies: "Rational" Social Systems
Efficiency, predictability, calculability, and non human technology
Egoistic
Ego has been hurt from separation, no self-worth Ex. A military officer who suddenly retires feels lost, like they don't belong
Laws
Enforceable rules of conduct in a society
Stereotypes
Exaggerated description applied to every person I. Some category
Communication & Knowledge: The "Cooperative Principle" (Grice)
Expected to be in force whenever communication takes place Informative, truthful, relevant, clear. Violating these maxims can cause deception
Symbolic Interaction
Explains social behavior in terms of how people interact with each other via symbols.
What are social facts?
Facts about social structure and social functions, the way a society is and what it does
Karl Marx
False consciousness
Six agents of socialisation
Family, peers, education, work, religion, media
Auguste Comte
Father of Sociology. He wanted to use scientific observation in the study of social behavior
Alienation
Feeling isolated and separated from everyone else
Wild peter
First feral child
Microsociology
Focuses on small groups and the individual
Durkheim
Free diverse
Robert King Merton
Functionalist Manifest Function Latent Function
Hidden Curriculum
Informal and subtle messages about norms and roles conveyed through classroom interaction and curriculum.
Empire evidence
Information we can verify with our senses
Max Weber
Iron cage
Rational/Legal Authority
Is derived from formal rules, could consist of laws
What problem would survivors likely face when trying to reboot agriculture? (Ch.3)
Is that human knowledge is collective, distributed across the population
ideological hegemony
Karl marx--people with power own ideas and set laws and standards by which others live by and come to accept.... creates false consciousness and make the poor think working hard is good for them...needs to be changed with class consciousness
Auguste Comte
Known for positivism; which is a scientific approach, doing research and theorizing
Herbert Spencer
Known for social Darwinism. Societies go through natural evolution
Macrosociology
Large groups and social structure.
Probability Sampling
Larger 2500+ More diverse/ accurate More randomized More generalizable
Robert Merton
Latent functions
Mores
Latin term for societal norms customs, virtues/ values ( most likely breaking law )
Conceptualization
Letting the reader know how the researcher is using a particular term in their research. Specific definition of a particular study
Science
Logical system based knowledge on direct systematic observation
Why does the author think people should leave the cities during the "Grace Period"? (Ch.2)
Look for a rural location with fertile ground and older buildings better suited for off grid habitation
Big History and Examples of Early Civilization
Looking as far back as we can to gain perspective Mesopotamia/Sumer Egypt Indus Valley/India China Central Andes Mesoamerica
Social Change -vs- Stability
Loss of knowledge would bring major negative social change The growth of knowledge changes the world as we know it Comes from a primary source: science
Impact of Population Growth on Industrialized Nations
Low Fertility Rates; Older populations
Purposive Sampling
On purpose, you select the units, place, population because you feel it's best
Worst case Bureaucracies? Main points from slide and video
One example: The Credit Report System
Actual Occasion
One of Whitehead's names for "event". emphasizes present rather than past or present
Concrescence
One of Whitehead's names for events. past events "grow together" into a present event
Cultural relativism
Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
Code of ethics
Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior.
Primary socialisation
Process of learing as a child .eg. Reading and writing ect...
Secondary socialisation
Process of learing as an adult
Norbat Ellas
Provides and account of changing culture attitudes towards the body.
3 Non- Probability Sampling
Purposive Snowball Quota Sampling
Calculability
Quantification expressive w numbers(how many people u hire)
Max Weber
Rationalization
bureaucracy
Rationalized organization (division of labor-who works what, hierarchy- clear chain of command, written rules, impersonal)
Generation
Refers to a cohort or group of people born within a similar span of time and who have been impacted by a particular event.
*Demographic Transition Theory - ideas and predictions
Refers to the changes in birth and death rates that occur during the process of industrialization Predicts that societies go through stages of transition as they industrialize Stage 1: High Birthrate <> High Death Rate Stage 2: High Birthrate <> Low Death rate Stage 3: Low Birthrate <> Low Death rate
Integration
Regulate relationships among various people or units within the system
Social Institutions: main features
Relatively stable patterns of roles and behaviors Family, Economy, Government, Education, Religion Guide behavior, reduce uncertainty, source of organization and cohesion, potential source of conflict Inherited, not consciously designed, complex, benefit social groups, do no benefit them all equally, symbolically marked
Quantitative research
Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.
Comparative Historical Research:
Researchers document whether social behavior varies across historical period and/or across countries and cultures
Iron law of oligarchy
Robert Michels describes what he saw as the eventual and inevitable consolidation of power at the top of bureaucratic organizations->argues that bureaucracies place too much power in the hands of those at the top (conflict perspective)
Constitutive Rules
Rules that allow and restrict behavior
Human Ecosystems: Rural & Urban - Environments & Cultures (& Politics)
Rural = small towns, small businesses, open land, forest, dunes, animals and natural habitiats Urban = large cities, corporate offices, factories, highways, parks
Sociology
Scientific study of social things
Ethnocentrism
Seeing other cultures as inferior or less than one's own culture
Wilding
Self-interested behavior that harms others and damages the social fabric
Auguste Comte
Sense perceptions are only valid sense of knowledge
Liberals
Share
Culture
Shared products of human groups
Collective Representations
Shared understandings
Max Weber
Shift from traditional society to industrial
Weber
Simple iron cage
Non-Probability Sampling
Small samples 20-100 Lack diversity Low randomization Less generalizable
Horticultural/Pastoral
Small scale farming and animal cultivation
Herbert Spencer
Social Darwinism
Social reality
Social Facts are the basis of social reality
Talcott Parsons
Social cohesion
Karl Marx
Social inequality
Society Status(es)
Social positions, or rankings, within a society
Postmodernism
Social reality is diverse
markets
Social structure is based around exchange -- beer + niches
Collective Acceptance
Social/institutional facts recognized by people within a society
Functionalism
Society and social institutions are related. The society effects how you act
Functionalism (Durkeim)
Society based on mechanical solidarity ( the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs) collective conscience and organic solidarity (everything works at same time towards the same goals.) Many people like it because it assumes that shared values and agreement are the basis for social order
Symbolic Interactionism
Society doesn't control you, you control you Psychological perspective
Interactionist theory
Society is created and maintained through social interaction z Sports are studied in terms of how they are created and given meaning by people z Research focuses on how people experience sports and how identities are related to sport participation and sport cultures z Those who use it often employ "interpretive research methods" to study Social processes associated with becoming involved, staying involved, and changing involvement in sports How people develop and maintain identities as athletes How people give meaning to sports The characteristics of sport subcultures
C Wright Mills
Sociological Imagination
C. Wright Mills
Sociological imagination(a quality of mind that allows us to understand relationship between individual and larger forces
Emile Durkheim
Sociologist who discussed social consensus through mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity
Peter Berger
Sociologists have interest in human affair and are curious for knowledge
Unsocialised
Someone who hasn't been socialised
Cities Today: What are the trends?
Spilling out into "Metropolitan Regions" - with industry, jobs, and housing moving out of the Central Business District to Edge Cities
Children sports and theories
Sports are studied in terms of their contributions to the system. Many people like it because it assumes that shared values and agreement are the basis for social order. Those with power and influence often prefer it because it emphasizes stability and equilibrium in societyUsing Functionalist Theory to take social action z Promote the development and growth of organized sports z Increase sport participation opportunities to foster individual development z Increase the supervision and control of athletes z Mandate coaching education programs z Highlight success in elite programs Weaknesses of Functionalist Theory z Overstates the positive consequences of sport in society z Assumes that all social groups benefit equally from sports z Does not recognize that sports are social constructions that privilege or disadvantage some people more than others Using Interactionist Theory to Take Social Action z Change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those who play them z Make sport organizations more democratic, less autocratic, and less hierarchically organized z Question identity formation processes that involve the normalization of pain, injury, & substance use in sports
•Sociology
Standpoint theory
Theory
Statement on how and why specific facts relate
Peter Berger
Stats don't equal sociological analysis
Status Functions
Status = police officer Function = enforce laws within society
Herbert Spencer
Structural functionalism
Talcott Parsons
Structural functionalism
Human Ecology: what does it study?
Studies the relationships between humans and their natural, social and made environments
Ethnomethodology
Study of folk methods, shared sense of reality
Sociology
Study of human society
social statics
Study of social stability How society is held together
Scientific sociology
Study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior
Interpretative sociology
Study of society that focuses on the meaning people attached their social world
Hunting and Gathering
Subsistence ( just enough to survive) Direct ties to an environment Nomadic - move around Simple technology, less food storage Greater Equality
Conflict Theory
Suggests that groups/populations with fight for power, valued social resources
3 theories in Soc
Symbolic Interactionism Functionalism Conflict theory
William Isaac Thomas
Symbolic Interactionist "Definition of a Situation " We use past social experiences to help us navigate the present ones How we cope with a social situation depends on the past
Ervin Goffman
Symbolic Interactionist "Life as a theater" We act differently around friends/family A persons appearance Previous experiences The social setting Verbal/ nonverbal actions
Charles Horton Cooley
Symbolic Interactionist "Looking Glass self" We imagine to ourself how we appear We imagine how we look in other people's mind Based on how we think we look we then develop some sort of feeling
George Robert Mead
Symbolic interactionism
Karl Marx
Synthesis
Randolf Darendorf
Talked about how authority lies not in the person in power but in the position
Latent functions
The I recognizable and unintended consequences of any social pattern
Feminism
The advocacy of social equality for woman and men
Measurement
The assignment of a case to a category according to a rule
Eugenics
The attempt to improve the mental and physical health of a population by controlling reproduction.
back stage behavior
The backstage region is a place where the actors can discuss, polish, or refine their performance without revealing themselves to their audience. It also allows them to express aspects of themselves that their audience would find unacceptable.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards.
*Industrial Cities - characteristics
The center of industrial capitalist economy, more individualism, greater density and diversity
Social function
The consequence of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
Low/popular culture
The culture of the masses
Why is electricity so important in a reboot of society? (p.174)
The discovery of electricity provides a great historical example of stumbling upon a completely new field of science, offering a whole assortment of related phenomena and therefore exploitable possibilities
Society Roles
The duties and obligations of a social status
Attribution bias
The tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of dispositions, combined with the tendency to explain ones own behavior in terms of situations
Values
The values of life as a socialised person. What's important to us.
Ideal type
description comprised of the essential characteristics of the feature of society
culture does not
determine rigidly deterimen our
sociology
a view that looks at behavior of groups not indivisuals
Sociological Perspective
a view that looks at behavior of groups, not individuals
sociological perscpective
a view that looks at the behavior of groups, NOT Individuals
Bureaucracy
a way to manage human action- through a script of rules
Subcultures
a world within the mainstream culture wit a distinctive expression pattern of traditions
Sociological imagination
ability to see the connection between the larger world & your personal life
working class growing pains
about the working class in the contemporary period , desire to move up but limited mobility and that limmites moblilty is the distribution of oppotrunites and risks
Non material Culture
abstract human creations ( beliefs , family patterns, ideas )
Values
abstract ideas
examples of cultural diversity isv
accupuncure, techilia , ta uan doe
crime
act that is prohibited by law and is punishable
manifest
actions that are intended
rites of passage
activities that mark and celebrate a change in a person's social status
dramaturgical analysis
adapt your behavior to each situation--"all the words a stage"
Hierarchies
Vertical; stratified
Conflict theory
Views society in terms of competing groups that act according to their own self-interests, rather than according to the need for societal equilibrium.
Positivism
Way of understanding based on science
Operationalization
What are your operations to measure that concept. The questions that are being asked
George Herbert Mead
What is the self? 1) The individual mind can only exist in relation to other minds with shared meanings 2) the self can only be actualized by assuming the role of another (who is MEad)
The Problem with Bureaucracy?
When Rules don't make sense, but run our lives anyway; no access to the rule makers, no way to change the rules; still must follow the rules
*What is the "Da Vinci effect", according to the author?
When scientists fully understand the basis underlying an application and have produced a design that would work in principle, it may still be impossible to build a working prototype
front stage behavior
When we perform a role in relation to an audience (society), that role is on frontstage and our performance (behavior) is open to judgment by those who observe it
Knowledge & Trust: main issues
Who to trust and how? who are the experts?
Feral child
Wild child / child that hasn't been socialised
Migration Controversy: winners & losers
Win: those who benefit from productivity of immigrant labor (businesses/employers) Lose: low-skilled native workers
Conservatives
Work, doesn't like change, free market, individual liberty
Impact of Population Growth on Less Developed Countries
Younger populations; Lack of Opportunity; Lack of Food & Poverty
Roles
Your role in society E.G teacher, doctor, student
Structural Functionalism
_____ says that political contributions keep public involved in democratic process
positivism
a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method
Shared Knowledge- intersubjectivity
a common understand between people about knowledge, reality, or an experience
Generalized Other
a concept introduced by George Herbert Mean into the social sciences and used especially in the field of symbolic interactionism
Brute Fact
a nonsocial thing that would still exist even if there were no humans
perspective
a particular point of view
symbolic interactionism
a perspective that focuses on the actual interaction among people
Status
a position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual
socialization
a process in which a child becomes a self aware knowledgeable person skilled in the ways of the culture in which he or she was born
Status hierarchy
a ranking of social positions according to their perceived prestige or honor
Status
a recognizable social position that an individual occupies mother
social theory
a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena
Total Institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
Sentence
a skin-out grammatically organized set of words
conform
adjust to the norm
Socialogical theory
agents create a social reality which takes on a life of its own becomes structures within those who create structure exist.
symbolic interactionism
all social interaction involve exchange of symbols
Spurious Correlation
an apparent but false relationship between two or more variables that is caused by some other variable
dramatury
an approach that depicts human interactions example theatrical performances
Dramaturgy
an approach to the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as a theaterà associated with Erving Goffman
Interaction
an event where two or more people influence each other
symbols
an image that stands for something
Systems: a definition: Elements, Interconnections, Purpose; main ideas
an interconnected set of elements that is coherently organized in a way that achieves something Held together through a flow of information Financial, educational, computer, biological, sports, electronic
Heuristic structure
an interrelated set of clues to discover
Bureaucracy
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks effciently
Triad
a social group with three members (more stable)
Dyad
a social group with two members (most unstable)
Master status
a social position that is overwhelmingly significant, powerfully influences a person's social experience, and typically overshadows all the other social positions that a person may occupy
Social Network
a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations) and a set of the dyadic ties between these actors
Status Category
a status that people can hold in common
cultural diversity
a subculture whose values and norms are different form the majority
caste system
a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives
Insight
an understanding of a relationship between two or more things
semiotics
analasis of verbal and non verbal cultural meanings
economics
analyzes the production, distribution, and allocation of the material goods and services of a society
crime
any type of behavior that breaks the law
Cultural transmission theory
anything learned can be unlearned /deviance is learned behavior
Symbol
anything that represents something else
symbol a
anything that stands for something else and has an agreed upon meaning attached to it
Category
apartment dwellers, people with blue eyes-> not a social group in the sociological sense
applied sociology
application of sociological knowledge in some specific setting, rather than an attempt to rebuild society
positivism
applying scientific approach to social world
conflict perspective
approach emphasizing conflict, competition, and constraint in society
dramaturgy
approach that depicts human interaction as a theatrical performance
Cultural Relativism
belief that each culture should be judge by their own standards
Emile durkheim
believed sociologists should focus on uncovering social fact
relativist
believes there are no absolute truths to guide what is right and wrong.
why do people commit deviant acts
biological and psychiatric models: focus on whitin certain cases
present - women and men roles
both may work
globalization
breakdown of national boundaries due to advances in communication trade and travel
What would happen to Medicine after a collapse of civilization? (p.145)
complete unraveling
Internalization
complex process though which we learn our society's culture and establish our view of the world->humans come to be influenced by their own creations: social products (friendship influences you- comply with specific expectations associated with relationship->helping friend)
total institutions
confining social settings in which an authority regulates all aspects of a person's life
different segments of a society compete to achieve their own self interest rather than cooperate to benefit others
conflict theory
many elements of a society exist to benefit the powerful
conflict theory
power is one of the most important elements in social life
conflict theory
social change is constantly occuring
conflict theory
strain theory
conformity- accept goals and norms innovation - accept goals and reject norms ritualism - reject goals and accept norms rebellion- quit
♣ Impression management
conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.
Function
consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system
biological determinism
contends that biology, specifically our genetic makeup, almost completely shapes human behavior
social determinism
contends that culture and the social environment almost completely shape human behavior
white-collar crime
crime committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupation
Counterculture
cultural values that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
ritual
culturally patterned way of expressing some central value of the collectivity
instinctual
culture in animals is ________
language
culture in coded form especially when written---lets us pass our culture
Geerts
culture is composed of meanings that are shared
universal
culture itself is _______. all societies develop shared, learned ways of perceiving and participating in the world around them
subculture
culture with separate set of beliefs than dominant culture.
author of beig sane in inasne places
david Roshen
moral holidays
days in which societies are allowed to break norms EX: Mardi Gras
capital punishment
death penalty
tatto sub culture
define themselves as neo- primitive , heavily tattooed and counter sub culture
genocide (n)
deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Synthesis
democracy
integration
our level of social ______ decides who will commit suicide
Coercive Isomorphism
outside force forces people to adopt/ do something-- MADD & 21 drinking age, school rankings
availability bias
overstatement of the availability of certain info and thus over magnification of its importance --> shark attacks
Primary Socialization
parents and peers
Generalized Other
part of a person's background that consists of his or her knowledge of the expectations of significant others and the desire to conform to those expectations.
delphy and leanard
patriarchy, men have the power feminists
Folkways
patterns of conventional behavior in a society , norms that apply to everyday matters
peers
peer relations have significant effects on us from early life to old age
agents of socialization
people and groups who teach us about our culture
Externalization
people create society through an ongoing process of physical and mental activity->ensures a stable environment within which we can live (becoming friends with another person and creating a special relationship)
survey
people provide answers to structured questions
division of labor
people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills
Society
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
identity
peoples understanding about who they are and what is meaningful to them
Conflict Perspective
perspective on the forces in society that promote competition & change
Social darwinism
perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection
standpoint theory
questions taken for granted assumptions about society by looking at it from multiple viewpoints, esp from the perspective of people in subordinate positions
social facts
rates, trends, patterns, and other properties of a specific group
rational and nonrational
rational tactics appeal to logic and include bargaining and rational persuasion
sancations
reactions from others to individual or group behavior with the purpose of reinforcing a given norm
Deviance
recognized violation of cultural norms
Social Structure
regularity in everyday relationships which from these relationships emerge constraints to action/ or patterns of action
illegitimate power
relies on force or coercion to generate obedience
Margaret Mead
renowned anthropologist
2 ways to be deviant
repeated behavior or act that has serious consequences
recidivism
repeated criminal behavior
sociology
similar to the other sciences, but it is distinct in that it looks at all social institutions, focuses on industrialized societies, and looks at external factors which influence people
anthropology
sister discipline of sociology, attempts to understand culture by focusing primarily on tribal people
anomie
situation that arises when norms of society are unclear / no longer applicable
Organizational Structure
size can have major influence on structure and operation, very small organizations must still use a process for decision making->as they grow, structure needs to be more formal
The Front Stage and the Back Stage
social actors behave differently depending on where they are
Objectivation
social arrangements come to seem objectively real->society appears separate from human creation and instead seems "natural", inevitable, and our of people's control (new friendship becoming apart of your reality)
Mechanical Solidarity
social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values, typical of traditional, rural life
Homophily
social contact occurs at a higher rate between people who are similar than it does between people who are different-> influences what we know about a society since we are apt to share and reinforce our worldview with others who are like us
durkhiem
social facts ,organic solitary, social context, suicide.
Out-group
social group toward which a person has negative feelings, considering its members to be inferior, or "them"
In-group
social group with which a person identifies and toward which he or she has positive feelings (collective sense of "us")
Organic Solidarity
social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization in roles
Psychology
social science that deals with behavior & thinking of organisms
Sociology
social science that studies human society & social behavior
class system
social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
social roles
socially defined expectations that a person in a given social position follows
Norms of behavior
socially defined ruled of behavior
"Reality Maintenance" (Berger & Luckmann): main ideas
societies develop ways to maintain social reality
functionalism
society has order and stability, interrelated parts, cooperations
functional analysis
society is a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together... we must look at both structure and function if talking about divorce, one would look as to how industrialization and urbanization contribute to the changing function of marriage
conflict theory
society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources
sociological perspective
society shapes lives
C. Wright Mills
sociological imagination
c wright mills
sociology enables people to translate their private matters into public issues
social location, external influences
sociology stresses the broader social context of behavior by looking at individuals' ________, which is employment, income, education, gender, race, and by looking at _______, people's experiences that become part of their thinking
Ways to balance power in a triad
someone can leave, B+C can form a coalition, or they can extend the network (twilight love triangle)
Taboo
something forbidden or prohibited
Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers & Shoemaker): main ideas
source ( inventors) message (innovation) channel ( mass media) receivers (members of society) effects (changes in knowledge, behavior)
power tactics
specific strategies people use to influence others in everyday life
Prescription
spoken or written message to a receiver of what he or she ought to do
network externalities
spread of info; how networks determine usefulness of something --trekkies, the bachelor, facebook, autism in brentwood
values
standards by which people define good and bad, beautiful and ugly
Thesis
status quo
achieved statuses
status that is earned
ascribed statuses
status that is give to you by society
Grannovier
strong vs weak ties; weak ties are better bc more opportunity arises from them
structure
structure is a broader social context that is systematically patterned or structures
anthropologist
studies GROUPS of people in preliterate societies
Stanley Milgram
studies of how punishment affects learning -> showed many of us are socialized to obey authority figures and to comply with social expectations even if we know it is wrong
politician
study of government
Social psychology
study of how social environment affects an individual's behavior & personality
History
study of past events
economist
study of production, distribution, consumption of goods and services
social dynamics
study of social change Changes in the existing structural elements of a society.
sociology
study of social structures
Economics
study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants
Sociology
study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society
Solomon Asch
study with confederates shows people choosing incorrect answer although obvious which one is clear because conforming
differential association theory
suggests that deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior
control theory
suggests that our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to major social institutions, including family, school, and religion
techniques of neutralization
suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
micro (small scale patterns of society)
symbolic interactionalists carry out what kind of level of analysis
social life should be understood from a viewpoint of the individuals involved
symbolic interactions
symbols are crucial to social life
symbolic interactions
young and wilmott
symmetrical family - families are becoming more equal especially in power and decisions making
language
system for encoding and decoding info for communication
criminal justice system
system of police,courts,juvenile justice system, and corrections
Laws
system of rules , enforced
definition of culture
system of shared meaning that affect social relationships in society
sociology
systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society
Behaviorism
the conceptual framework underlying the science of behavior
ann oakley
the conventional family is not most common but most people's ideals now women work but men still dominate people have the same ideas about sex roles people think conventional families will bring happiness women depend on men's wage
Status
the cumulative amount that entities are willing to defer to someone in power
medicalization of deviance
the designation of a deviant behavior as an illness that can be treated by medical professionals
Role Taking
the notion that one of the most important factors in facilitating social cognition in children is the growing ability to understand others' feelings and perspectives an ability that emerges as a result of general cognitive growth
life chances
the opportunities offered by a person's economic position
Mead's "I"
the part of the self that is spontaneous, impulsive, creative, and unpredictable
social structures
the pattern interaction of people and social relationships
What will likely happen if mechanization decays? (p.195)
the post-apocalyptic society will have to revive animal power
agency
the power of an individual to change their lives and society
first phase
the primary concern of sociologists was making the world a better place
Anticipatory socialization
the process by which individuals practice for a future social role by adopting the norms or behaviors associated with a position they have not yet achieved
resocialization
the process by which individuals replace old norms and behaviors with new ones as they move from one role or life stage to another
commercialization of deviance
the process by which nonconformist activities or styles turn into commercial products
Scientific management
the process of deskilling ordinary workers and increasing workplace efficiency through calculated study->Frederick Taylor-> Taylorism -> assembly lines
occupational socialization
the process of learning the informal norms associated with a type of employment
decriminalization
the process of making an illegal action legal
self identity / personal
the process of self development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to gender, sexual orientation , nationality, social class). shaped by sical and cultural enivroment
social reproduction
the process through which societies have structural continuity overtime
social closure
the process whereby a status group maximizes its own advantages by restricting access to rewards only to members of the group
Culture
the ways of thinking, the ways of acting and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
Developmental Theory
theories that divide child development into distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior.
functionalism
theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for survival of that society
material culture
things such as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, clothing, hairstyles
Ascribed status
those that are assigned to us from birth or that we assume later in life regardless of our wishes or abilities
Achieved statuses
those that we voluntarily attain, to a considerable degree as the result of our own efforts
What will happen with the "evaporation of centralized governance", according to the author?
those with ill intentions will seize the opportunity to subjugate or exploit those more peaceful or vulnerable
terrorism
threat/actual use of violence to achieve political goal
explain why, make generalizations (by looking for patterns), predict
three goals of all sciences
Triad
three people->members' attention is divided, number of possible interactions increases->conflicts may arise
pre play stage
through age two children are unable to step fully outside of themselves to view themselves
systematic study
to achieve the 3 goals of science, scientists must move beyond common sense and rely on conclusions from ______
What is the easiest method of preserving food? (p.82)
to desiccate it. Dry fruit and grain
reward
to encourage people's compliance by offering a positive incentive
why do ppl conform
to fit in, to be accepted in society, to keep peace, ability to see the link between society and self to understand other points of view and where to fit in.
coerce
to force compliance by threatening, intimidating, pressuring, or harming someone
persuade
to get people's compliance by convincing them of the correctness of your position and goals
urbanization
to growth of cities
sociological perspective
to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live
Emile Durkheim
developed 1st college course in sociology
Max weber
developed idea of studying effects of society on indiv.
Becker
deviance research from the POV of deviants--marijuana smokers; **the label matters**
secondary deviance
deviant behavior that is a response to the negative consequences of labeling
crime
deviant behavior that violates a law
*What is the key skill of a doctor? (p.150-)
diagnosis
sociological imagination
differences between personal troubles and public issues... encourage us to view our lives within a larger social contract...link personal biographies in historical context
multiculturalism
different cultures ethnic groups retain their cultural distinctiveness when they settle in a new culture ( tossed salad)
How do societies provide thermal energy? (p.105)
directly or indirectly from the combustion of fossil fuels
feminists
disagree with cereal packet family diversity women work at home with no pay
max weber
disagreed with Karl Marx, defined religion as a central force in social change, protestant ethic, spirit of capitalism, Verstehen
nature versus nurture debate
disagreement about the relative importance of biology (nature) and the social environment (nurture) in influencing human behavior
culture is a
tool kit which people select different identities and behaviors
discrimination
treating others unequally based on their background or other personal characteristics
Social sciences
disciplines that study human social behavior/institutions & functions of human society in a scientific manner
Homophobia
discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual
Organizational Culture
distinct cultures of organizations influence how they are organized, the values they espouse, and the way they operate
organized crime
drug trafficking , illegal gambling
A division of labor
due to size, need specialization
functionalism
each social activity/ institution has a function , consensus , order
functionalist approach
emphasizes consensus in social life and sees deviance as a means of reinforcing social structure. (associated with strain theory)
Symbolic interactionism
emphasizes how we make sense of the world by focusing on these kinds of encounters
strain theory
emphasizes that strain or pressure on those who lack the means to achieve culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success
Sanctions
enforcing norms - can be positive (rewards for doing what needs to be done)
present - equality
equal
What fuel is a viable substitute for gasoline-powered vehicles? (p.189)
ethanol
♣ Total institutions (Goffman)
ex.) Jail cut off from social institutions must create new self image (approved by institution) Exiting may make it difficult to re-enter society.
Stereotypes
exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not acknowledge individual variation->often negative and unfair
Political science
examination of the organization and operation of governments
historian
examine past events and people in society they show repeated behavior to make more accurate future predictions
hegemony
exists when those in power have successfully spread their ideas and marginalized alternative viewpoints-so that their perspectives and interests are accepted widely as being universal and true
Role Expectations
expectations associated with any role are socially defined, but individuals who occupy a particular status must actively "play" the role
Norms
expectations governing behavior, "normal behavior"
norms
expectations rules of behavior that develop out of a groups values
Breaching experiments
experiments in which social reality is violated in order to shed light on the methods by which people construct social reality
Control theory
explains deviance as a natural occurence
Theory
explanation of relationships among particula phenomena
Qualitative research
exploratory, in-depth research involving flexible, open-ended questions; includes: interviews, observation and focus groups
micro - sociology
face to face interaction
Society Groups
families, communities, interest groups, religious groups, political parties
agents of socialization
family school peers mass media
agents of socialization
family, school, peers
examples of changing cultural norms
family, smoking , women and tatoos ,
Marx
features of social life are determined by economic culture of the society; society evolves in stages
Ethnography
first hand study of peoples lives using participant observation or interviewing research socialize, live or work with the members of the group they are studying
functionalism
focuses on contributions of each part of society
Interactionist perspective
focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society
symbolic interaction
focuses on interactions based on mutually understood symbols
psychology
focuses on processes that occur within the individual
schools
formal socialization( through formal curriculum ) and more subtle socialization ( punctuality, self control )
karl marx
founder of conflict perspective, class conflict was the key to human history, conflict and struggle would end only with a revolution by the working class.... capitalism could change the system
Auguste Comte
founder of sociology as a distinct subject
white-collar crime
fraud,tax evasion, embezzlement
second phase
from 1920s to WWII sociologists sought to establish sociology as a respected field of knowledge, emphasizing pure sociology
conflict is harmful and disruptive to society
functionalism
religion helps hold a society together morally
functionalism
societies are in relative balance
functionalism
macro (large scale patterns of society)
functionalists and conflict theorists provide what kind of level analysis
political science
fuses politics and government with science
feminist theory
gender inequality and gender relations
Theoretical Perspective
general set of assumptions about nature of things
crime
generally deviant behavior under established and accepted norm
deviance
going against the norms of society , risk taking behavior
Crowd
group of people that happen to be in the same place at the same time-> not a group in the sociological sense since the people are gathered for a one-time event and do not think of themselves as a part of some collective entity
counter culture ( specific sub culture )
group that rejects the prevailing norms and values of society
Counter Culture
group that rejects values,norms, and practices of larger society and replaces them with new set of cultural patterns
Subculture
group with its own unique values, norms, behaviors that exists within larger culture
hard and soft
hard tactics are forceful, direct, or harsh soft tactics is friendly reminder that you need to do some task
early human culture went to
hunter and gathers , argian socitites , pastoral societies , and traditional socities
robin williams
identified ten core values: achievement and success individualism activity and work efficiency and practicality science and technology freedom democracy equality racism and group superiority
hidden curriculum
implicit lessons about how children should behave
corrections
imprisonment,parole,probation,and community service used to punish criminals
Irving Goffman
in life, the self is a character we assume, the people we interact with are the audience; frames help people orient their performance (impression management)
empowerment
increases people's capacity to bring about an intended
Culture Trait
indiv. tool,act,or belief that is related to a particular situation or need ( going to dinner)
social context
individual : labeling reinforcement control societal : structural functionalism
Herbert Spencer
influenced by Charles darwin
1970s roles
instrumental and expressive
Manifest functions
intended and recognized
Manifest function
intended and recognized consequence of some element of society
manifest function
intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of society
micro level
interactionist
criminologists
investigate causes of crime and methods of crime prevention
organization
involves bringing people together to identify common goals and work to achieve them
networking
involves reaching outside your immediate circle of contacts to find allies
class
is a group of people who share a roughly similar economic position and lifestyle
privilege
is a special advantage or benefit that not everyone enjoys
♣ "Concerted cultivation & "Natural growth"
is a style of parenting that is marked by a parent's attempts to foster their child's talents by incorporating organized activities in their children's lives.
reward power
is the control one party has over valued resources that can be used to provide positive incentives
social imagination
learning that many behaviors or feelings we view as private and individual actual relate to larger social issues
folkways
less important rules of behavior - violations are not taken seriously ( eating cerial for breakfast)
relationships and interactions
life is viewed as a series of ______ and _______
Sociological perspective:
looking beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions
conflict theory
looks at conflict, competition, change, and constraint within a society
life-course perspective
looks at how age, time, and place shape social identities and experiences over a lifetime
psychologist
looks at the INDIVIDUAL human behaviors
Structures
macro
Primary Groups
made up of people who have regular contact, enduring relationships, and a significant emotional attachment to each other (family, close friends)->caring and obligationà especially influential agents of socialization
Secondary Groups
made up of people who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually to carry out some specific task (coworkers or members of a neighborhood)-> shorter term or temporary with no significant emotional bond
value cluster
made up of related core values that come together to form a whole
symbols
main way that cultal meanings are expressed
Mimetic Isomorphism
mirroring/ copying as a form of legitimization -- memes, adoption of music, diffusion of early christianity, adoption of the left tackles; S curve
surveillance
monitoring by authorities who police the boundaries of what's normal
Organizations
more complex and formal than most groups, secondary groups that have a degree of formal structure and are formed to accomplish particular tasks
Urbanization & Cities
more people live in cities now than in rural areas
family
most important agent of socialization , nuclear family and extended families
Antithesis
movement/ anger --> rebellion
violent crime
murder,rape,robbery,assault
Dysfunctional
negative consequence an element has for the stability of social system
dysfunction
negative consequences
Organizational Environment
no matter what culture, all organizations operate in a larger environment with other organizations ->factors that exist outside of the organization but that potentially affect its operation
Joint Conjugal Roles
no rigid division of labour or household tasks and share many of them
animoe
nomie exists when there are no clear standards to guide behavior people feel disoriented and anxious, leading to crime and deviance
primary device
non conformity that goes undetected by those in authority
anomie
normlessness, without moral guidance
changing cultural norms not examples
norms and values that are changing overtime within same cultural
taboos
norms so strongly ingrained that even the thought of them is greeted with revulsion EX: cannibalism, incest
mores
norms that are believed to be essential to core values and we insist on conformity EX: stealing, raping, killing is breaking one
Folkway
norms that are not strictly enforced
folkways
norms that are not strictly enforced such as passing on the left side of the sidewalk NO moral values required
Mores
norms with moral significance
Social Phenomenon
observable facts/ events that involve human society
Grocery Story situation
occult of individualism, looking glass self, symbolic interactionism, agency and structures, negative/ positive sanction, mores folkway, impression management , gesture
white- collar crime
offenses commited by indiv. of high social status
naacp
one of the first attempts at applied sociology was the founding of the ____
false
true or false- every culture shares the same gestures and meanings for gestures
Beginners mind
try to see things, as if your seeing it for the first time. Observe without evaluating.
Impression Management
trying to control the image others have of us through our performance
The Strength of Network Ties
typically want to spend time with these people and vice versa->stronger relationship, the more support
before 1970 equality
unequal and patriarchy
unilateral and bilateral
unilateral tactics do not require cooperation to initiate
Latent Function
unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society
latent
unintended consequences
latent function
unintended, unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society
representativeness bias
unintentional prejudice; stereotyping
personal idenity
unique sense of ourselfs
Resocialization
unlearning old behaviors and learning new ones (example would be the millitary)
henslin
updated the list of ten core values by adding education religiosity and love
robert merton
used the term function to refer to the beneficial consequences of people's actions to keep society stable and dysfunction to refer to consequences that undermine stability
example of smoking
used to be accepted inside and embraced, now it is highly frowned upon
science
uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence to support knowledge claims
The identification of social problems depends on
value judgement
culture conisits of
values, norms, language/ symbols , and material goods
experimental
variables that can be analyzed in a controlled and systematic way either in artificial setting created by the researcher or in a naturally occurring setting
herbert spencer
viewed societies as evolutionary, "survival of the fittest", social darwinism, believed attempts at social reform were wrong
symbolic interactionism
views symbols as the basis of social life if studying divorce, they would focus on how the changing meanings of marriage family and divorce contribute to divorce
5 types of crime
violent crime, white-collar crime, crime against property , organized crime , victim less crime
legitimate power
voluntarily accepted by those who are affected
Folkway
walking forwards, space between urinals
What gives structure to our modern lives? (p.255)
wall clocks and daily planners
Emile durkheim
wanted to get sociology recognized as an academic discipline, interested in social factors and how the affect behavior (suicide rates among groups), wanted to make sure social research was practical and develop solutions to problems
Occult of individualism
we can all develop a realization that we all need to succeed
value free (no bias or subjectivity)
weber advocated that research should be _______
19
what century did sociology emerge
Knowledge in Society
what passes as knowledge within a society is not always as clear as true or false some of these things are testable through evidence others are not, some knowledge has useful applications other types do not
Symbolic Interaction
when interactionists focus on how people use symbols when interacting
Role strain
when the expectations associated with a single role complete with each other
Role conflict
when the expectations associated with different roles clash
value contradiction
when values conflict with one another
retribution
Debates about punishment Vengeance- the more severe the crime, the harsher the penalty
Values
shared beliefs about what is good/bad , right/wrong, and desirable/ undesirable
3 main events for Soc
Industrial Revolution American and French Revolution Colonialism
Ethnicity
shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
Norms
shared roles of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
rehabilitation
Debates about punishment people who hold this view generally advocate educational and job-training programs in prisons
Language and Symbols identify what?
In-group and out-group membership
Imagined Communites
In-group/ out-groups (like me or not like me)
3 Stages of Value Conflict
1. Awareness 2. Policy Determination 3. Reform (values and interests often clash)
*Thomas Malthus - ideas and predictions
1. Human survival depends on available food, water and resources 2. Populations tend to grow faster than the earth can sustain, out pacing the food supply. 3. Populations grow exponentially; food supply does not Humans are incapable of limiting their populations voluntarily Population reduction will occur through disasters; famine, disease, war Food production advances Smaller family sizes Gov't polices (ex: china) Advances in medicine
"Rationalization"
: Reliability, Regularity, Precision, Competence; -within Organizations not individual wants or desires
collective conscience
shared values of a society
about what percent of the US population is African american?
13%
The Belmont Report
1979: the origin of current ethical guidelines for human research
symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, conflict theory
3 theories that sociologists use
Emile Durkheim
3 types of suicide Egoistic Anomic Altruistic
industrial revolution, political revolutions in America and France, imperialism, natural sciences
4 reasons sociology developed
approximate population of the world
7 billion
Innovation-Decision Process: main ideas
1. awareness 2. interest 3. evaluation 4. trial 5. adoption or rejection decision
Auguste Comte
Coined the term sociology
Emile Durkheim
Collective conscience
Emile Durkheim
Collective effervescence
Karl Marx
Alienation
Description
An account of something as it relates to the person doing the describing
cultural phenomenon
An example of a cultural phenomenon is the trend of sending flowers on Valentine's Day A cultural phenomenon also occurs when something or someone gains widespread popularity. This includes everything from films to musical artists to clothing styles. The thing that gains popularity is not a cultural phenomenon; rather, the cultural phenomenon is the process of something becoming popular.
peer groups
An individual's close friends, religious groups, clubs, and work groups
Science as a Social Institution: Scientific Knowledge: main points
An organized effort Based on Systematic Observations That work toward explaining nature or the evidence
Emile Durkheim
Anomie
Social structure
Any relative stable patten of social behaviors
Social dysfunction
Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
Dramaturgy
Approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances
Youth
Are personals aged 12-14. The period between childhood and adult age.
Manifest Function
Are the consequences people observe or expect
Latent Function
Are the consequences that are neither recognized nor intended, not expected
Validity
Are the questions valid to what you are measuring
Karl Marx
Argued most important source of inequality in society relationship between economy and workers
on what continent are most of the world's people
Asia
Social Control
Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
"Useful Knowledge" (Mokyr): Basic & Applied Knowledge; main ideas
Basic Knowledge: theories, explanations, not- applied ( knowing what) Applied knowledge: making things work; technology (knowing how) together= new design, applications, medicine, etc.
Bernard McGrane
Beginners mind
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Population is determined by what
Birthrate, death rate, migration
Theories
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)
C. Wright Mill's term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society
Concentric Zone Model for the typical Industrial City
Central business district in middle, factory zone, zone of transition, working class zone, residential zone, commuter zone
Subculture
Certain norms and values and meanings which are destinctive to a perticular group within society
Comparing Cities: Chicago & Detroit - differences with the core/central business district; both have segregated ethic neighborhoods
Chicago has a strong economy and wealth at core of the city, a strong central business district, high crime on south side and west side of city, undergoing expansion to edge cites Detroit - people from south moved north for jobs, population went from 348,000 to 2 million --> today is 677,000, busiesses and jobs and people moved out of detriots core, decay of urban core and infrastructure, social disorganization
most populous nation
China
Most populated countries
China and India
Edge Cities - what are they?
Cities on the fringe of urban areas
Karl Marx
Class consciousness
Basic Needs and Physical Environment Geography
Classified on how they meet basic needs Societies are a response to physical environment geography
Quantitative Research
Close ended questions, numbers
Max Weber
Conflict Theorist 3 basic forms of authority Charismatic Authority Traditional Authority Rational Legal Authority
Karl Marx
Conflict theory
Snowball Sampling
Consists of a person who is interview who suggests other people to interview (recommendation)
Looking-Glass Self
Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us
Karl marx
Critical theory
Assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Early Human culture and adaptation to physical environment
Culture enabled humans to compensate for their physical limitations such as lack of claws, sharp teeth. It freed humans from dependence on the instinctual responses to the environment that are characteristic to other species
Ralph Linton
Culture happens in two ways; learning and sharing
High culture
Culture produced by a talanted few and enjoyed by sofisticated minority.
Counterculture
Cultures identified by their distinctive values and beliefs, sometimes created in reaction against the values of other groups
Symbolic Interaction (Weber & Dubois)
Generalized idea about us causes us to try to fit the perceived mold through our actions.
Generational change
Generations that follow can be impacted by events that have occurred in a previous generation.
verstehen
German for "grasp by insight"---empathetic understanding, the ability to understand the world as others do---- proposed by max weber
Max Weber
German sociologist who said that bureaucracies are rational but require rules; hierarchial
M.Weber: Modern Societies need "Rational Systems": Rules & Procedures
Goal based, studied the changing patterns of governmental organization and authority
Stigma
Goffman: stigma is a mark that negatively affects someones interactions with others; potheads, being black, succumbing to fads
Subculture
Groups whose values or norms may differ from the dominate culture, but may still co-exist with majority culture
Growth rate; Replacement rate
Growth rate = birthrate - deathrate Replacement Rate = average number of children needed to keep population from growing or declining
Mass media (agent of socialization)
Helps create and manage what is "important" may reinforce and transmit limiting role expectations and ideas. Difficult to measure effects.
Sociological factors
Historical, structural, critical and cultural.
Status
How high you are in society
Historical Analysis:
How historical context shapes individual lives • Oral history: direct interviews of survivors of historical events• Archival research: historical
Socialisation
How people learn throughout life
Comparative Research:
How social behavior varies across place
Nature Vs Nuture
How you were brought up Vs you natural genetics
Social Thing
Human persons, plus all the things humans have created.
"Scientific Management" & "Taylorism": main features
Increases productivity, brain work should be removed from the shop and centered in the planning department
What is a society?
Individual wants and desires vs. Society's demand for pro-social behavior and conformity to group needs/ interests
manifest function
INTENDED and RECOGNIZE consequences to LEARN
Irrationality of rationality
Idea that modern societys efficiency is moot/ destined to backfire
Thomas Theorem
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" ->subjective interpretations of reality have objective effects
Anomie
Imbalance between socially created expectations and socially provided means
Video Lecture shown in class: Paul Taylor: The Next America: changing Demographics
Immigration = more diversity Young and Old = longer lives, fewer babies, different age structure Class structure = smaller middle class Changing culture and attitudes = decline of traditional marriage, generation gaps Polarized politics = partisan media "red truth, blue truth"
3 basic forms of Qualitative Research
In- Depth interviewing Focus Groups Content Analysis
Qualitative Research
Open ended questions, no right answers
Emile Durkheim
Organic solidarity
Pragmatism
Organisms provide practical adaptations to the environment
Control
Organization goal
New Knowledge: "The Social Construction of Reality" (Berger & Luckmann): main ideas
Our understanding of the world undergoes changes and revisions: New knowledge is: 1. Externalized as reality 2. Legitimated as true 3. Internalized as reality
Attempted Control
Overt action intended to increase the probability of a desired future state
Herbert Spencer
Paradigm based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of separate structures
Altruistic
People are part of a demanding group and there's no way out, feel very integrated Ex. Asian society stress on academics
Talcott Parsons
People should adapt to their society
Anomic
People suffer from a dislocation of their norms and values, sudden changes Ex. Sudden wealth or poverty could disrupt the usual patterns in a persons life
Sociology
People's behaviour and how they fit into society
Gender
Personal trait and social positions that members of a society attached to being female or male
Charismatic Authority
Personality/ Respect
Stanford prison experiment
Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.
Auguste Comte
Positivism theory
Emerson
Power is based on dependence (glue, you are dependent on glue to hold your shit together); balancing operations; status
Karl marx
Praxis
Globalization
Prediction world will turn into American mall
Global perspective
The study of larger world and society s place in it
Critical sociology
The study of society that focuses on the need of social change
Traditional Authority
The longer people have been thinking a certain way the harder it is to change it
Philisopical method
The method in which the primary criterion of judgment is the consistency of a sentence with the covert experience of the inquirer.
What is the Greatest Invention, according to the author? (p.275-)
The operating principle
Population Explosion: world population and projections
The rapid increase of humans in the world, more slow recently but 9 billion expected by 2050 (7 billion today)
Manifest malfunction
The recognizable and intended consequences of any social pattern
Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Sociological perspective
The special pop of sociology that sees generals pattern in society in the lives of particular people
collective behavior
The spontaneous behavior of a group of people responding to similar stimuli
*Demography
The study of human population
Sociology
The study of human relationships and society. A social science that explores the social world
How might survivors get electricity; according to the author? (Ch.2)
They would have to generate their own
Values
Things that are important to you.
Antisopatary socialisation
Things we learn as a child and use later on in life
Sign
To mark, seal
Jobs & life today: influence of Formal Organizations
Today 85% of workers are employed by someone else, often a large formal organization Deliberately planned groups, with some specific goal or purpose, designed to outlive particular individuals, based on a set of formal rules, based on a fixed structure of authority, roles, and responsibilities
Detroit's history as an industrial city; the Great Migration; Detroit Today - troubles and rebound
Toxic waste in wayne county is among the worst in the nation
latent function
UNINTENDED and UNRECOGNIZE consequences to make FRIENDS
Social Organizations: main features
Underlying patterns of behavior Actual groups of people, businesses, schools, hospitals
Conflict Theory
Unequal distribution of society valued goods is affected by race sex social clasd , caused by tension and hostility
pluralistic
United States has a ______ society
Quota Sampling
Units are selected into a sample on the basis of prespecified characteristics, demographics must be seen
Goals of Science
Universalism, Sharing of Information, Disinterestedness, Organized Skepticism
Peter Berger
Use sociological theory to analyze data
Auguste Comte
Used scientific method in sociology
Norms
Usual things that we expect from people that are socialised. Formal and informal
Social Interaction
Verbal and non-verbal interaction between individuals
Organizational Structures
a fight between formal rules and personal wants/desires importance of hierarchy
Groupthink
a form of uncritical thinking in which people reinforce a consensus rather than ask serious questions or thoroughly analyze the issue at hand
Symbolic-interaction Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Dyad
a group consisting of just two people->very unstable->most intense type of social relationships (sexual relationships and marriage, best friends and business partners)
deviant subculture
a group in which membership is based on a shared commitment to specific nonconformist beliefs
peer group
a group of people, usually of comparable age, who share similar interests and social status
race
a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups
nonmaterial culture
a groups way of thinking and common patterns of behavior
Bureaucracy
a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures used to manage organizations->commonly share four key features according to Weber
Paradigms
a model that provides a framework for interpreting observations
labeling theory
argues that deviance is the result of how others interpret behavior and that individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgement as part of their self identity
Conflict Theory (Marx)
argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (such as the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to exploit groups with less power. Weaknesses: Weaknesses of Conflict Theory z Assumes that all social life is "economically determined" z Ignores the importance of gender, race & ethnicity, age, & other factors in social life z Ignores the possibility that sport participation can be a personally and socially empowering experience
expert power
arises from the perception that a person has superior knowledge in a particular area
How does modern asphalt compare to Roman roads? (p.187)
asphalt is more smooth but less durable than Roman roads
racial profile
assuming of african american commit crime more than white
natural sciences
attempt to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environment
third phase
attempt to merge sociological knowledge and practical work w development of applied sociology
social sciences
attempt to objectively study the social world
Verstehen
attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions
Sociological Imagination
awareness of relationship between between personal experience and the wider society
Identity
based on social influence; virginity pledges
ethnocentric
based on the attitude that one's group is superior
Missouri/Pemiscot county demographics in indicators of child welfare, how does pemiscot county compare to the rest of Missouri
basically really poor , graduation rate is low, poverty is high
play stage
beginning at around age three, children begin to be able to take on the role of a single other in a meaningful way
Deviance
behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations
research methods include
comparative historical research , comparative research , historical analysis
Anthropology
comparative study of past & present cultures
crime against property
burglary, larceny , grand theft auto , arson
game stage
by age six or seven, children learn not only how to play a role but also how to link this role to others' role
all social norms are accompanied
by sanctions that promote conformity punish nonconformity
marxism
by staying at home the women s roles supports men who work in a capitalist system
social identity
characteristics that other people attribute to us ( student, mother , teacher lawyer )
modernity
characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy
life course
child hood and adolescence , young adult Hood
preferential Attachment
choosing who to collaborate with (rappers)
marx
class struggles and class conflict
Segregated roles
clear division of labour in the family with tasks divided into male and female
auguste comte
coined the term sociology and suggested positivism but did not apply it... believed his science should not only discover principles but apply them for social reform as well
Social groups
collections of people who interact regularly with one another and who are aware of their status as a group-> often share common interests, values, norms and expectations
Cultural universals
common features that are found in all human cultures
Garfinkle
common sense (ethnomethodology) is context dependent; breeching experiments--ppl get most mad about trivial things (Garfield--not common sense to have a talking cat)
rational-legal authority
has legitimacy bc it is based on established laws, rules, and procedures
traditional authority
has legitimacy because of compliance with well established cultural practices
Many of the basic functions of civilization rely on chemical or physical transformations driven by... what? (p.104-105)
heat
Karl Marx
heavily influenced by study of economy
sectionality theory
highlights the connections and interactions between various forms of inequality, esp race, class,and gender
the largest minority group in the United States is the?
hispanic
tattoos
historically were a way to challenge gender norms and limited roles of wife and mother - altenative way to find ones self
labeling theory
how individuals come to be identifies as devaint
Social Interaction
how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior
dynamic
human interaction is _____
*In the section of Ch.1 titled: "A Reboot Manual", What does the author think is the most profound problem facing survivors of a cataclysm?
human knowledge is collective, distributed across a population
interactionalist
humans attatch meaning to their lives and are shared by social interaction: communication symbolic meaning
informational power
is based on a person's use of facts, data, or other evidence to argue rationally or persuade
referent power
is based on feelings of identifcation
legitimate power
is exercised by those who invoke a feeling of obligation
charismatic authority
is power whose legitimacy is derived from the extraordinary personal characteristics of an individual leader, which inspire loyalty and devotion
education
is probably the best known approach to empowerment
power
is the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others
symbolic culture
is the ability to learn and transmit behavioural traditions from one generation to the next by the invention of things that exist entirely in the symbolic realm.
coercive power
is the ability to punish
socialization
is the process through which people learn their culture's basic norms, values, beliefs, and appropriate behaviors
♣ Anticipatory socialization
is the process, facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group-members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it.
present
joint roles
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures in terms of their standards of ones own
Technology
knowledge and tools that people use for a practical purpose
Why is the printing press important when it comes to knowledge? (p.214-)
knowledge becomes democratized
no culture without
language
past and future
language allows for a social or shared ______ and ______
cumulative
language allows our experiences to be ______. Each generation builds on the body of significant experiences that is passed on to it by the previous one
Vickstein
language and meaning of culture is shared
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language influences our perception of the world
Sapir whorf
language relativity it determines our social reality it influences culture culture also influences language
culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next, shared by a society
crime syndicate
large scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
macro sociology
large scale social systems
Agriculture
large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
stigma
mark of social disgrace
crime rates
measure the incidence of crime in relation to population size
before 1970 men and women roles
men - breadwinner women - housewife
Pahl
men are more likely to make choices men dominante decisions men more money better life
instrumental roles
men are the breadwinners, they work and are supported by women
Pahls survey
men normally manage money, this means in families where women earned more, men still reaped the rewards.
men (white men)
men or women- more likely to commit suicide
heuristics
metal shortcuts
Agency
micro
Infrastructure
physical necessities of modern societies: roads, bridges, buildings, sewers, water systems
material goods
physical objects created by humans
Material Culture
physical objects that people create and use
Material Culture
physical objects with symbolic value
sanctions
positive or negative reactions to the way in which people follow norms
positive sanction
positive reinforcement for good behavior. pleasant things we can do to try to make people conform and behave in a routine, predictable, fashion
Impersonality
power must be located within an office, not a person-> bureaucratic structure remains no matter who's in and out
police discretion
power of who gets arrested
What is the basic operating principle of any technology? (p.289-)
practical application of scientific understanding? clocks?
Ageism
prejudice and discrimination against older people
7 steps of the research cycle
problem, literature, hypothesis, research design, carry out, interpret, report
assimilation
process by which the different cultures are absorbed into the main stream ( melting pot )
degradation ceremony
process of labeling an indiv. as deviant
plea bargaining
process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return of lighter sentence
differential association
proportion of associates has with deviant vs.nondevaint indiv.
victim less crime
prostitution,drug use , vagrancy
weber
protestant ethic and bureaucracy
protestant ethic
protestants sought signs that they were in God's will, used money as measure---- proposed by max weber
Beliefs and Knowledge
provide a meaning system, shape's a group's culture
Negative Sanction
punishments for negative behavior (according to dominant culture).
Qualitative
put yourself in their shoes (Weber's verstehen)
A hierarchy of authority and accountability
pyramidal structure with power concentrated at the top
stigma
refers to the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting
Tuskegee study
researchers , Initiated in 1932, recruited black men to study Syphilis, never told me they had it, did not treat disease, just observed. Violated them. Men in Study were harmed, not treated respectfully and the study targeted a disadvantaged social group.
Sanctions
restrictions intended to enforce international law
secondary device
results in the person being labeled deviant and accepting the label as truth
recidivism
return to criminal behavior
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
sociological imagination
same as sociological perspective as described by C. Wright Mills
Secondary Socialization
schools and teachers
before 1970s
segregated roles
Apostolic Succession
sequence of consecrations or appointments of bishops extending back to Jesus' appointment of the Apostles.
The Nature of Networks
serve as a link between you and contacts and opportunities in other parts of society->understanding the patterns of association in social networks helps us understand how people are integrated into society
Functionalist Perspective
set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system
"I & Me"
taking the role of the other
Written rules and records
tasks and duties to be carried out within are usually written out in formal rules and procedures->ensures consistency
tatoo sub culture views
tattoos as way to resist modern society , and reconnect with primitive experiences.
Ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture & group as superior
♣ The "Looking Glass Self" (Cooley)
that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
public sociology
the ASA is now promoting _________ with the goal of influencing politicians, public officials, and policy makers
power
the ability to CONTROL the behaviors of others
subjugation (n)
the act of bringing under control (to dominate)
loner deviance
the activities of individuals who commit deviant acts without the social support of others
Material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
agents of social control
the authorities and social institutions that enforce norms and rules, attempt to prevent rule violations, and identify and punish rule violators
Status set
the collection of statuses that an individual holds
sense of self
the collection of thoughts and feelings you have when considering yourself as an object
Social Networks
the collections of social ties that connect people to each other
social solidarity
the collective bonds that connect individuals
conjugal roles
the domestic rolses of married and cohabiting couples
Pastoralism
the domestication of animals
What is part of the "glue that binds societies together", according to the author?
the expectation that the pursuit of short-term gains through deception or violence is far outweighed by the long term consequences
Reference Groups
the groups against which we choose to measure ourselves-> can influence the choices we make, take into account as we plan and asses actions, can influence even if we do not belong to them-> conform to group's expectations
Civilization requires not just thermal energy, but also... what? (p.166)
the harnessing of mechanical power, relieving it from the constraints of using muscle power alone
looking glass self
the idea that our sense of self develops as a reflection of the way we think others see us
Sapir-Whorf Thesis
the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
Values
the ideal principles of a group, can be a source of cohesion or conflict
Symbolic culture
the ideas associated with a cultural group
social control
the incentives and punishments that promote conformity in social life
societies (or aggregate/collection of individuals)
the individual is not the unit of analysis, society looks at _______
bootsrapped used to explain
the late tranistion into adult hoood
rationalization of society
the long-term historical process by which rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life
Charles Cody
the looking glass self- you assume the viewpoint of someone else who looks at you (Cody Simpson looks at himself a lot)
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
spirit of capitalism
the protestants readiness to invest capital in order to make more money--- proposed by max weber
sociology
the scientifi study of human social life , groups and society
Mead's "me"
the sense of self that has been learned from interaction with others
Roles
the sets of expected behaviors that are associated with a particular status
collective conscience
the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community
George Simmel
the size of a group has important effects on internal group dynamics
master status
the status of greatest importance in a particular person's life
Migration: What is the Global Trend?
the steady flow of people from overpopulated rural villages to urban slums
sociology
the study of human behavior as shaped by group life
*What are some of the ways people have told time in the past? (p.254-
the sun
Adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
inequality
the unequal distribution of resources among groups of people
Latent functions
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
Horticulture
the use of hand tools to raise crops
industrialization
the use of large-scale machinery for the mass manufacture of consumer goods
generalized other
the values and orientations of their overall community rather than those of specific individuals
norms
widely agreed upon rules or principles
Why is basic food security so important for a society? (Ch. 3; "One Feeding Ten")
with no food surplus there is no opportunity for your society to grow complex or to progress
Shared Language
without the common ground of shared meaning, social interaction becomes confusing, frustrating, inefficient, and even frightening
Role Relationship
wo related social positions that specify the reciprocal rights, duties and expectations for the persons who occupy those positions. (husband/wife)
parsons - functionalist
women = expressive role men = instrumental role
expressive roles
women support children they deal with emotions and do housework
present roles
women work more, spend less time at home men spend more time at home
Proletariat
workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).
What are the traditional communication technologies? (p.209)
writing?
affect bias
your emotions get in the way
Socialization
♣ The process by which humans adopt or learn the culture of a group ♣ Socialization links biography and history Can be deliberate or unintended.
Non material Culture
♣ language, verbal symbols ♣ values ♣ beliefs ♣ norms
Subculture
♣ some segment of a society's population that has distinctive cultural patterns Ethnocentrism
