Sociology Test #2

How does Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, suggest that capitalism helps keep societies together? How do monopolies deviate from Smith's ideal view of capitalism?

"He believed that individual self interest in an environment where others act the same, will lead to competition and as long as the basic laws and contracts are honored, then it works out. Everyone works together. Monopolies would deviate from capitalism because no one would be competing and working together, one person would have all the power" (found online).

Why do people debate the use of SAT scores for college admission?

(1) Researchers note that the SAT doesn't, as the College Board asserts, predict college outcomes above and beyond high school grades and class rank. (2) The SAT generally predicts college outcomes pretty well; however, it accurately predicts the college outcomes only for white students, and it doesn't do as well in predicting outcomes such as college GPA for black and Hispanic students. (3) SAT scores do not necessarily reflect the abilities that should matter. SAT scores are consistently correlated with race, ethnicity, and class. Also, white students and higher-class students can pay for SAT preparatory classes, which do increase scores. The SAT is biased toward certain groups of students.

What is a pecking order, and what does the term mean for children in a family? According to this concept, does your birth position in the family or number of siblings matter to your life chances for success in school and beyond?

-A pecking order emerges during the course of childhood. It both reflects and determines siblings' positions in the overall status ordering that occurs within society. It is not just the will of parents or the "natural" abilities of children; the pecking order is conditioned by the swirling winds of society, which in turn envelop the family. -Sibling disparities are much more common in poor families and single-parent homes than in rich, intact families. When families have limited resources, the success of one sibling often generates a negative backlash among the others. -Some people suggest that birth order plays a role. The commonly held idea that the firstborns are naturally more driven and successful. But this is still a form of individual explanation - that fails to take into account the role of sociological factors. -Birth position does not play a role in life chances for success in school and beyond. -The number of siblings in a family does play a role in life chances for success in school and beyond. Firstborns don't have too much advantage over one younger sibling. Birth position matter only in the context of larger families and limited resources. When family resources are stretched thin, love really does become a pie, as they say. The children born first or last into a large family seem to fare better socioeconomically than those born in the middle. -Middle kids feel the effects of a shrinking pie, as they tend to be shortchanged on resources like money for college and parental attention.

How do Arlie Hochschild's findings The Time Bind differ from our understanding of the substitution effect? How do Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson build on Hochschild's work?

-Arlie Hochschild finds that people's lives increasingly center on the world of work, and as a result, families are suffering. Despite a work environment that seemed family friendly, Hochschild found that most workers ended up working longer hours during the course of their employment. "Why don't working parents...take the opportunity available to them to reduce their hours at work?" Her findings differ from the economic argument about substitution effects. Working parents don't take advantage of family-friendly corporate policies because they prefer to avoid their homes and families. The workplace has become a haven from the chaos and the emotional and physical disarray of the second shift at home. -Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson built on Hochschild's work by arguing that workers do not take advantage of family-friendly policies for a number of other reasons: under cultural and structural conditions that keep work and family divided, they are afraid of losing their jobs. Taking advantage of parental leave or part-time hours, working parents believe, sends a negative message to the boss that could lead to placement on the "mommy track" and a dead-end career.

How did the $5 per day wage at the Ford Motor Company shine a light on judgements about families and the role of women in society?

-By assuming women's dependence, the family wage was denied to them, thus pushing women and children into the very dependency to which they were presumed to be naturally suited. It is from policies such as these that we get our idea of the traditional family model: A male breadwinner and his female dependent. -The few women who did work for Ford still earned $2.30 a day in 1915. Unmarried men and married men without dependents were also ineligible for the $5 a day. -It shows an assumption that a family is a mom, dad and kids. They did not take into account single parents (of both genders). This viewpoint justified a much lower wage for women, but it ignored the millions of unmarried, abandoned, and widowed women who worked to take care of themselves and their children. Rarely was a woman's wage expected to provide for her own livelihood, and never was it expected to support her children without the help of a father. They maintained that a woman's wage need only meet the barest of necessities, lest women turn away from the morality of family as, as enshrined in the cult of domesticity, and become enticed by the sinful and degrading world of work.

What is capitalism? How were the "enclosure movement" and "monetization" related to the advent of capitalism?

-Capitalism: an economic system in which property and goods are primarily privately owned; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in an unfettered marketplace. The use of money (as opposed to barter) is seen as central to capitalism, and many ancient civilizations used money in one form or another. -During the early Tudor period in England, some of the open fields, often referred to as the commons (that is, they existed for the public good; anyone could graze livestock there), were "enclosed" or partitioned off. During the "enclosure movement," the lords often bounded the commons with hedges. The enclosures led to the eviction of many of the people working the land. The result was that they had little choice but to migrate to nearby cities in search of work, as one of their primary means of survival had been removed. These changes and dynamics would eventually lead to the rise of both the city and wage system. -With the rise of large-scale factory production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor, along came monetization, the establishment of a legal currency. In the context of large cities and wage labor, the need for a monetary system emerged. This led to the formation of new social institutions and organizations, such as the corporation.

What is the difference between coercion and authority? Use an example to demonstrate this difference.

-Coercion: the use of force to get others to to what you want. -Authority: the justifiable right, not just the ability, to exercise power. -It is in the direct use of such threats that coercion differs from authority, in which the physical ability to back up one's power is implicitly understood. -Within this difference lies the paradox of authority (although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority). -Example: Threatening violence against someone if they do not sign a contract (coercion) vs. Serving someone with documents that they must sign (authority).

You must complete a master's degree to get a job that your parents got with a bachelor's degree and your grandparents got with a high-school diploma. Use the work on credentialism to explain this phenomenon.

-Credentialism: an overemphasis on credentials (e.g. college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job. When everybody attains so much education, employers tend to increase job requirements to screen out people. So, they rely more and more on credentials that signal social status and area of specialty. However, this doesn't reflect the increase in skills needed for certain jobs. The same jobs that 50 years ago required only a high-school diploma now require a college degree. -The upgrading of degree requirements by employers is a cycle reinforced by students who keep getting more education to meet employer minimum requirements. Employers increase the requirements again when too many students reach this minimum level.

What is the cult of domesticity? How has it changed over the last century?

-Cult of domesticity: the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing. -During the first half of the 20th century, ideas sprang up surrounding woman's true nature - ideas meant to support her newly created role as housewife. These included that woman are endowed with the innate emotional qualities required to provide comfort and warmth. -According to this notion, women are better suited for home life and their domesticity is seen as necessary for the survival of society. Women can ensure that the home remains a safe haven. -Over the last century women have been able to get their foot in the workplace. WWII was a catalyst in women working in factory jobs. Since then, women have been achieving roles in jobs that were male dominated.

How does family background - for example, cultural capital from the home (Lareau, 2003) - affect educational achievement? How do studies about family size and birth order complicate our understanding of the effect of family background?

-Cultural capital: the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations. Three distinct types of cultural capital include: embodied, objectified, and institutionalized. Cultural capital is a more subtle way that social class is related to educational outcomes. -Numerous studies have pinpointed other ways that cultural capital from the home confers academic advantages. Lareau determined that middle-class parents ask their children many questions, reason with them in the hope of persuading them to do certain things, elicit opinions, and, in general, speak more often using a wider vocabulary with their children. -------------Conversely, lower-class families use more directives and fewer words. Because schools value verbal ability and use middle-class speech patterns, students accustomed to this verbal style generally enjoy advantages in school. -The number of children parents have, their spacing (e.g. 3 children 1 year apart versus 3 children all 4 years apart), and their gender composition all have significant impacts on educational achievement. Research has consistently found that the bigger the family, the lower the children's achievement test scores and grades. Researchers Powell and Steelman (1990) determined that students with siblings spaced closer together had lower achievement scores and grades. Also, although some researchers have found that birth order has no effects, others uncovered evidence that middle children do suffer a crunch because of their family position. -Research has supported the resource dilution model - hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them - finding that the frequency of communication with parents, parents' educational expectations,the amount of money saved for college, and presence of educational materials in the home all successfully explain the effect of family size on educational performance.

How are dictatorships and democracies different? How are the citizenship rights of the population (as defined by T.H. Marshall) different under these two kinds of political regimes?

-Dictatorship: a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual. Such states may limit suffrage, censor information to the public, and arrange the brutal "disappearances" of non submissive subordinates. -Democracy: a system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life. Under this political regime, the population has: -Citizenship rights: the rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state. -Civil rights: the rights guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely. -Political rights: the rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office. -Social rights: the rights guaranteeing a citizen's protection by the state.

Describe the concept of "domination" and its two types. How does this concept help us understand the results of the Milgram experiment?

-Domination: a "special case of power"; the probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people. Two types of domination include: -Domination by economic power (more common): control "by virtue of a constellation of interests" or "by virtue of a position of monopoly." -Domination by authority (domination): refers to a situation in which the will of the ruler influences the conduct of the ruled so they act as if the ruler's will were also their own. It is the willing obedience of the ruled to the commands of legitimate authority. -Milgram experiment: an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure. As the "teacher," each participant was asked to administer an electric shock to a "learner" in another room when the learner gave an incorrect answer in a word-pairing exercise. With each wrong answer, the teacher was instructed to administer a higher-voltage electric shock to the learner. If research subjects expressed apprehension or refused to continue the experiment, Milgram's research team would order them to continue.

How does Patrick Bernard Ehidonye-Johnson's college education demonstrate a mechanism to overcome global disparities in access to education?

-He has twenty siblings; has to work while going to school; pays for education himself; also saving up to pay for one of his sisters' education as well. His family lives in Nigeria, while he lives in Johannesburg, South Africa. -He had good high school grades and knew English. -If he could find a way to pay for college, a degree was not out of the realm of possibility for him. -With no money for tuition, he found the University of the People online when he searched for education opportunities. Having the ability to receive an education like this allows him to have the potential to get a job that could raise him out of poverty - possibly his family, too. Without universities like this, going to college would be almost impossible for people in a similar situation as him. It bridges the gap and closes the disparity of educational access because a physical college does not have to be built. Teachers and students create that college atmosphere online.

What is the "hidden curriculum" of education? In this light, how do Marxist theorists like Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis (1976) interpret the role of schools?

-Hidden curriculum: the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling. Schools pass down the values, beliefs, and attitudes that are important in American society. -According to Marxist theorists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, schools are unwitting pawns of the capitalist classes and teach the skills that are conducive to maintaining dominant and subordinate positions in the workforce such as self-discipline, obedience, punctuality, and dependability.

Describe the relative power of social class and genetics toward explaining inequalities in schooling.

-If your parents have a higher income, they may be able to afford tutoring if you're lagging behind. They could pay for SAT prep courses, they might even enlist the services of a college consultant to get you into the best college. They also may be able to move so that you can attend a better high school, usually private, or fully pay for your college education. Social class also plays a role in social networking. Who you know can sometimes be more important than the actual social class that you are in or the money that you have. If you know the right people, they can help set you up for immense success. -An explanation for African American underachievement that refuses to die out despite masses of contrary evidence is the idea that racial differences in intelligence are genetic. In the 1920s, researchers found that IQ, measured with biased and unsophisticated tools, varied according to skin color. In 1994, psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray claimed that everyone is where they are because of their genes, because America is a meritocracy. If you're poor or uneducated, blame it on your genes. If you're making lots of money and have a great job, lucky you for being in a successful gene pool. Likewise, if Blacks do worse than whites in educational or occupational outcomes, it must be because of their genes.

Describe the concept of "alienation" as described by Karl Marx, and illustrate two of its forms with examples. How does Max Weber's negative view of capitalism differ from Marx's?

-Karl Marx considered capitalism both fundamentally flawed and inevitably doomed. Alienation: a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society. Marx viewed alienation as taking four forms under capitalist production: alienation from the product, the process, other people, and one's self. -Alienation from the product: In the first sense, workers are alienated from the product that they produce. They do not know it or have complete knowledge of what they are producing. By contrast, artisan fashions products from start to finish, from raw materials to the packaged item on the shelf. -Alienation from the process: Workers in modern capitalism are also alienated from the process of production. For instance, if the precapitalist shoemaker woke up in the morning with a hangover from the night before, he could choose to sleep in and finish his work later. The modern-day laborer, by contrast, has no choice but to swallow some aspirin and trudge off to the factory, fast-food restaurant, or computer terminal. -Max Weber, unlike Marx, believed that not just technology but also ideas in and of themselves generate social change. He claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which, according to Weber, created the necessarily social conditions for capitalism by promoting theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination (the notion that only the elect will go to heaven). Although Weber shared Marx's negative view of capitalism, his reasons were different. Weber worried that capitalism ate at the soul in a way that was somewhat different from Marx's concept of alienation. For Weber, modern industry and its associated bureaucracy and rationality create an "iron cage" from which we cannot escape.

Think about the discussion regarding the rights for same-sex couples. How do functionalists arguments by Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) and Talcott Parsons (1951) help explain the changes (or lack thereof) in the institution of marriage?

-Malinowski argued that the family was a necessary institution for fulfilling the task of child rearing in society. Talcott Parsons expanded on this notion with the traditional nuclear family, consisting of a mother and father and their children. The nuclear family was a functional necessity in modern industrial society, because it was most compatible with fulfilling society's need for productive workers and nurturers. -Malinkowski and Parson's arguments help explain the lack of changes in the institution of marriage (e.g. legalizing same-sex marriage) because they essentially created Western blinders, making it difficult to see anything other than the kind of family life you expect to see. Fortunately, you can make the familiar strange.

Sometimes what's considered "normal" is far from what's most prevalent currently or historically. How does this statement relate to perceptions about the "traditional" family?

-Most times, a traditional family is considered to be a husband, wife, and kids. -Today, a family can be made up of two moms, two dads, etc. -Adoption is prevalent, along with using surrogates to have children for those who cannot. -Things like this are not "normal" in a "traditional" sense, but many families are going these routes. -The traditional family is not as prevalent as many people think that it is. We live in a world where people are less afraid to do what works best for them.

Are mothers on welfare lazy? Use the findings by Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein (1997) to help answer this question.

-No, they are the opposite. Single mothers are often unskilled or semiskilled and have less education than average, their employment options are limited to low-wage work that rarely provides benefits. Mothers on welfare could cover about three-fifths of their expenses. In low-wage jobs, they faced a larger gap between earnings and expenses, in part to cover the costs of transportation, child-care arrangements, increased rent, and fewer food stamps. -This system makes a savings account almost impossible for welfare recipients to maintain and is probably the real culprit behind the trap of dependency. Leaving welfare for work substantially increases these women's expenses, such that they can cover only two-thirds of those expenses on low wages alone.

How are guest worker programs (temporary work visas for migrants) and offshoring labor potentially related? In your own words, provide two arguments for and against guest worker programs in the United States.

-Offshoring: a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations abroad to minimize costs (outsourcing). In the globalized economy, offshoring gives corporations based in the developed world access to a comparatively cheap and pliable workforce, largely composed of women, youth, and uneducated rural migrants in search of a better life. -For: -Diversifies worker pool - a lot of the jobs that these workers are taking are ones that the general public does not want to have. Allows for people who need a job to obtain one, if they are willing to travel to another country. -Against: -The jobs that they are taking are ones that Americans looking for work are no longer going to be able to get. -They, typically, are willing to work for a lot less than what many Americans are, so Americans who are in these types of jobs are going to be paid a lesser wage.

What is the second shift, and how does it relate to a leisure gap between husbands and wives?

-Second shift: women's responsibility for housework and child care - everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes. -Within a two-career household, parents are likely to spend their at-home time on separate and unequal tasks. A study found that working women averaged 3 hours each day on housework, whereas men put in 17 minutes. Working fathers watch an hour more of tv per day than working mothers. They also sleep a half hour longer. The resulting "leisure gap" can brew hostilities between exasperated, exhausted wives and their unresponsive husbands.

How do historical cultural ideals relate to current rates of marriage and divorce in the United States? Name one reason that the likelihood of being currently married might be lower among those with low incomes.

-Sine the nineteenth century divorce rates have been rising because divorce has become less and less of a social and religious taboo. -The proportion of women who never marry and never have children are on the rise. -Single parent families are also on the rise.

What is a "state" and how do the examples of Sealand and Somaliland clarify this definition?

-State: as defined by Max Weber, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." -Somaliland: Weber may have focused too much on the internal workings of the state apparatus, to the neglect of external forces. For a state to have the critical monopoly on legitimate violence, it must have the consent of not only those within its territory but also important external factors. After all, what good is legitimacy among the Somalilanders if foreign tanks are going to roll in and flatten the entire region?

"Through the meritocratic education system everyone has the chance to succeed in America." Do you agree with this statement? Find a theory or a research finding from this chapter that supports this assertion and another that challenges it. Do these theories or findings complicate your view of America as a meritocracy?

-Support: The Coleman Report. Study found that differences in resources between schools didn't matter (in regards to student achievement). Researchers determined that most of the differences in achievement among schools could be attributed to two factors: Family background and the other peers with whom students attended school. Black students fared better in majority-white schools, and lower-income children did better in middle-class schools. -Challenge: Study conducted by Jeannie Oakes (1985). In the U.S., individual teachers appear to matter a lot more to the intellectual dynamics of the classroom, so students in different classrooms might obtain different types of instruction that vary widely in their quality.

Voter turnout in the United States is relatively low. Compare the civic voluntarism model and the position of Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward in explaining this phenomenon. How do the results from the National Voter Registration Act add to our understanding of voter turnout?

-The civic voluntarism model points to three components to explain political participation (or nonparticipation): Political orientation, resources, and mobilization efforts. Political Orientation: The strength of an individual's political commitments. -Resources: Include money to donate to parties or causes, as well as civic skills such as leadership, communications, and organizational abilities that "make it easier to get involved and enhance an individual's effectiveness as a participant." -Mobilization Efforts: By political parties or nonpartisan groups can boost political participation. (I.e. mass mailings, phone calls, or door-to-door canvassing).

How has the internet and mobile phone technology changed our relationship between work and home?

-The divide between work and home has closed significantly. Technology allows us to always have internet access, which means that we can always pull up work emails on our phone, no matter where we are. We literally take our work home with us each night. Because of this, companies may start to expect that no matter when an email is sent out, whether it is normal working hours or not, that that email gets a response in a timely matter, or that large workloads get done quickly because we have the ability to work from home after a day at the office. -On the plus side, we have more of an opportunity to work from home if we are raising a family and cannot always get into the office each day.

Describe how a gendered division of labor arose after the Industrial Revolution. How was this change tied to kinship networks?

-The division of labor in the home refers to not just who does how much but also who does what. -A gendered division of labor arouse in the household, where women now were in exclusive charge of maintaining the home and rearing children. -As the mobility of families searching for paid labor opportunities increased, they became separate from the kinship networks. Family structures changed from grapevine forms to beanpole families, where kinship ties are vertical. Because people didn't live near their siblings, aunts, and uncles, they could only depend on their children and parents who lived with them. Lateral ties weakened because of the longer distances separating kin.

Describe the school voucher system. What do preliminary findings suggest regarding the importance of which school people attend?

-The school voucher system is the idea that for schooling to be equal, students should be able to choose where they want to go to school, regardless of whether they can pay for it. School choice proponents endorse the use of vouchers, coupons administered by the government that may be redeemed at any school, private or public. -Supporters of school choice argue that when families are able to choose schools, everybody benefits. (1) Students don't have to attend subpar schools. (2) Competition among schools vying for students maintains the pressure to keep educational standards high all around. Results of voucher programs have been mixed. For example, in MKE where low-income students received vouchers to the private or public schools of their choice, researchers found that after 5 years of the program, achievement test scores were not consistently different between those who used the vouchers and a control group of low-income public school students.

How does research on the Pygmalion effect potentially support and reject the notion of tracking in schools?

-Tracking: a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans (e.g. if you are college-bound, you may be sorted into honors or AP college prep classes). -Pygmalion effect: What researchers accomplished in the study was a rough quantification of how teacher expectations can affect student achievement. They confirmed that when teachers held higher expectations for certain students (and likely changed their behavior toward those children accordingly,) these students responded by meeting teacher expectations. This process is called the Pygmalion effect, or more commonly known as the self-fulfilling prophecy. -The Pygmalion effect potentially supports and rejects the notion of tracking in schools because the power of teachers' expectations and the self-fulfilling prophecy can work both ways. Although students might benefit from high expectations, their outcomes can also be depressed by low expectations. Moreover, teachers seem to have low expectations for certain groups of students more frequently - e.g. boys, minorities, and lower-income youths - even when they have the same cognitive ability as students in other groups. Tracking could work if students of all groups are given higher expectations and matching behavior.

The case of Ozzie and Harry at the beginning of the chapter brings to mind the variety of family arrangements. Describe the "nuclear family" and three other family forms. Does the sociological research suggest that one such arrangement is necessarily the right one?

-Traditional Family: one in which a heterosexual couple lives with their dependent children in a self-contained, economically independent household. -Nuclear Family: familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their children. -Extended Family: kin networks that extend outside or beyond their nuclear family. -Families with no children, dual-income families, single-parent families, blended stepfamilies, adopted families, etc. -Cohabitation: living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. -Families come in all different forms, therefore, one arrangement isn't necessarily the right one.

What is a welfare state? Describe two theories that explain the development of the welfare state. Do these theories help us understand the way authority is maintained?

-Welfare state: a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens. In practice, it entails providing a number of key necessities, such as food, health care, and housing, outside the economic marketplace. ------Theories explaining the development of the welfare state include: -One theory, sometimes called the logic of industrialism thesis, holds that nations develop social welfare benefits to satisfy the social needs created by industrialization. The state intervenes to take care of people who are not needed in the labor market: children, people with disabilities, and the elderly. (e.g. Social Security). -Another view of the development of the welfare state, called neo-Marxist theory, starts with the question of how democracy and capitalism can coexist. This theory is concerned with explaining the contradictions between formal legal equality and social class inequality. When private property is held by a small section of the population, the democratic impulse (that is, the wishes of the masses) might be to confiscate that property. The welfare state is seen as the mediator of class conflict, "granting concessions to both capitalists and workers." (e.g. New Deal). -These theories help us understand the way authority is maintained in that they show who can provide (the state) and when they can provide to meet the people's needs and the needs of the economy.

Why were the findings in the Coleman Report so surprising? How has research on achievement differences clarified the conclusions of the report?

Findings in the Coleman Report were so surprising because they found that while achievement differences most likely exist between students of two different schools, few, if any, of the differences actually affect educational outcomes. Differences in resources between schools didn't matter. The researchers determined that most of the differences in achievement among schools could be attributed to two factors: family background and the other peers with whom students attended school. Even researchers who reanalyzed Coleman's data arrived at similar results.

As we saw at the beginning of the chapter, robots are taking over jobs that used to be held by people. How might this trend impact the growth in income inequality? For bonus points: How does automation relate to patterns in educational attainment that you read about in the previous chapter?

People who would normally do these jobs do not have a college education, necessarily. Now that robots are taking over these jobs, their job pool got even smaller. Now, they are going to, potentially, have to take lower paying jobs because that is all that they can find with the education and skills that they have.

Choose a historical figure whose authority stemmed from his or her charisma. Describe why this person's authority was charismatic and how this form of legitimate authority changed over time (for example, describe whether it was traditionalized or rationalized).

Winston Churchill. When he became prime minister of Great Britain people really began to rally behind him. During WWII, Churchill delivered numerous inspirational and uplifting speeches to the Allied Forces around the world and to British citizens. To ensure people linked Churchill the man with his words, he made himself easily identifiable in photos and the ubiquitous political cartoons of the day, adopting numerous "trademarks," such as his hat, cane, cigar and bow tie.