Sociology Test #1 (Chapter 1-7)

The term crime can be defined as: Question options: 1) A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. 2) A sequence of events leading to incarceration. 3) An unintended consequence of necessary action. 4) A harmful action directed at the authorities.

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

Reliability is defined by the text as: Question options: 1) How long a study is expected to remain relevant and influential. 2) How well the study measures what it was designed to measure. 3) How close the study's results come to the experimenter's hypothesis. 4) A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: Question options: 1) Specialization of labor lead to alienation. 2) Collective norms are weakened. 3) All of the above 4) Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness.

All of the above

Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: Question options: 1) Consumer-oriented discretion 2) Out-group dynamics 3) Conformity 4) Laissez-faire leadership

Conformity

Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. Question options: 1) Culture shock 2) Cultural imperialism 3) Material culture 4) Xenocentricism

Culture shock

True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? 1) True 2) False

False

John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable. Question options: 1) Independent variable: John; Dependent variable: Grades 2) Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: Number of laptops 3) Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades 4) Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: John

Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades

____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. Question options: 1) Max Weber; Positivism 2) Comte; Antipositivism 3) Durkheim; Communism 4) Karl Marx; Communism

Karl Marx; Communism

Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. Question options: 1) Material culture 2) The counterculture 3) Non-material culture 4) A cultural universal

Non-material culture

In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ¬¬______. Question options: 1) Subculture 2) Formal Sanction 3) Social relativism 4) More

Subculture

The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: 1) A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. 2) The authoritarian devalue of an employee. 3) A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills. 4) The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation.

A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

The term values can be defined as: Question options: 1) Scripture found within the Bible. 2) A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society. 3) Federal laws and regulations. 4) The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

A culture's standard for discerning what's good and just in society.

In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. Question options: 1) An entry test that must be passed 2) A degradation ceremony 3) An exit test that must be passed 4) A graduation ceremony

A degradation ceremony

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? Question options: 1) A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. 2) A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. 3) A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. 4) A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

A cultural universal is: Question options: 1) An object or a belonging of a group. 2) The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. 3) A written document outlining appropriate behavior. 4) A pattern or trait common to all societies.

A pattern or trait common to all societies.

The term value neutrality is defined by the text as: Question options: 1) A systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand. 2) A study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population. 3) The study of evolving ethics and morals in relation to sociological research. 4) A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results.

A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results.

What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? Question options: 1) A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. 2) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function. 3) A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. 4) A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships.

A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.

The term language can be defined as: Question options: 1) Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. 2) A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. 3) The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. 4) Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

The term deviance can be defined as: Question options: 1) A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. 2) The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. 3) The regulation and enforcement of norms. 4) Social reward for the violation of norms.

A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

Strain theory: Question options: 1) Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. 2) Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. 3) Argues that morality is based on wealth. 4) States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

Education is important to society because: Question options: 1) It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. 2) It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. 3) All of the above 4) It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces.

All of the above

Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: Question options: 1) An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy 2) An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated 3) The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality 4) Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion

An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. Question options: 1) Socialization 2) Resocialization 3) Anticipatory socialization 4) The looking glass self

Anticipatory socialization

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. Question options: 1) Ascribed status 2) Achieved status 3) The Thomas Theorem 4) The looking-glass self

Ascribed status

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? Question options: 1) Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon. 2) Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. 3) Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. 4) Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine.

Which of the following is an example of role conflict? Question options: 1) Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. 2) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. 3) Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country. 4) Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham.

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? Question options: 1) Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with. 2) Taking Jimmy to the aquarium. 3) Allowing Joey to sleep with his "blankey." 4) Letting Kim wear pants to school.

Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with.

Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? Question options: 1) Carol Gilligan 2) Erik Erikson 3) Sigmund Freud 4) Lawrence Kholberg

Carol Gilligan

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. Question options: 1) Bourgeoisie 2) Anomie 3) Collective conscience 4) The iron cage

Collective conscience

Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? Question options: 1) Structural Functionalism 2) Symbolic Interactionism 3) Behaviorism 4) Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. Question options: 1) Conflict Theory 2) Functionalism 3) Symbolic Interactionism 4) Institutionalism

Conflict Theory

Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? Question options: 1) Opaque theory 2) Differential association theory 3) Strain theory 4) Labeling theory

Differential association theory

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. Question options: 1) Ethnocentrism 2) Xenocentrism 3) Paradigms 4) Moral relativism

Ethnocentrism

Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) ¬¬¬¬_____. Question options: 1) Experiment 2) Ethnography 3) Secondary data analysis 4) Case study

Ethnography

The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: Question options: 1) Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. 2) People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. 3) Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. 4) Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism? Question options: 1) Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. 2) Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona. 3) Andy refusing to marry a woman who does not practice his religion. 4) Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback.

Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.

Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination. Question options: 1) How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure. 2) The theory that man evolved slowly over time. 3) The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. 4) A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams.

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

Erik Erikson's theory explains: Question options: 1) How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. 2) When human moral development begins in an individual. 3) Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. 4) How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? Question options: 1) When they are born. 2) After they graduate from college. 3) In their teenage years 4) When they first go to school.

In their teenage years

Kendra is researching the effects of vitamin C on test-taking ability. Before the exam, Kendra gives group A orange juice, and group B water. Vitamin C is the ______. Question options: 1) Independent variable 2) Experimental group 3) Dependent variable 4) Control group

Independent variable

An instrumental leader: Question options: 1) Refers to the main focus or goal of the leader. 2) Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. 3) Rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement. 4) Promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported.

Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? Question options: 1) Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. 2) Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. 3) Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. 4) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? Question options: 1) Differential association 2) Control theory 3) Strain theory 4) Labeling theory

Labeling theory

Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. Question options: 1) Authoritarian 2) Democratic 3) Republican 4) Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire

Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. Question options: 1) They are both macro-level. 2) Macro-level; micro-level 3) They are both micro-level. 4) Micro-level; macro-level

Macro-level; micro-level

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? Question options: 1) Crossing streets on cross-walks 2) Paying taxes 3) Driving on the right hand side of the road 4) Making eye contact while speaking

Making eye contact while speaking

Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: Question options: 1) The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair. 2) Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor. 3) Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. 4) Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.

Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.

What is one difference between a more and a folkway? Question options: 1) Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not. 2) Mores are constructed based on norms; folkways are not. 3) Mores are legally acceptable to violate; folkways are not. 4) Mores encourage social rebellion; folkways do not.

Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.

It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? Question options: 1) George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development 2) Nature vs. Nurture 3) Freud's theory of self-development 4) Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 points

Nature vs. Nurture

Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? Question options: 1) Conducting a literature review prior to conducting an experiment 2) Using a control group and an experimental group during observation 3) Observing study participants without their consent 4) Drawing conclusions from a study which the hypothesis did not predict

Observing study participants without their consent

In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. Question options: 1) Dependent variables 2) Secondary data analysis 3) Literature review 4) Participant observation

Participant observation

Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: 1) People base their images on how they think other people see them. 2) The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. 3) Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. 4) Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces.

People base their images on how they think other people see them.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: Question options: 1) Explicit rules 2) Clear division of labor 3) Impersonality 4) Personality-based promotion

Personality-based promotion

A paradigm can be defined as: Question options: 1) Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society 2) The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion 3) The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated 4) Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: Question options: 1) Negative informal sanction 2) Positive informal sanction 3) Negative formal sanction 4) Positive formal sanction

Positive formal sanction

George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: Question options: 1) Generalized other stage, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage 2) Preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized other stage 3) Game stage, play stage, generalized other stage, preparatory stage 4) Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. Question options: 1) Logos 2) Pathos 3) Qualitative 4) Quantitative

Quantitative

When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. Question options: 1) Secondary group 2) Reference group 3) Aggregate 4) Out-group

Reference group

Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Question options: 1) Symbolic Interactionism 2) Conflict 3) Structural Functionalism 4) Exchange Theory

Symbolic Interactionism

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. Question options: 1) Symbolic interactionist 2) Conflict theorist 3) Functionalist 4) Feminist

Symbolic interactionist

Sociology is defined as the: Question options: 1) Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. 2) Theoretical examination of life's origins. 3) Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. 4) Systematic study of society and social interaction.

Systematic study of society and social interaction.

A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. Question options: 1) The Authority Effect 2) The Regressive Effect 3) The Hawthorne Effect 4) The Cognizant Effect

The Hawthorne Effect

Alienation is defined by the text as: Question options: 1) The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self. 2) Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual. 3) The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life 4) The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity

The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.

The McDonaldization of Society refers to: Question options: 1) The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. 2) The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal. 3) The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths. 4) The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States.

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions.

Which of the following is not a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics? Question options: 1) To guarantee the safety of their participants 2) To maintain value neutrality 3) To foster professionally responsible scholarship in sociology 4) To ensure the financial gain of the researchers

To ensure the financial gain of the researchers

The term secondary deviance can be defined as: Question options: 1) When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. 2) When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. 3) When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. 4) When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others.

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

A hypothesis can be defined as: Question options: 1) A testable proposition 2) A way to explain different aspects of social interactions 3) An attempt to explain large-scale relationships 4) Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

a testable proposition

Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. Question options: 1) manifest; latent 2) latent; manifest 3) latent; latent 4) manifest; manifest

manifest; latent

Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using? Question options: 1) Ethnography 2) Experiments 3) Secondary data analysis 4) Surveys

secondary data analysis

_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. Question options: 1) Structural Functionalists 2) Symbolic Interactionists 3) Social Individualists 4) Conflict Theorists

structural functionalists