Sociology Test 2

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. A. deviance B. formal sanctions C. informal sanctions D. positive sanctions

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The two types of systems of stratification are:

1. Closed Systems- Little change in social position 2. Open Systems- allow for change, based on achievement

Three parts of the lower class:

1. The working class 2. The working poor 3. The underclass

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? A. A fire station B. A college classroom C. A high school prom committee D. A homeless shelter

A. A fire station

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? A. Authoritarian B. Democratic C. Laissez-faire D. Expressive

A. Authoritarian

Slavery in the pre-Civil War American South most closely resembled: A. chattel Slavery B. debt Bondage C. relative Poverty D. peonage

A. Chattel Slavery

The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: A. class traits B. power C. prestige D. underclass

A. Class traits

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracies? A. Coercion to join B. Hierarchy of authority C. Explicit rules D. Division of labor

A. Coercion to join

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control. A. Informal negative sanctions B. Informal positive sanctions C. Formal negative sanctions D. Formal positive sanctions

A. Informal negative sanctions

Which of these is an example of a total institution? A. Jail B. High school C. Political party D. A gym

A. Jail

In the United States, most people define themselves as: A. middle class B. upper class C. lower class D. no specific class

A. Middle Class

What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? A. There is less variety of goods. B. There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. C. There is less competition so prices are higher. D. There are fewer jobs so unemployment increases.

A. There is less variety of goods.

What factor makes class systems open? A. They allow for movement between the classes. B. People are more open-minded. C. People are encouraged to socialize within their class. D. They do not have clearly defined layers.

A. They allow for movement between the classes

What role do secondary groups play in society? A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. B. They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. C. The members give and receive emotional support. D. They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

A. They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs

Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. A. denied the opportunity to obtain B. encouraged to train for C. often fired from D. forced into

A. denied the opportunity to obtain

A ____________ perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure. A. functional B. conflict C. feminist D. symbolic interactionist

A. functional

Social stratification is a system that: A. ranks society members into categories B. destroys competition between society members C. allows society members to choose their social standing D. reflects personal choices of society members

A. ranks society members into categories

the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

Absolute poverty

Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty. A. subjective B. absolute C. relative D. global

B. Absolute

Which statement represents stratification from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? A. Men often earn more than women, even working the same job. B. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant. C. Doctors earn more money because their job is more highly valued. D. Teachers continue to struggle to keep benefits such as health insurance.

B. After work, Pat, a janitor, feels more comfortable eating in a truck stop than a French restaurant

During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________. A. An act of social control B. An act of deviance C. A social norm D. Criminal mores

B. An act of deviance

Which of the following scenarios is an example of intergenerational mobility? A. A janitor belongs to the same social class as his grandmother did. B. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents. C. An editor shares the same social class as his cousin. D. A lawyer belongs to a different class than her sister.

B. An executive belongs to a different class than her parents

Why do people join utilitarian organizations? A. Because they feel an affinity with others there B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining C. Because they have no choice D. Because they feel pressured to do so

B. Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining

A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy. A. functional B. conflict theory C. feminist D. symbolic interactionist

B. Conflict theory

France might be classified as which kind of nation? A. Global B. Core C. Semi-peripheral D. Peripheral

B. Core

When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: A. must labor alone, without companionship B. do not feel connected to their work C. move from one geographical location to another D. have to put forth self-effort to get ahead

B. Do not feel connected to their work

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. A. primary group; secondary group B. dyad; triad C. couple; family D. de facto group; nuclear family

B. Dyad; triad

Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? A. First-shift factory worker B. First-generation college student C. Firstborn son who inherits the family business D. First-time interviewee who is hired for a job

B. First-generation college student

Occupational prestige means that jobs are: A. all equal in status B. not equally valued C. assigned to a person for life D. not part of a person's self-identity

B. Not equally valued

What factor makes caste systems closed? A. They are run by secretive governments. B. People cannot change their social standings. C. Most have been outlawed. D. They exist only in rural areas.

B. People cannot change their social standings

Societies practice social control to maintain ________. A. formal sanctions B. social order C. cultural deviance D. sanction labeling

B. Social Order

Faith has a full-time job and two children. She has enough money for the basics and can pay her rent each month, but she feels that, with her education and experience, her income should be enough for her family to live much better than they do. Faith is experiencing: A. global poverty B. subjective poverty C. absolute poverty D. relative poverty

B. Subjective poverty

Which statement illustrates low status consistency? A. A suburban family lives in a modest ranch home and enjoys nice vacation each summer. B. A single mother receives food stamps and struggles to find adequate employment. C. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. D. A celebrity actress owns homes in three countries.

C. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year

Structural mobility occurs when: A. an individual moves up the class ladder B. an individual moves down the class ladder C. a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes D. a member of a family belongs to a different class than his or her siblings

C. A large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes

In an American town, a mining company owns all the stores and most of the houses. They sell goods to the workers at inflated prices, offer house rentals for twice what a mortgage would be, and make sure to always pay the workers less than needed to cover food and rent. Once the workers are in debt, they have no choice but to continue working for the company, since their skills will not transfer to a new position. This most closely resembles: A. child slavery B. chattel slavery C. debt slavery D. servile marriage

C. Debt Slavery

What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? A. Secondary group B. Formal organization C. Reference group D. Primary group

C. Reference group

When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________. A. primary groups B. out-groups C. reference groups D. secondary groups

C. Reference groups

The GNI PPP figure represents: A. a country's total accumulated wealth B. annual government spending C. the average annual income of a country's citizens D. a country's debt

C. The average annual income of a country's citizens

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? A. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company B. A high school teacher at a reform school C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children D. A manager at a fast-food restaurant

C. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children

What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? A. There is more variety of goods. B. There is less theft. C. There is more worldwide availability of goods. D. There is more opportunity for businesses.

C. There is more worldwide availability of goods

The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: A. is an outdated mode of societal organization B. is an artificial reflection of society C. serves a purpose in society D. cannot be justified

C. serves a purpose in society

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

Capital flight

dominant capitalist countries

Core nations

Which of the following is NOT an example of an in-group? A. The Ku Klux Klan B. A fraternity C. A synagogue D. A high school

D. A high school

Which is NOT an example of a normative organization? A. A book club B. A church youth group C. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group D. A study hall

D. A study hall

A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish to look at her child's: A. reference group B. in-group C. out-group D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? A. A very small group of witnesses B. The presence of an ally C. The ability to keep one's answer private D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? A. Increased productivity B. Increased efficiency C. Equal treatment for all D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their American factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: A. conflict theory B. OECD C. global inequality D. capital flight

D. Capital flight

Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? A. Caste B. Monarchy C. Endogamy D. Class

D. Class

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? A. Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws. B. Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. C. Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. D. Deviance is socially defined.

D. Deviance is socially defined

Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? A. Pie chart B. Flag poles C. Planetary movement D. Pyramid

D. Pyramid

Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in: A. global poverty B. absolute poverty C. subjective poverty D. relative poverty

D. Relative Poverty

What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? A. The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole B. The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group C. How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension D. The factions and divisions that form within the movement

D. The factions and divisions that form within the movement

What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? A. The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present. B. The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model. C. The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view. D. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

D. The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects

A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: A. study how inequality is created and reproduced B. study how corporations can improve the lives of their low-income workers C. try to understand how companies provide an advantage to high-income nations compared to low-income nations D. want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis

D. Want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis

Based on meritocracy, a physician's assistant would: A. receive the same pay as all the other physician's assistants B. be encouraged to earn a higher degree to seek a better position C. most likely marry a professional at the same level D. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

D. earn a pay raise for doing excellent work

Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: A. are ambitious B. fund social services C. spend money wisely D. get rich while workers stay poor

D. get rich while workers stay poor

thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

Davis-Moore thesis

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

Debt accumulation

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Iron Rule of Oligarcy

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

McDonalidization

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity

aggregate

are formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

bureaucracies

a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

caste system

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

category

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

chattel slavery

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

class

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

class system

also called class markers, the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class

class traits

refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

clear division of labor

are organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

coercive organizations

buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

conspicuous consumption

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

global feminization

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

global inequality

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

global stratification

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

gross national income (GNI)

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

group

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

hierarchy of authority

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

impersonality

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

in-group

the money a person earns from work or investments

income

being oriented toward a task or goal

instrumental function

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

intragenerational mobility

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

meritocracy

an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing

meritocracy

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

normative or voluntary organizations

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

out-group

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

peripheral nations

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

primary groups

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

primogeniture

groups to which an individual compares herself

reference groups

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

relative poverty

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

second world

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

secondary groups

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

semi-peripheral nations

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

social mobility

a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

social stratification

the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

standard of living

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

status consistency

when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

structural mobility

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one's actual income does not meet one's expectations

subjective poverty

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

third world

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

total institution

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

underground economy

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

upward mobility

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

utilitarian organizations

the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

wealth

when people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

debt bondage

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

deindustrialization

a lowering of one's social class

downward mobility

unions of people within the same social category

endogamous marriages

unions of spouses from different social categories

exogamous marriages

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

explicit rules

a group function that serves an emotional need

expressive function

a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

first world

large, impersonal organizations

formal organizations

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

fourth world