Sociology Unit 4 Exam Study Guide

family descent patterns

Def: two different types of descent patterns; descent and bilateral descent. Descent: refers to the socially recognized links between ancestors & descendants or one's traceable ancestry. Bilateral descent: the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestors & descendants or one's traceable ancestry.

Medicalization

Def: is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions.

secular society

Def: of or relating to worldly things or to things that are not regarded as religious, spirituals, or sacred.

Stigmatization of illness

Def: public stigma involves the negative or discriminatory attitudes that others have about mental illness.

nuclear family

Def: referring to marries parents & children as the nucleus, or core, of the group.

universal access

Def: refers to people's equal ability to participate in an education system.

Family orientation

Def: refers to the family into which a person is born. Ex: the people that a child is raised living w/. including parents, siblings, grandparents, adoptive parents, uncles, and aunts.

religious belief

Def: specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true.

Totemism

Def: system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship w/ a spirit-being, such as an animal or planet.

monogamy

Def: the act of being married to only one person at a time.

The sick role

Def: the behavior expected of a person who is physically ill mentally ill, or injured.

Polytheism

Def: the belief in many gods

Monotheism

Def: the belief in the existence of one god, or in the oneness of God.

secularization society

Def: the historical decline in the social and cultural importance of religion, religiosity & sacred practices & beliefs.

formal education

Def: the learning of academic facts & concepts

Medical sociology

Def: the sociological analysis of medical organization and institutions.

polygamy

Def: the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time. Ex: there are two examples called polyandry and polygyny

hidden curriculum

Def: the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning & cultural transmission.

Liberation theory

Def: the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena.

social placement

Def: the use of education to improve one's social standing.

profane

Def: things that are not considered sacred or religious, but rather secular in nature.

demedicalization

Def: to make no longer medical; to stop treating as a medical issue.

Are single parent households increasing or decreasing?

In the United States today, nearly 24 million children live in a single-parent family. This total, which has been rising for half a century, covers about one in every three kids across America.

What is one of the biggest contributors to medical issues in low-income countries?

lack of access to clean water & basic sanitation resources.

Approximately six million people are members of these churches, and the architecture of these ________ buildings often resembles a sport or concert arena.

megachurch

What are the factors related to divorce rates?

- Lack of commitment 73% - Argue too much 56% - Infidelity 55% - Married too young 46% - Unrealistic expectations 45% - Lack of equality in the relationship 44% - Lack of preparation for marriage 41% - Domestic Violence or Abuse 25%

What is the most important guiding concept in the overall improvement and excellence in Finnish schools?

- Transversal skills - Government support - Multidisciplinary Learning - Differentiation - Diversity in Student's Assessment - An active role for students

How do structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories approach education?

>> structural functionalist - focuses on how education serves the needs of society through development of skills, encouraging social cohesion and sorting of students. >> conflict theories - focuses on specifically on how conflict theory functions in educational settings. >> symbolic interactionist theories - focuses on social interaction in the classroom, on school playgrounds, and at other school-related venues.

How do structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories approach religion?

>> structural functionalist - that religion is a conservative force and that this is a positive function for society and for individuals. >> conflict theorist - views it as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequality. >> symbolic interactionist - study the way in which people practice their faith and interacts in house of worship and other religious setting.

Theologians discuss ________ from the point of view of the poor and the oppressed, and some interpret the scriptures as a call to action against poverty and injustice

Liberation theology

Historically, ________ are what create a ________ and the latter is the most basic social unit upon which society is built. Both marriage and family create status roles that are sanctioned by society

Marriage; Family

________ noted that higher rates of religiosity in North America contrasted with steep declines in religiosity in Northern Europe's. The decline of work in Northern Europe occurred simultaneously with the decline of Protestantism

Max Weber

What is the US cohabitation rate and how has it changed over time?

Today, 53% of U.S. adults ages 18 and older are married, down from 58% in 1995. Over the same period, the share of Americans who are cohabiting has risen from 3% to 7%. Taken together, six-in-ten Americans are either married or living with a partner, a share that has remained largely unchanged since 1995.Nov 6, 2019

The modern idea of ________arose in the United States as a concern for people with disabilities. In the United States, one way in which this concept is supported is through federal and state governments covering the cost of free public education

universal access

Infants are often victims of physical abuse, particularly in the form of

violent shaking

family of procreation

Def: describes one that is formed through marriage. Ex: Male and Female procreate together to have children

informal education

Def: education that involves learning about cultural values, norms & expected behaviors through participation in a society.

social epidemiology

Def: is a branch of epidemiology that focuses particularly on the effects of social-structural factors on states of health.

cultural capital

Def: cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture.

sacred

Def: describe a person or thing worthy of worship or declared holy.

How do structural functionalist, conflict and symbolic interactionist theories approach health and illness?

>> structural functionalism - emphasizes that good health and effective health care are essential for a society's ability to function, and it views the physician-patient relationship as hierarchical. >> Conflict theorist - emphasizes inequality in the quality of health and in the quality of health care. >> symbolic interactionist - emphasizes that health and illness are a social construction.

How do structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories approach family?

>> structural functionalist - Functionalists see the family as a particularly important institution as they see it as the 'basic building block' of society which performs the crucial functions of socialising the young and meeting the emotional needs of its members. >> conflict theories - the family serves the important functions just listed, but they also point to problems within the family that the functional perspective minimizes or overlooks altogether. >> symbolic interactionist - that families reinforce and rejuvenate bonds through symbolic rituals such as family meals and holidays.

Cult/NRM's

Def: NRM's ( New Religious Movement), the generally accepted term for what is sometimes called, often with pejorative connotations, a "cult" Cult: a group or movement held together by a shared commitment to a charismatic leader or ideology.

polygyny

Def: a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one women at one time.

polyandry

Def: a form of marriage in which one women is married to more than one man at one time.

tracking

Def: a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities.

Sect

Def: a group of people that has separated from a larger group and has a particular set of religious or political beliefs. Ex: The Amish

Ecclesia

Def: a religious group that most all members of a society belongs to.

Denomination

Def: a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name and tradition among other activities. Ex: Baptist, African Methodist, Episcopal, Catholic, and Seventh-day Adventist.

religious ritual

Def: behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group.

Theism

Def: belief in the existence of a god or gods, especially belief in one god as creator of the universe, intervening in it and sustaining personal relation to his creations.

sorting

Def: classifying students based on academic merit or potential.

family residence patterns

Def: two different types of residences; matrilocal and patrilocal Matrilocal residence: a system in which it is customary for a husband to live w/ his wife's family. Patrilocal residence: a system in which it is customary for wife to live w/ (or near) her husband's family.

What is the most common form of child abuse?

Neglect

To ________, beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals in a society regard them as sacred.

symbolic interactionist theorist

According to the reading, one major distinction between the student experience for those in disadvantaged American schools when compared with students who attend schools in affluent neighborhoods

students from disadvantage schools are more likely to have a teacher who did not specialize in their subject matter.

extended family

a household that includes at least one parent & child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles & cousins.

Though the topic of ________ is actually an old issue, having been federally mandated in 1968, it remains one of the most heated debates. Supporters of bilingual education argue that all students deserve equal opportunities in education which some students cannot access without instruction in their first language while those who oppose such practices often point to the need for English fluency in everyday life and in the professional world

bilingual education

________ view educational systems as a way to preserve the status quo and push people of lower status into obedience.

conflict theorist

________ is an alternative to arranged marriages in which the couple or group doesn't meet before the wedding.

courtship

Symbolic interactionists are concerned with the degree to which ________, such as college degrees or advanced certificates, symbolize the gaining of an education

credentialism

While 8-year old Lebron might learn about multiplication tables in school, sociologists would emphasize that he will also learn ________

cultural expectations and norms such taking turns on the swing at recess.

The success of a family can be measured by how well they adapt to the challenges and transition in each stage of the ________. While sociologists use this concept to study the dynamics of family over time, consumer and marketing researchers have also used it to determine what goods and services families need as they progress through each stage.

family life cycle

________ aim to understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education, as well as their societal repercussions.

feminist theorist

Opponents of ________ assert that childhood education is a complex task and requires the degree teachers spend four or more years earning

homeschooling

According to research, couples who enter marriage without a strong asset base, like a home, savings, and a retirement plan, are ________ than couples with at least $10,000 in assets.

more likely to be divorced

________ indicate that the person with the most access to value resources, such as money, held the most power. Additionally, disputes over the division of household labor also may become a common source of marital discord since household labor offers no wages and, therefore, no power.

social conflict theorist

What are some of the key predictors for student performance in the U.S. today?

socioeconomic status and family background.

________ view education as one of the more important social institutions in a society. They suggest that education results in both intended and unintended consequences

structural functional theorist

Although both single men and single women report social pressure to get married, ________ are subject to greater scrutiny.

women