sociology test 1

How are norms enforced in everyday settings?

By sanctions

Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions?

Symbolic interactionism

How do sociologists define the self?

The experience of an individual's personal identity, distinct from other people

Which of the following groups is most likely to be classified as a counterculture

a militia group living montana

What does it mean if a sample of sociological research is representative?

a smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group

Which kind of norm is so deeply ingrained that the very thought of breaking it brings feelings of disgust or horror?

a taboo

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered

agents of socialization

There is a close relationship between sociology and other social sciences. Given how much overlap there is between these fields, why does sociology still exist as a separate discipline?

all the other fields are more specialized, but sociology is a field that considers a huge intellectual territory

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, some people placed signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cell phones near roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, a practice some states have now made illegal. As a result of this social movement?

an informal norm has become a law

What uses an inductive method that involves collecting data and then generating theory by looking for relationships among categories?

both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study

What economic system emerged during the industrial revolution

capitalism

Jai is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar co-workers. After reviewing the literature, he developed a hypothesis and has operationalized the variables he will study. What is the next step Jai should take in the scientific method?

choose a research design or method

You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in scientific method?

conduct a literature review

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change?

conflict between social groups

What methodology would you use if you were to conduct a research project investigating the relationship between smoking and gender in blockbuster films?

content analysis

If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________.

correlation ; causation

Sociologist use which of the following terms to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture?

counterculture

There are more sushi restaurants in the United States and many McDonalds style fast food restaurants in Japan. This is an example of

cultural diffusion

Today, it is possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald's food. This is an example of

cultural leveling

What do sociologists call it when cultures that were one distinct become increasingly similar

cultural leveling

What is the definition of "culture"?

culture is limited to rules or guidelines about what kind of behavior is acceptable and appropriate within a particular situation

Clashed over values in the United States, especially as represented by liberals and conservatives in the mass media, have been termed

culture war

Conflicts within mainstream society about which values and norms should be upheld or shifted are called

culture war

You are conducting research on violence in the media. In what part of the research process are you engaged if you are trying to decide whether "violence" includes words as well as actions?

defining the variables

An employee who has a special relationship with his boss is promoted instead of a more deserving co-worker. This is an example of

distinction between ideal culture and real culture

A man is listening to loud music and singing along in public. The people around him glare and frown at him, hoping that he will stop. The man ignores them, indicating that he

doesn't seem to care about negative sanctions

The values, norms, and practices of the most powerful group within a society are called

dominant culture

The tendency to use your own group's way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others is called

ethnocentrism

Which methodology most closely resembles the scientific method?

experimental research

According to sociologist, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life

false

Children are taking on the role of the generalized other when they pretend to be a firefighter, mommy, or doctor

false

Norms develop out of a culture's value system

false

Sociology can be approached from both a microsociological and a macrosociological perspective. Which is more useful?

false

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization

family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences

Sociologist assert that there is a close relationship between the individual and society. How does Pam Fishman's research on gender and power in heterosexual couples characterize this relationship

fisherman data show how macro-level phenomena like gender and power manifest themselves in everyday interaction

According to the scientific method, what are the steps in conducting research and in what order should they be completed?

form a hypothesis, define variable, choose research method, collect data

Which uses an inductive method that involves collecting data and then generating theory by looking for relationship among categories

grounded theory

What has been achieved when the dominant culture, without the use of force, persuade the rest of society that its beliefs and values are the only or best value?

hegemony

What was probably Harriet Martineau's Most important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline?

her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English content

Regardless of their version approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists trying to do?

illuminate the connection between the individual and society

Which of the following is an example of a taboo in the American society?

incest

What does Marx see as the primary tool for the oppression of the lower social classes in modern society

industrial capitalism

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

interactions with other people

Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because

interview are too time consuming

Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it

is easy to transmit to the public

Which of the following is one of the functions of symbolic culture?

it enables people to communicate

Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology

it is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns

Which of the following is a latent function of the educational system in the United States

keeping children out of trouble while parents are at work

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that

language can structure our perception of reality.

Sciology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior, from _______ to ______

large scale institution ; individual interactions

A closed ended question is one that

limits the possible responses

Which of the following statements best describe the approach taken by macro sociologists?

macro sociology examines large-scale social structure to see how it affects individual lives

Designer label on purses and logos on shirts are both examples of

material culture

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time.

mores ; law

Which terms describe a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic background

multiculturalism

A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are example of

negative sanctions

Which best describe the research goals of sociologists who use a microsociological approach and the research goals of sociologists who use a microsociological approach?

no matter what approach they take, all sociologist aim in illuminate the connection between the individual and society

Imagine that you are trying to rewrite a survey. You find a multiple choice question that asks,"What is your favorite recreational activity?" and gives three response option, "other" and invite respondents to write an activity of their choice. What kind of question have you just made?

open-ended

A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First the professor asks how many people in class are smokers. Two people indicate that they are. Then she asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week and ten people indicate that they had. From this, the class decides, for the purposes of the survey, a smoker will be anyone who has smoked a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarette. This is an

operational definition

Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of subjects under investigation, often dispelling stereotypes about the group being investigated?

participant observation

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

peers

what kind of research are you doing if you observe a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meaning

quantitative

Countercultural groups such as the hippies of the 1960s

rejected the norms of the dominant culture

What will a good researcher always do after formulating a general research question?

review the literature relevant to his or her topic

A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher?

she is a qualitative researcher

Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true?

society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society

Which of the following is subculture

street gang

Which of the following theories views society as a whole unit made up of interrelated parts that work together

structural functionalism

Sociologist observe society by

studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another.

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

subculture

which of the following theories focuses on how our behaviors are dependent on the ways we interpret, make sense of, and define ourselves, others, and social structure?

symbolic interactionism

Unlike sociologists, the knowledge that most people possess about the world can be described as

systemic, clear, and consistent

Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most strictly enforced to the least

taboos, mores, folkways

A space shuttle, graffiti, a new coding language, and a new instrument are all examples of

technology

A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. In order to get their data, the researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling name out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers target population?

the 170 student who were interviewed

What historical events convinced Auguste Comte that society needed to be guided by thinkers who understood social laws

the French Revolution and the instability that followed it

According to George Herbert Mead's, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their game

the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

The nature vs nurture debate helps us understand

the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.

Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to

the core value of a group

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

the famiyl

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is

the guidelines and expectation that are associated with a particular role in society

A researcher must identify a target population before engaging in sampling. What is the target population?

the larger group of people about whom he or she wishes to generalize

The term "socialization" refers to:

the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

What do sociologists call the idea that all individual act like mirrors to each other?

the looking glass self

What is the scientific method?

the procedure for acquiring and collecting concrete data

What is the sociological imagination?

the sociological imagination approach the assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent or larger social institutions

Why might Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim be placed far apart on sociology's family tree?

the theoretical approaches they founded are very different

Macro-sociology and micro-sociology approach the study of society from different perspectives. How does the discipline of sociology deal with these two very different approaches?

these two perspective are on a continuum with each other and sociologist can adopt the perspective most useful for a particular problem

Why do ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal?

they use their own culture as a standard of judgement

What are the goals of ethnography

to develop ethics and standards for sociological research

Which of the following one of the goals of socialization?

to teach norms, values, and belief

A sociologist's responsibility is to question everything the everyday person would take for granted

true

Both sides are partially right in the nature vs. nurture debate.

true

Our sense of self is largely created through social processes

true

Signs are symbols that stand for or convey an idea.

true

Sociologist claim that culture is the lends through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us

true

Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking glass self

we interpret other reaction to us it enables people

Which of the following is an example of something that would be part of a person's or a society's material culture

weapons of war

Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory, because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action:

with verstehen, which emphasizes empathy with individual experience

Where should you start if you process a sociological imagination and you are asked to study unemployment rates in a city with fifty million people, of which, fifteen million are unemployed?

you should consider the economic and political structure of the society