Sociology Test 2

researched how cultural capital, or cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency that helps us navigate a culture, alters the experiences and opportunities available to French students from different social classes. Members of the upper and middle classes have more cultural capital than do families of lower-class status. As a result, the educational system maintains a cycle in which the dominant culture's values are rewarded. The cycle of rewarding those who possess cultural capital is found in formal educational curricula as well as in the hidden curriculum, which refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmission. This hidden curriculum reinforces the positions of those with higher cultural capital and serves to bestow status unequally

Bourdieu's social reproduction

(1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives, (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, (3) involuntary membership in the group, (4) awareness of subordination, and (5) high rate of in-group marriage

Harris and Wagner 5 steps of minority

2 main social classes in capitalistic society: capitalist bourgeoisie (own production means) and the workers proletariat (sell labor for wages) -believed social classes remain divided and social inequality will grown - it is in the laborer's best interest to maximize wages and benefits and in the capitalist's best interest to maximize profit at the expense of such, leading to a contradiction within the capitalist system, even if the laborers and capitalists themselves are unaware of the clash of interests

Marx idea of social class

notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates. Merton defined five ways people respond to this gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it. 1.Conformity: Those who conform choose not to deviate. They pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means. 2.Innovation: Those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means. 3.Ritualism: People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream. 4.Retreatism: Others retreat and reject society's goals and means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society's goal of financial success. 5.Rebellion: A handful of people rebel and replace a society's goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society's goals through socially unacceptable means.

Merton Strain theory

By identifying two distinct roles for the husband and wife within the family this structure stabilises family members allowing the family to function. - women's role in the family is an 'expressive role'. In contrast for Parsons' men have an 'instrumental role' as the bread winner. Such a role is very arduous and is such a stressful, anxious challenge that it can cause men to breakdown. -Therefore a woman's function is to relieve this burden or tension from the men's shoulders by providing love and understanding as well as continuing to be the primary carer irrespective of their own circumstances.

Parson

social interactions and group learning

Sutherland drew on

similar to Marx theory but includes cultural factors, argued that status made of three components: privilege (wealth), power, prestige (status) -class, status and power as distinct ideal types. Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige and power

Weber's idea of social class

Considered a Private Matter Fear of Retaliation To Protect the Abuser Belief That Police Won't Do Anything often referred to as loving contrition, is the "honeymoon" phase and is one of the reasons victims remain in violent relationships. After the violence, the abuser will apologize profusely and promise that it will never happen again.

abusive partners keep victim in relationship

an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination

affirmative action

awareness of one's place in a system of social classes, especially (in Marxist terms) as it relates to the class struggle -Marx

class consciousness and philosopher

looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance. Unlike functionalists, don't see these factors as positive functions of society., see them as evidence of inequality in the system. also look for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime -Marx: An Unequal System: the bourgeois centralized their power and influence through government, laws, and other authority agencies in order to maintain and expand their positions of power in society. Though Marx spoke little of deviance, his ideas created the foundation for conflict theorists who study the intersection of deviance and crime with wealth and power -the rules of society are stacked in favor of a privileged few (power elite) who manipulate them to stay on top. It is these people who decide what is criminal and what is not, and the effects are often felt most by those who have little power.

conflict theory on deviance (2)

Crime, on the other hand, is a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

crime

Those who violate these rules incur negative formal sanctions. Normally, punishments are relative to the degree of the crime and the importance to society of the value underlying the law. there are other factors that influence criminal sentencing.

crime consequences

ambiguity exists, some illegal things don't necessarily seem bad (racial things)

crime is subjective? because

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency that helps us navigate a culture,

cultural capital

learned attitude developed among poor community (they accept it and don't want to change) -it blames the individuals for poverty and ignores cultural economic and other factors

culture of poverty and critiques

a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law -picking nose to murder

deviance minor and major examples

positive or negative -Rosa Parks, murder

deviance can be... examples of each

individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. deviance is less a personal choice and more a result of differential socialization processes. -teen with sexual friends more likely to be sexual

differential association theory and example

While prejudice refers to biased thinking, discrimination consists of actions against a group of people. Discrimination can be based on age, religion, health, and other indicators; race-based laws against discrimination strive to address this set of social problems -individual and institutional

discrimination

upper class: 1% of population, posses most of wealth, make $250 K and up OWN 1/3 OF WEALTH upper middle: 14% of population, 89K-150K+ middle class: 30 % population, 55K-88K working/lower middle class: 30%, 23K-54K working poor/lower class: 20% population, 10,500-22K underclass: 5% population, less than 7500

distribution of wealth: wealthy

-a rule or principle that is unfairly applied in different ways to different people or groups -Belief that men have—or have the right to—more sexual urges than women creates a double standard. Ira Reiss, a pioneer researcher in the field of sexual studies, defined the double standard as prohibiting premarital sexual intercourse for women but allowing it for men. This standard has evolved into allowing women to engage in premarital sex only within committed love relationships, but allowing men to engage in sexual relationships with as many partners as they wish without conditionDue to this double standard, a woman is likely to have fewer sexual partners in her life time than a man

double standard

marriage to someone within one's social group (such as race, ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality)

endogamy

GENDER IS BINARY essentialist view on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, or other group characteristics is that they are fixed traits, discounting variation among group members as secondary

essentialist view on gender

"like marries like" choose mates who are similar to us in class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education, and even levels of attractiveness

homogamy

describes shared culture—the practices, values, and beliefs of a group. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. individuals may be identified or self-identify with ethnicities in complex, even contradictory, ways

ethnicity

marriage to someone from a different social group

exogamy

master status on an individual. A master status is a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. -doctor, or addict

extreme cases of secondary deviance lead to... and example

the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes. Members of a subordinate class (workers, peasants, serfs) suffer from false consciousness in that their mental representations of the social relations around them systematically conceal or obscure the realities of subordination, exploitation, and domination those relations embody

false consciousness

-functionalism Once children are produced, the family plays a vital role in training them for adult life. As the primary agent of socialization and enculturation, the family teaches young children the ways of thinking and behaving that follow social and cultural norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Parents teach their children manners and civility. A well-mannered child reflects a well-mannered parent. Parents also teach children gender roles. Gender roles are an important part of the economic function of a family. In each family, there is a division of labor that consists of instrumental and expressive roles. Men tend to assume the instrumental roles in the family, which typically involve work outside of the family that provides financial support and establishes family status. Women tend to assume the expressive roles, which typically involve work inside of the family which provides emotional support and physical care for children. According to functionalists, the differentiation of the roles on the basis of sex ensures that families are well balanced and coordinated. When family members move outside of these roles, the family is thrown out of balance and must recalibrate in order to function properly

family responsible for reproduction of society -what type of belief

the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men -Feminist theory is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. Radical feminism, in particular, considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance. In patriarchal societies, men's contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Patriarchal perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted. As a result, women's viewpoints tend to be silenced or marginalized to the point of being discredited or considered invalid.

feminism

-earn 80 cents on dollar, disproportionate amount of housework and childcare plus jobs, women more likely to remain in poverty -Feminization of poverty is the phenomenon that women represent disproportionate percentages of the world's poor. UNIFEM describes it as "the burden of poverty borne by women, especially in developing countries

feminization of poverty

Physical Verbal Financial Sexual Psychological

forms of domestic abuse

a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender -Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called transgender -Transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy—so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity—are called transsexuals -Gender Dysphoria is a condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with

gender identity

Gender socialization occurs through four major agents of socialization: family, education, peer groups, and mass media., first families. differential socialization typically results in greater privileges afforded to sons. For instance, boys are allowed more autonomy and independence at an earlier age than daughters

gender socialization

Genocide, the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group, is the most toxic intergroup relationship. Historically, we can see that genocide has included both the intent to exterminate a group and the function of exterminating of a group, intentional or not. -Hitler and Jews, native Australians, Europeans and Native Americans, Darfur and Sedan

genocide and examples

Much of this discrimination is based on stereotypes and misinformation. Some is based on heterosexism, which Herek (1990) suggests is both an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations. Much like racism and sexism, heterosexism is a systematic disadvantage embedded in our social institutions, offering power to those who conform to hetereosexual orientation while simultaneously disadvantaging those who do not. Homophobia, an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals, accounts for further stereotyping and discrimination

homophobia

The internet makes courtship and romance possible across much greater geographical areas, as we can now meet and converse with people in all parts of the world, so our pool of potential mates moves beyond local boundaries. But even this technology may intensify homogamy by bringing together people with very specific interests and identities. Since we now know a little about how families are put together, let's talk a bit about how they work.

how internet promotes propinquity but preserves homogamy

1 or 2

how many intersex babies per 1000

Identity may be distinguished from identification; identity is a label, whereas identification refers to the classifying act itself. Identity is thus best construed as being both relational and contextual, while the act of identification is best viewed as inherently processual -the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others -psychological identity relates to self-image ----white on the inside

identity challenge and racial relevance

individual racism, prejudiced discriminators in everyday actions and face to face

individual discrimination

carried out by institutions

institutional discrimination

a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose, working cooperatively to create a lifestyle that reflects their shared core values. The people may live together on a piece of rural land, in a suburban home, or in an urban neighborhood, and they may share a single residence or live in a cluster of dwellings. This definition spans a wide variety of groups, including (but not limited to) communes, student cooperatives, land co-ops, cohousing groups, monasteries and ashrams, and farming collectives. Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle, each of these groups places a high priority on fostering a sense of community-a feeling of belonging and mutual support that is increasingly hard to find in mainstream Western society.

intentional communities

It is not uncommon for different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes. This is known as intergenerational mobility. For example, an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class. Patterns of intergenerational mobility can reflect long-term societal changes

intergenerational mobility

intragenerational mobility refers to changes in a person's social mobility over the course of his or her lifetime. For example, the wealth and prestige experienced by one person may be quite different from that of his or her siblings

intragenerational mobility

The addition of children to a marriage creates added financial and emotional stress. Research has established that marriages enter their most stressful phase upon the birth of the first child (Popenoe and Whitehead 2007). This is particularly true for couples who have multiples

marital satisfaction after childbirth

"any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination." The term minority connotes discrimination, and in its sociological use, the term subordinate group can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term dominant group is often substituted for the group that's in the majority. These definitions correlate to the concept that the dominant group is that which holds the most power in a given society, while subordinate groups are those who lack power compared to the dominant group. -Could be numerical majority but minority

minority group

15% or 5%?

percent of US below poverty line

one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change (is that it challenges people's present views) and when deviance is punished, it reaffirms currently held social norms, which also contributes to society -rosa parks

positive deviance and example

structural functionalist theory

positive deviance associated with...

the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group. A prejudice is not based on experience; instead, it is a prejudgment, originating outside actual experience EVERYONE -kids with blue eyes

prejudice and example

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. Individuals who engage in primary deviance still maintain a feeling of belonging in society and are likely to continue to conform to norms in the future -speeding (ticket)

primary deviance and example

tendency to marry or have relationships with people in close geographic proximity

propinquity

Racial passing occurs when a person classified as a member of one racial group is also accepted as a member of a different racial group

racial passing

a stronger type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others -institutional: refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society. For example, the disproportionate number of black men arrested, charged, and convicted of crimes may reflect racial profiling, a form of institutional racism.

racism and type+example

Pluralism is represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl": a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole. True pluralism is characterized by mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate, creating a multicultural environment of acceptance; Amalgamation is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. Amalgamation creates the classic "melting pot" analogy; unlike the "salad bowl," in which each culture retains its individuality, the "melting pot" ideal sees the combination of cultures that results in a new culture entirely. Amalgamation, also known as miscegenation, is achieved through intermarriage between races

salad bowl vs. melting pot

a generation of people (usually in their 30s or 40s) who care for their aging parents while supporting their own children

sandwich generation effect

the duties, responsibilities, work, and time commitment required (of primarily women) in maintaining a household

second shift

Secondary deviance occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. The person may begin to take on and fulfill the role of a "deviant" as an act of rebellion against the society that has labeled that individual as such. -sipping school and fight => troublemaker, acceptance and acting out more

secondary deviance and example

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. It is important to distinguish between de jure segregation (segregation that is enforced by law) and de facto segregation (segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors). -de jure in South Africa -de jure blacks in America -de facto in America still

segregation types and examples

Mass media serves as another significant agent of gender socialization. In television and movies, women tend to have less significant roles and are often portrayed as wives or mothers. When women are given a lead role, it often falls into one of two extremes: a wholesome, saint-like figure or a malevolent, hypersexual figure. This same inequality is pervasive in children's movies. Television commercials and other forms of advertising also reinforce inequality and gender-based stereotypes. Women are almost exclusively present in ads promoting cooking, cleaning, or childcare-related products. In general, women are underrepresented in roles that involve leadership, intelligence, or a balanced psyche. Of particular concern is the depiction of women in ways that are dehumanizing, especially in music videos. Even in mainstream advertising, however, themes intermingling violence and sexuality are quite common

sex roles in media

Gender stereotypes form the basis of sexism. Sexism refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. It varies in its level of severity. While it is illegal in the United States when practiced as discrimination, unequal treatment of women continues to pervade social life. It should be noted that discrimination based on sex occurs at both the micro- and macro-levels. Many sociologists focus on discrimination that is built into the social structure; this type of discrimination is known as institutional discrimination

sexism

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed, depending on its usefulness in a given sit. ex: White American w/ Irish and Italian ancestry -can claim either or no ethnic idenity

situational ethnicity

race is not biologically identifiable and that previous racial categories were arbitrarily assigned, based on pseudoscience, and used to justify racist practices -not biological -race is a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between different groups of people -ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, culture -the categories change over time and do not have firm boundaries

social construction of race

race is not biologically identifiable and that previous racial categories were arbitrarily assigned, based on pseudoscience, and used to justify racist practices -skin color is adaptation but used or race

social construction of race and example

ACKNOWLEDGE M ANF F NOT ONLY WAYS TO CLASSIFY HUMANS -"doing gender", acting the part According to this view, society and culture create gender roles, and these roles are prescribed as ideal or appropriate behavior for a person of that specific gender

social construction on gender

They view deviance as a key component of a functioning society -Durkheim: essential nature of deviance: that it challenges people's present views, when deviance is punished, it reaffirms currently held social norms, which also contributes to society -Robert Merton: Strain theory:access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates -University of Chicago: Social Disorganization Theory: crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control. points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. -Shaw and McKay: Cultural Deviance Theory: conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime. socioeconomic status correlated to race and ethnicity resulted in a higher crime rate. The mix of cultures and values created a smaller society with different ideas of deviance, and those values and ideas were transferred from generation to generation

structural functionalism views on deviance (4)

a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country; a love for and a pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior -an ethnic identity that is only relevant of specific occasion, and does not significantly impact everyday life ex: showing you're Irish on St. Patty's day

symbolic ethnicity

many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act ever changing depending on culture and time

the label "deviant" is determined based on.... and is...

violent, nonviolent, street crime (people vs people or business in public), corporate crime, victimless crime (selling underage beverages), hate crimes

type of crimes

Edwin Sutherland

who created differential association theory

The decrease in divorce rates can be attributed to two probable factors: an increase in the age at which people get married, and an increased level of education among those who marry—both of which have been found to promote greater marital stability.

why are divorce rates lower than in 60s

Changing the clinical description may contribute to a larger acceptance of transgender people in society. Studies show that people who identify as transgender are twice as likely to experience assault or discrimination as nontransgender individuals; they are also one and a half times more likely to experience intimidation

words with sex and gender